利用CRISPR/Cas9技术建立斑马鱼Asb11基因敲除品系

Asb11基因被报道与斑马鱼Notch信号的激活有关,本研究室过去的研究显示该基因在心肌和骨骼肌中特异性表达。因此推测Asb11基因可能是心脏发育相关候选基因。为了阐明Asb11基因在斑马鱼心脏发育过程中的作用,本文利用CRISPR/Cas9打靶技术构建敲除Asb11基因的斑马鱼品系。首先在线分析筛选出Asb11基因最适合的打靶位点,然后PCR扩增出Asb11基因gRNA的双链c DNA,再将Asb11基因的gRNA和Hcas9的mRNA共同注射到斑马鱼胚胎Ⅰ细胞期胚胎中。进行打靶的有效性检测,发现Asb11基因的一号外显子出现了碱基的缺失,表明CRISPR/Cas9系统对Asb11基因的敲除是有效的。对其F0代、F1代、F2代进行筛选,成功获得了Asb11基因敲除的斑马鱼品系,为探究Asb11在心脏发育中的作用奠定了基础。     

斑马鱼心脏发育候选基因Titin-Cap的CRISPR/Cas9打靶有效性分析

CRISPR/Cas9基因打靶技术是近几年发展起来的一种高效率的定向打靶技术,被认为是遗传领域的革命性技术。Titin-Cap基因是本实验室已初步鉴定的斑马鱼心脏发育候选基因,且国内外目前尚无斑马鱼Titin-Cap基因的敲除品系。为了研究Titin-Cap基因在心脏发育过程中的作用机制,我们利用CRISPR/Cas9基因打靶技术建立斑马鱼Titin-Cap基因的敲除品系。测序结果显示,注射了CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA的胚胎出现双峰,说明在打靶位点附近出现了碱基缺失或插入,证明我们设计的gRNA是有效的。对F0代突变体成鱼的筛选中,测序结果同样显示有阳性结果。这些结果说明用CRISPR/Cas9基因打靶技术成功敲除了斑马鱼Titin-Cap基因,获得了Titin-Cap基因敲除的嵌合体斑马鱼。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统对斑马鱼hoxb4基因的编辑及其突变体基因型的初筛

采用高效基因编辑系统CRISPR/Cas9构建hoxb4基因敲除斑马鱼模型,进行hoxb4基因功能的研究。根据hoxb4基因的一号外显子的正义链及反义链设计3个长20 bp的sg RNA,分别靶向ExonⅠ的192#位点,244#位点及313#位点。化学合成sg RNA的寡核苷酸序列,经过酶切克隆进p T7-g RNA质粒中,构建g RNA的体外转录载体并通过体外转录得到靶位点的g RNA。将质粒p SP6-2s NLS-sp Cas9线性化然后在体外转录得到Cas9的m RNA并进行加A尾,将以上靶位点的g RNA与Cas9的m RNA共注射入单细胞期的斑马鱼胚胎内,提取基因组DNA,PCR扩增出目的基因片段并使用T7EI酶切测效,最后将PCR产物连入p MD19-T simple载体中,挑取阳性克隆进行菌落PC R鉴定,然后经Sanger测序检测突变类型。结果显示,靶位点的sg RN A寡核苷酸双链成功连入p T7-g RNA质粒中且序列正确;其中靶向ExonⅠ的313#位点的sg RNA可成功编辑斑马鱼hoxb4基因,T7 EⅠ检测其敲除效率高达26.5%,并测序得到4种阳性突变型。通过CRISPR/Cas9系统成功编辑斑马鱼hoxb4基因并测序鉴定其突变类型,为HOXb4基因功能的研究提供了可靠的基因敲除方法。     

斑马鱼miR-196a-1基因敲除品系的构建

microRNA(miRNA)是一类内生的、长度约为19～23个核苷酸的非编码RNA,通过影响mRNA的稳定性和翻译,来参与基因表达的转录后调控。生物信息学分析表明该基因在各个物种中高度保守。为了阐明该基因在肠道发育中的作用,本文利用Cloning free CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建miR-196a-1基因敲除的斑马鱼品系。首先通过分析软件筛选出斑马鱼miR-196a-1基因的两个敲除位点,两个敲除位点相隔132 bp,利用PCR技术扩增miR-196a-1的向导DNA,再以向导DNA为模板转录得到miR-196a-1的sgRNA,将miR-196a-1基因的sgRNA和Cas9蛋白共同注射到斑马鱼胚胎1细胞期胚胎中。斑马鱼胚胎发育到36 hpf后进行基因编辑的有效性检测,研究结果显示,miR-196a-1基因出现102 bp碱基的缺失,表明CRISPR/Cas9系统对miR-196a-1基因的敲除有效。对其F0代、F1代、F2代进行筛选,成功获得斑马鱼miR-196a-1基因敲除品系,为研究miR-196a-1在肠道发育中的作用奠定了基础。     

斑马鱼gpr98基因敲除试验模型的构建

gpr98基因突变与多种疾病相关,该基因在人类和斑马鱼中高度保守。建立斑马鱼gpr98基因突变体稳定系,可为阐释gpr98基因功能提供良好的动物模型和研究基础。本文利用CRISPR/Cas9基因敲除技术在斑马鱼gpr98基因2号外显子上选取两个相距42bp的靶位点,分别体外合成sgRNA,并与Cas9 mRNA一起共注射至斑马鱼胚胎单细胞期的胚胎内。随机挑选发育72h胚胎提取基因组DNA进行PCR分析,结果表明:除了有野生型DNA带外,部分胚胎有一条比野生型DNA小的带;进一步将F0代阳性个体与野生型的斑马鱼杂交,对杂交后代进行基因型分析,并成功筛选到缺失48bp(Δ48bp)的稳定遗传突变的gpr98基因敲除斑马鱼模型。该试验模型的构建为研究gpr98基因在心血管以及骨骼等组织器官的发育及相关疾病发生中的作用奠定了重要基础。     

基于CRISPR/cas9系统高效编辑小鼠Galt基因

GALT基因突变是人类I型半乳糖血症的主要病因。拟通过CRISPR/cas9系统打靶小鼠Galt基因以模拟人GALT基因突变,从而为建立精准模拟I型半乳糖血症的动物模型奠定基础。首先分析了我国I型半乳糖血症GALT基因的致病突变位点,并将其定位在小鼠Glat基因上,作为小鼠Galt基因的拟突变位点,然后根据拟突变位点区域的序列设计了sgRNA导向序列,构建sgRNA表达质粒,将其与cas9表达质粒共转染小鼠3T3细胞,通过嘌呤霉素和杀稻瘟菌素筛选阳性转染细胞,提取阳性细胞基因组DNA,PCR扩增打靶位点的DNA片段,通过TA克隆测序鉴定基因编辑情况并分析编辑效率。结果表明,3个sgRNA导向序列均可以通过CRISPR/Cas9系统高效编辑小鼠Galt基因,编辑效率为100%。     

斑马鱼myo7ab基因敲除品系的构建

MYO7A是人类Usher综合征(US)的致病基因。由MYO7A突变导致的Usher综合征病例占Usher综合征1型病例的29%～55%。研究发现人类MYO7A突变能够导致Usher综合征1B型(USH1B),包括感觉神经性听力损伤及年龄依赖性视网膜色素变性(RP),但其分子机制尚不清楚。为了研究该基因在内耳及视网膜发育中的具体分子作用机制,利用Cloning free CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建斑马鱼myo7ab基因敲除品系。首先,通过分析软件筛选出该基因的敲除位点,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术扩增该基因的向导DNA(gDNA),再以gDNA为模板转录得到向导RNA(gRNA),将gRNA和Cas9蛋白共同注射到斑马鱼1细胞期胚胎中;随后,进行基因编辑的有效性检测。研究结果表明,CRISPR/Cas9系统对该基因的敲除有效。对其进行进一步筛选,成功获得斑马鱼myo7ab基因敲除突变品系,这为研究该基因在内耳及视网膜发育过程中的作用奠定了基础。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术产生肌肉特异表达Cas9的小鼠胚胎

目的通过CRISPR/Cas9技术获得肌肉特异性表达Cas9蛋白小鼠胚胎,为建立肌肉特异表达Cas9小鼠动物模型奠定基础。方法设计小鼠Rosa26位点sgRNA并通过体外酶切验证活性,同时使用同源重组构建肌肉特异性同源打靶载体;通过显微注射将Rosa26sgRNA与Cas9蛋白注射到小鼠胚胎,通过PCR及测序检测胚胎的编辑情况,同时移植到假孕母鼠体内,待其生产;将同源打靶载体与Rosa26sgRNA和Cas9一起注射到小鼠胚胎,通过PCR检测整合情况。结果体外酶切实验表明,体外转录的sgRNA与Cas9蛋白联合可对靶位点产生编辑作用;成功构建了肌肉特异性同源打靶载体Donor-SP-px459;通过原核注射获得Rosa26基因编辑胚胎,经移植获得Rosa26基因编辑小鼠;注射同源打靶载体后,成功获得肌肉特异表达Cas9蛋白的基因打靶小鼠胚胎。结论利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,成功获得Rosa26基因编辑胚胎和小鼠,并获得了肌肉特异性表达Cas9蛋白小鼠胚胎,为利用基因打靶构建肌肉特异表达Cas9的小鼠动物模型奠定基础。     

基于新的CRISPR/Cas9技术实现斑马鱼LHX9基因的快速编辑及对F0突变体性腺发育的初筛

目的:CRISPR/Cas9系统在斑马鱼的反向遗传学中的到了广泛应用,但突变基因的表型观察往往需要在突变鱼系的F1中进行,费时较长。LHX9作为LIM家族的一种转录因子,在胚胎早期的泌尿生殖嵴中有广泛分布;且LHX9基因敲除的小鼠存在性腺发育不良。本研究拟通过一种新的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,采用四条sgRNA对LHX9基因进行VASA转基因斑马鱼的基因敲除,以观察该基因缺陷对斑马鱼性腺发育的影响。方法:利用新的CRISPR/Cas9技术,设计四条针对斑马鱼LHX9基因3号外显子的20bp的sgRNA,通过非克隆体外转录得到靶位点的四条sgRNA。将以上靶位点的四条sgRNA与Cas9核酸酶蛋白同时注射入单细胞期的斑马鱼胚胎内,利用PCR鉴定突变型类型和突变比例。通过对LHX9基因突变体的VASA转基因斑马鱼进行荧光观察,发现LHX9基因缺陷的斑马鱼性腺发育的情况。结果:靶向Exon 3的四条sgRNA可成功编辑斑马鱼LHX9基因,敲除效率高达82%,Sanger测序发现产生10种不同的移码突变类型。通过该方法对VASA转基因斑马鱼的LHX9基因进行编辑,发现LHX9基因突变导致dph6的的斑马鱼原始生殖细胞增殖和迁移受到影响。结论:基于4条sgRNA注射的CRISPR/Cas9技术,可以快速地产生具有突变表型的G0斑马鱼,具有应用潜力。LHX9基因敲除导致原始生殖细胞的发育和迁移受到影响,提示该基因参与了斑马鱼早期性腺的发育。     

构建基于CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除ALOX5的质粒

旨在利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建敲除花生四烯5-脂氧合酶基因(Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase gene,ALOX5)的重组质粒。设计合成3对靶向敲除ALOX5第六外显子的sgRNA,将其分别插入到CRISPR/Cas9质粒骨架pX458载体中,转化感受态大肠杆菌DH5α后挑取克隆,通过测序评估重组质粒是否构建成功。将构建好的重组质粒转染293T细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察转染效果,挑取转染成功的细胞,用试剂盒提取转染细胞基因组DNA,PCR扩增含敲除位点的DNA片段,用测序技术获得核苷酸序列,用DNAStar软件分析转染细胞中ALOX5基因敲除情况。测序结果表明2对双链sgRNA寡核苷酸已插入质粒,且序列正确,靶向ALOX5基因的重组质粒pX458-sgRNAs-ALOX5构建成功。其在293T细胞中的转染效率约为50%,用一代测序法未检测到sgRNAs的切割效果。初步表明利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建靶向ALOX5基因的重组质粒pX458-sgRNAs-ALOX5。     

Off‐target assessment of CRISPR‐Cas9 guiding RNAs in human iPS and mouse ES cells

The CRISPR‐Cas9 system consists of a site‐specific, targetable DNA nuclease that holds great potential in gene editing and genome‐wide screening applications. To apply the CRISPR‐Cas9 system to these assays successfully, the rate at which Cas9 induces DNA breaks at undesired loci must be understood. We characterized the rate of Cas9 off‐target activity in typical Cas9 experiments in two human and one mouse cell lines. We analyzed the Cas9 cutting activity of 12 gRNAs in both their targeted sites and ～90 predicted off‐target sites per gRNA. In a Cas9‐based knockout experiment, gRNAs induced detectable Cas9 cutting activity in all on‐target sites and in only a few off‐target sites genome‐wide in human 293FT, human‐induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells, and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Both the cutting rates and DNA repair patterns were highly correlated between the two human cell lines in both on‐target and off‐target sites. In clonal Cas9 cutting analysis in mouse ES cells, biallelic Cas9 cutting was observed with low off‐target activity. Our results show that off‐target activity of Cas9 is low and predictable by the degree of sequence identity between the gRNA and a potential off‐target site. Off‐target Cas9 activity can be minimized by selecting gRNAs with few off‐target sites of near complementarity. genesis 53:225–236, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Endophytic bacterial communities in in vitro shoot cultures derived from embryonic tissue of hybrid walnut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Juglans</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">intermedia</Emphasis>)

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 nuclease (Cas9) system has emerged as the robust gene editing tool that functions through the double-stranded break repair process leading to targeted mutagenesis in higher genomes. CRISPR/Cas9 has been simplified to a two component system consisting of a single guide RNA (gRNA) that binds Cas9 to target genomic sites in sequence-dependent manner. This RNA-guided nuclease system has mostly been applied for inducing point mutations or short insertion-deletions at one or multiple loci. The present study addressed the utility of this system for excising marker genes from plant genomes, an application highly relevant for developing marker-free transgenic plants. A transgenic rice line expressing β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene was transformed by Agrobacterium or gene gun with a construct expressing Cas9 and two gRNAs to target each end of 1.6 kb GUS gene. Molecular analysis of the transformed lines detected excision at low frequency in the callus lines, but at significantly higher frequency in plant lines, indicating robust efficiency of Cas9:gRNA in regenerated plants. Bi-allelic excisions were observed in plants derived from three independent events, allowing recovery of homozygous excision lines in the first generation (T₀). Notably, the excision in different plant lines was formed by precise cut and ligation of the two blunt ends without mutation at or around the excision site. Since the goal of marker-removal technologies is to precisely excise a defined piece of DNA without introducing mutations in the adjacent sequences, Cas9:gRNA system could be an effective tool for producing marker-free plants.     

Activities and specificities of CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases for targeted mutagenesis in maize

CRISPR/Cas9 and Cas12a (Cpf1) nucleases are two of the most powerful genome editing tools in plants. In this work, we compared their activities by targeting maize glossy2 gene coding region that has overlapping sequences recognized by both nucleases. We introduced constructs carrying SpCas9‐guide RNA (gRNA) and LbCas12a‐CRISPR RNA (crRNA) into maize inbred B104 embryos using Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. On‐target mutation analysis showed that 90%–100% of the Cas9‐edited T0 plants carried indel mutations and 63%–77% of them were homozygous or biallelic mutants. In contrast, 0%–60% of Cas12a‐edited T0 plants had on‐target mutations. We then conducted CIRCLE‐seq analysis to identify genome‐wide potential off‐target sites for Cas9. A total of 18 and 67 potential off‐targets were identified for the two gRNAs, respectively, with an average of five mismatches compared to the target sites. Sequencing analysis of a selected subset of the off‐target sites revealed no detectable level of mutations in the T1 plants, which constitutively express Cas9 nuclease and gRNAs. In conclusion, our results suggest that the CRISPR/Cas9 system used in this study is highly efficient and specific for genome editing in maize, while CRISPR/Cas12a needs further optimization for improved editing efficiency.     

A sequential transformation method for validating soybean genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 system

This study was performed to evaluate the sequential transformation for soybean genome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system as well as to show a strategy for examining the activity of CRISPR/Cas9 constructs, especially the designed guide RNAs (gRNAs). The gRNAs for targeted mutations of an exogenous gene and multiple endogenous genes were constructed and transferred into a stably-overexpressed-Cas9 soybean line using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root induction system. The targeted mutations were identified and characterized by the poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) heteroduplex method and by sequencing. Induced mutations of the exogenous gene (gus) were observed in 57% of tested transgenic hairy roots, while 100% of the transgenic root lines showed targeted mutations of the endogenous (SACPD-C) gene. Multiple gRNAs targeting two endogenous genes (SACPD-C and SMT) induced mutation rates of 75% and 67%, respectively. Various indels including small and large deletions as well as insertions were found in target sites of the tested genes. This sequential transformation method could present the targeting efficacy of different gRNAs of each tested gene. Additionally, in this study differences in gRNA ratings were found between bioinformatics predictions and actual experimental results. This is the first successful application of the sequential transformation method for genome editing in soybean using the hairy root system. This method could be potentially useful for validating CRISPR/Cas9 constructs, evaluating gRNA targeting efficiencies, and could be applied for other research directions.     

CRISPR/Cas9编辑绒山羊FGF5基因细胞株的建立

拟利用CRISPR/Cas9技术建立编辑FGF5基因的绒山羊细胞株。在FGF5基因的第一外显子设计靶点并合成gRNA靶点引物,构建2个编辑FGF5基因的Cas/gRNA真核表达质粒载体。电穿孔法转染绒山羊成纤维细胞后T7核酸内切酶（T7E1）检测载体活性,选择活性最高的载体转染细胞,单细胞接种并扩繁,提取基因组DNA,PCR及测序鉴定。经测序分析共获得20个FGF5基因敲除细胞株（包括FGF5^+/-和FGF5^-/-）,总突变率为14.81%。双敲除突变细胞株可作为供体细胞进行重构胚构建,为创造高产绒性状的FGF5基因编辑绒山羊奠定基础。     

应用CRISPR/Cas13b编辑技术治疗TNNT2R141W转基因小鼠的扩张型心肌病

本研究旨在应用CRISPR/Cas13b系统对TNNT2R141W转基因扩张型心肌病（dilated cardiomyopathy,DCM）小鼠（DCM小鼠）进行探索性治疗,尝试发现治疗扩张型心肌病的一种新方式,为CRISPR/Cas13b系统在体内应用提供实验基础。随机设计11种Cas13b-TNNT2 gRNA并成功构建表达质粒,把它和人源TNNT2过表达质粒共同转染到293T细胞中,通过实时定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR,Q-PCR）检测人源TNNT2 mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,gRNA 2引导Cas13b敲低目标基因的效率最高,达到80%（P<0.0001）。把gRNA2表达质粒包装到慢病毒载体中转导出生后1天的DCM小鼠原代心肌细胞,Q-PCR检测结果表明CRISPR/Cas13b系统对人源TNNT2 mRNA的敲低效率达到55%（P<0.01）。把PspCas13b和gRNA2的表达载体分别包装到AAV9病毒载体中,然后将200 μL 约1×1012 AAV9病毒颗粒通过尾静脉注射到4月龄DCM小鼠体内,待注射小鼠发育至5月龄时,Q-PCR检测结果显示,AAV9+DCM组TNNT2R141W表达水平较未注射组对照明显下降至40%（P<0.01）。对5月龄野生型（WT）、DCM（未注射病毒组）和AAV9+DCM（基因组编辑工具注射组）三组小鼠的心脏形态、心功能、心肌纤维化和心力衰竭等表型的观察结合显示：DCM小鼠的心脏形态异常,而AAV9+DCM小鼠心脏形态趋于正常;对三组小鼠的心脏进行超声心动图并对心功能指标进行统计发现,DCM组较WT组小鼠的左心室射血分数（left ventricular percent ejection fraction,LV EF%）、左心室短轴缩短率（left ventricular percent fractional shortening,LV FS%）分别下降了50.4%（P<0.0001）,55.1%（P<0.0001）,而AAV9+DCM组较DCM组小鼠的LV EF%、LV FS%分别上升了66.5%（P<0.01）,77.0%（P<0.01）;通过Q-PCR和天狼星红染色检测三组小鼠的心脏纤维化程度,结果显示DCM组较WT组小鼠的Col3a1和Postn两种纤维化基因,分别高表达5.2倍（P<0.001）、4.5倍（P<0.01）,而AAV9+DCM组较DCM组小鼠两种基因表达分别下降了2.0倍（P<0.05）、1.4倍（NS）,天狼星红染色结果显示纤维化区域明显下降;通过Q-PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹分别检测三组小鼠的心脏心力衰竭基因Nppb mRNA和Nppa蛋白质的表达水平,结果表明DCM组较WT组小鼠Nppb mRNA表达上升14.2倍（P<0.01）,而AAV9+DCM组较DCM组小鼠Nppb mRNA表达明显下降下降2.8倍（P<0.05）,Nppa蛋白质表达趋势与Nppb相同。把gRNA 5和含有R141W突变（gRNA 5T）和正常的TNNT2 mRNA（gRNA 5V）序列分别组合转染到293T细胞中,通过Q-PCR检测两种序列mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,gRNA 5T序列表达效率为30%（P<0.0001）,而并未检测到gRNA 5V mRNA的敲低。本研究通过设计靶向TNNT2R141W mRNA的gRNA,特异性敲低TNNT2R141W转基因小鼠体内突变的mRNA,有效改善了转基因小鼠的心功能,为临床进一步探索扩张型心肌病的治疗奠定了实验室基础。     

Genome editing with RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease in Zebrafish embryos

Recent advances with the type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system promise an improved approach to genome editing. However, the applicability and efficiency of this system in model organisms, such as zebrafish, are little studied. Here, we report that RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease efficiently facilitates genome editing in both mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos in a simple and robust manner. Over 35% of site-specific somatic mutations were found when specific Cas/gRNA was used to target either etsrp, gata4 or gata5 in zebrafish embryos in vivo. The Cas9/gRNA efficiently induced biallelic conversion of etsrp or gata5 in the resulting somatic cells, recapitulating their respective vessel phenotypes in etsrp^y11 mutant embryos or cardia bifida phenotypes in fau^tm236a mutant embryos. Finally, we successfully achieved site-specific insertion of mloxP sequence induced by Cas9/gRNA system in zebrafish embryos. These results demonstrate that the Cas9/gRNA system has the potential of becoming a simple, robust and efficient reverse genetic tool for zebrafish and other model organisms. Together with other genome-engineering technologies, the Cas9 system is promising for applications in biology, agriculture, environmental studies and medicine.     

Simple Genome Editing of Rodent Intact Embryos by Electroporation

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system is a powerful tool for genome editing in animals. Recently, new technology has been developed to genetically modify animals without using highly skilled techniques, such as pronuclear microinjection of endonucleases. Technique for animal knockout system by electroporation (TAKE) method is a simple and effective technology that produces knockout rats by introducing endonuclease mRNAs into intact embryos using electroporation. Using TAKE method and CRISPR/Cas system, the present study successfully produced knockout and knock-in mice and rats. The mice and rats derived from embryos electroporated with Cas9 mRNA, gRNA and single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) comprised the edited targeted gene as a knockout (67% of mice and 88% of rats) or knock-in (both 33%). The TAKE method could be widely used as a powerful tool to produce genetically modified animals by genome editing.     

CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene knockout in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis

Knockout of genes with CRISPR/Cas9 is a newly emerged approach to investigate functions of genes in various organisms. We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 can mutate endogenous genes of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, a splendid model for elucidating molecular mechanisms for constructing the chordate body plan. Short guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 mRNA, when they are expressed in Ciona embryos by means of microinjection or electroporation of their expression vectors, introduced mutations in the target genes. The specificity of target choice by sgRNA is relatively high compared to the reports from some other organisms, and a single nucleotide mutation at the sgRNA dramatically reduced mutation efficiency at the on‐target site. CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutagenesis will be a powerful method to study gene functions in Ciona along with another genome editing approach using TALE nucleases.