Phytochemical Analysis and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Rhizome,Above‐Ground Vegetative Parts and Flower of Three Iris Species

This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of rhizomes, above‐ground vegetative parts and flowers of three Iris species: Iris humilis Georgi , Iris pumila L. and Iris variegata L. UHPLC‐Orbitrap MS analysis was used for determination of phytochemical profile. Total pigments, phenolics, flavonoids, soluble sugars and starch content as well as ABTS antioxidant capacity were also determined. In total, 52 phenolics compounds were identified with 9 compounds (derivatives of iriflophenone, apigenin C‐glycosides, luteolin O‐glycoside, isoflavones derivatives of iristectorigenin, dichotomitin, nigracin and irilone) never reported before in Iris spp. Differences in phenolic composition profile, pigments, soluble sugar, starch, total phenolics and flavonoids content and total antioxidant capacity were found among Iris species and different part of plants. Significant correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity was determined. The obtained results are comparable with those obtained for medical plants. These findings could be useful for fingerprinting characterization of Iris species and estimation of possible use in pharmaceutical industries.     

Dominant Expression of Rat Prostanoid DP Receptor mRNA in Leptomeninges, Inner Segments of Photoreceptor Cells, Iris Epithelium, and Ciliary Processes

Abstract: Prostaglandin (PG) D₂ is one of the major prostanoids in the mammalian brain and eye tissues. Its function is mediated by the prostanoid DP receptor, which is specific for PGD₂ among the various prostanoids. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA for the rat DP receptor and used it for detection of DP receptor mRNA in various rat tissues. Northern blotting and RT-PCR analyses revealed that this DP receptor was expressed most intensely in the eye tissues, moderately in the leptomeninges and oviduct, and weakly in the epididymis. The tissue distribution profile of the mRNA for the rat DP receptor is overlapped with those of hematopoietic and lipocalin-type PGD synthases. Among rat eye tissues, the expression was the highest in the iris. In situ hybridization and in situ RT-PCR revealed DP receptor mRNA to be localized in the epithelium of the iris and ciliary body and in photoreceptor cells of the retina, suggesting the involvement of the receptor in the physiological regulation of intraocular pressure and the vision process. In the brain, DP receptor mRNA was dominantly expressed in the leptomeninges and was not detected in the brain parenchyma including the ventral rostral forebrain, the surface area of which is reportedly involved in sleep induction by PGD₂.     

Metabolic profiling of rhizomes of native populations of the strictly endemic Croatian species Iris adriatica

Iris adriatica Trinajsti? ex Miti? (Iridaceae L.) is a strictly endemic taxon from Croatia. It is a rhizomatous dwarf plant from the I. pumila complex with a distribution area limited to the Croatian part of the Mediterranean area, mainly central Dalmatia. The genus Iris is known for its richness in isoflavonoids which also play a significant role in chemotaxonomy and biological activity. Hence, in the current study, different plant batches of I. adriatica collected in early spring of 2016 were analysed for their phytochemical profiles and qualitatively compared. UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS analyses of methanolic rhizome extracts were performed. Altogether, 36 compounds, representing isoflavonoids (including 6,7-methylendioxy derivatives), benzophenones and xanthones were found as aglycones or in glycosidically bound form to be the main constituent groups of I. adriatica rhizomes. Qualitative results were identical between different batches of plant material from collection sites in central Dalmatia, they differed only in quantity. For some phenolic compounds of I. adriatica, chemotaxonomic relevance was detected.     

Defining the proteome of human iris,ciliary body,retinal pigment epithelium,and choroid

The iris is a fine structure that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. The ciliary body controls the shape of the lens and produces aqueous humor. The retinal pigment epithelium and choroid (RPE/choroid) are essential in supporting the retina and absorbing light energy that enters the eye. Proteins were extracted from iris, ciliary body, and RPE/choroid tissues of eyes from five individuals and fractionated using SDS‐PAGE. After in‐gel digestion, peptides were analyzed using LC‐MS/MS on an Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. In iris, ciliary body, and RPE/choroid, we identified 2959, 2867, and 2755 nonredundant proteins with peptide and protein false‐positive rates of <0.1% and <1%, respectively. Forty‐three unambiguous protein isoforms were identified in iris, ciliary body, and RPE/choroid. Four “missing proteins” were identified in ciliary body based on ≥2 proteotypic peptides. The mass spectrometric proteome database of the human iris, ciliary body, and RPE/choroid may serve as a valuable resource for future investigations of the eye in health and disease. The MS proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifiers PXD001424 and PXD002194.     

国产鸢尾属尼泊尔鸢尾亚属的研究

研究报道了国产鸢尾属尼泊尔鸢尾亚属植物,确认国产该亚属植物为三种一变种。     

鸢尾属药用植物总DNA提取方法的比较研究

以鸢尾属（Iris L．）药用植物鸢尾Iris tectorum Maxim．叶片为材料,分别采用CTAB法、高盐低pH法、SDS法和试剂盒法四种方法提取植物总DNA,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计、ISSR和RAPD四种方法对所提取的DNA样品进行检测。结果表明,用SDS—I法提取的植物总DNA纯度、浓度和完整性都很高,从经济角度考虑优于用试剂盒提取,从提取效果考虑不亚于用CTAB法和高盐低pH法提取,是比较适合鸢尾属植物总DNA提取的方法。     

Cytological features of developing embryogenic callus and somatic embryos of Iris pumila L. and Iris setosa Pall

Abstract

Cytological examination during somatic embryogenesis in Iris pumila L. and Iris setosa Pall, were performed using light and electron microscopy. The first sign of the cellular differentiation in the initial embryogenic callus (EC; stage 1) of both Iris species was the formation of short and elongated cell types. After the onset of embryogenesis, short cells divided producing a mass of densely packed meristematic cells, closely connected with numerous plasmodesmata. Further differentiation into globular embryos (GE) led to a loss of plasmodesmata and cell separation. In vacuolated elongated cells, cytoplasm was located near the wall and around the nucleus. In both cell types amyloplasts and small mitochondria with poorly developed crystae were abundant.

Cell of GE (stage 2) contained an increased number of mitochondria and plastids comparing to those from stage 1, indicating further differentiation. Thylakoids and starch grains were observed within the plastids, while the number of cristae within the mitochondria was increasing.

In cells of embryos with coleoptile (ECl) (stage 3), plastids differentiated into chloroplasts with thylakoids. In all stages of cell differentiation, short and long cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes were seen. Activity of dictyosomes was increased in stages 1 and 2, then reduced in stage 3.

Ultrastructure of EC cells was identical to that of proembryogenic cells, i.e. of early GE. Ultrastructural appearance of GE cells was identical in both Iris species, but evident, and increasing, differences in mitochondria and plastids were observed between GE and ECl embryos.The presence of bi-, three- and eight- cell proembryos demonstrates that they originate from a single cell in both Iris species.     

On the origin and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, peptide HI-, and cholecystokinin-like-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat iris

Summary The presence and distribution of nerve fibers expressing immunoreactivity to the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide HI and cholecystokinin was examined in stretch-prepared rat iris whole mounts. By use of antiserum to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide an irregular, relatively sparse network of varicose, intensely fluorescent fibers was observed innervating both the dilator plate and the sphincter area. Positive fibers were present also in the ciliary body and the choroid membrane. Surprisingly, a large variation in the amount of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive nerves was seen among irides. Furthermore, an uneven distribution of fluorescent nerve fibers was observed within individual irides. Thus, some areas had a relatively dense innervation, whereas others were devoid of immunoreactive nerve fibers. A similar fiber system was detected using antiserum to peptide HI. In all probability, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide HI coexist within the same nerve population. A denser and more regular network of cholecystokinin-positive fibers was found in normal rat irides. Such fibers were also present in the sphincter area and in high density in the choroid membrane. Neither extirpation of the superior cervical nor the ciliary ganglion caused any detectable decrease in amount of either vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide HI- or cholecystokinin-positive fibers. However, capsaicin, which in the iris causes permanent disappearance of substance-P fibers, had a similar effect on cholecystokinin-positive fibers, whereas no effect was noted on the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide HI fiber network. It is concluded that the rat iris contains a network of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide HI-positive nerves that does not originate in either the superior cervical or the ciliary ganglion, and most probably also not in the trigeminal ganglion, and a cholecystokinin-positive network that probably originates in the trigeminal ganglion.     

白毛黑眼兔等四种实验兔黑色素分布的组织学观察与比较

目的：分析包括白毛黑眼兔在内的四个品种实验兔的虹膜和皮肤组织中的黑色素分布情况和相互之间的差异。方法通过组织切片和硫酸亚铁染色,对四个品种实验兔的虹膜和皮肤组织中的黑色素含量和分布进行了观察与比较。结果与其背景白化品种相比,白毛黑眼兔不仅在虹膜组织中出现了类型完整的黑色素,而且在其表型为白色的皮肤的毛囊中也出现了低含量的黑色素。结论本结果为白毛黑眼兔突变表型机理研究提供了一定线索。     

中亚鸢尾(Iris blowdowill)小孢子发生和雄配子体形成

选取中亚鸢尾为试材,通过石蜡切片的方法,对其小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了观察研究。中亚鸢尾花药壁发育方式为双子叶型,绒毡层为腺质;小孢子母细胞减数分裂时胞质分裂即有连续型,也有同时型。小孢子为四面体型和左右对称型,成熟花粉粒为二细胞。     

发酵产鸢尾酮真菌的分离鉴定及生香特性的初步研究

从陈化的鸢尾根状茎分离到产鸢尾酮的丝状真菌,以其作用于新鲜鸢尾根状茎,通过固体发酵产生了鸢尾酮。其中1株Rhizopusoryzae（94Y－01）表现最好。对培养基配方、培养温度、培养时间等发酵条件进行了报道。从发酵物提取得到的浸膏和凝脂,其理化指标分析及香气嗅评与传统鸢尾酮产品类似,经薄层层析和气相色谱－质谱（GC／MS）分析,表明含有鸢尾酮。     

发酵产鸢尾酮真菌的分离鉴定及生香特性的初步研究*

从陈化的鸢尾根状茎分离到产鸢尾酮的丝状真菌,以其作用于新鲜鸢尾根状茎,通过固体发酵产生了鸢尾酮。其中1株Rhizopusoryzae（94Y－01）表现最好。对培养基配方、培养温度、培养时间等发酵条件进行了报道。从发酵物提取得到的浸膏和凝脂,其理化指标分析及香气嗅评与传统鸢尾酮产品类似,经薄层层析和气相色谱－质谱（GC／MS）分析,表明含有鸢尾酮。     

鸢尾属（Iris L.）植物的杂交育种及其同功酶分析

进行了鸢尾属种间杂交和种内杂交计２１个组合,授粉花数２２９朵,结实数１９个。种内杂交结实的３个组合,平均结实率６４％;种间杂交结实的３个组合,平均结实率１．５％,有３个种内杂交组合,２个种间杂交组合的种子已萌发成苗。     

Iris japonica×Iris confusa种间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

对Irisjaponica、I confusa和它们的人工种间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为、形态学和繁育特征进行了分析 ,结果表明 :(1)I japonica和I confusa的形态差异较小 ,杂种F1形态介于亲本之间 ;(2 )人工杂交比较容易 ,杂种种子能正常发育 ;杂种F1体细胞染色体数为 2n =30 ,减数分裂中期I染色体配对频率很高 ,为 13 9个二价体 ,构型为0 95Ⅰ + 5 95Ⅱ (棒形 ) + 7 95Ⅱ (环形 ) + 0 0 5Ⅲ + 0 2 7Ⅳ ,表明它们有相似的染色体组 ,亲缘关系很近 ;(3)杂种中有少量的三价体和四价体存在 ,可能是亲本染色体间发生了结构重排或是部分同源染色体配对 ;(4)杂种中大多数细胞存在 2个单价体 ,有的高达 8个单价体 ;花粉育性为 5 0 5 1% ,不能正常结实 ,表明I japonica和I confusa间存在生殖隔离 ,是独立的生物学物种 ;(5 )杂种F1减数分裂前期可观察到细胞融合 ,这可能是造成I japonica和I confusa不同居群出现多倍体和非整倍体的重要原因。     

Plant regeneration of Iris pallida Lam. and Iris germanica L. via somatic embryogenesis from leaves,apices and young flowers

Irones are violet-scented ketonic compounds contained in the rhizome of certain species of iris. As cultivation of the iris tends to decrease, a selection program has been initiated to find the best performing clones in terms of growth and yield. Parallel to this selection, in vitro regeneration studies have been carried out in order to multiply interesting clones. A method of rapid multiplication by somatic embryogenesis associated with multibudding was developed. Callus was obtained from leaf bases, flower pieces or rhizome apices; the best explants were flower pieces. The induction media used to obtain embryogenic callus were Murashige & Skoog (1962) media. Assays with adding of proline in these media have showed that it could double the yield of embryogenic callus. The embryogenic expression medium was the Knudson's orchid agar (Knudson 1946) medium. Conformity of the plants obtained was checked by comparing their chemotypes with those of the mother plants.Abbreviations AIB indolyl butyric acid - BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - Kin 6-furfurylaminopurine - KN Knudson's orchid Agar - MS Murashige & Skoog medium - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - N6 Chu et al. medium - Pro proline - 2,4-D dichlorophenoxyacetic acid     

锌对镉胁迫下马蔺生长、镉积累及生理抗性的影响

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度锌(Zn)对镉(Cd)胁迫下马蔺(Iris lacteavar. chinen-sis)生长、Cd积累及抗氧化酶活性等的影响.结果表明:加入1~100mg.L-1Zn后,Cd胁迫下马蔺地上部Cd含量变化不大,而地下部Cd含量显著增加并呈先增后降的趋势;1mg.L-1Zn处理下马蔺地下部Cd含量最高,比对照显著增加51.4%;Zn浓度高于1mg.L-1后Cd含量均出现不同程度的下降,但仍高于对照.与单独Cd处理(10mg.L-1)相比,添加低浓度Zn(1~10mg.L-1)后,马蔺地上部生物量和叶绿素含量呈增加趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低;在10mg.L-1Zn处理下,叶绿素a、b含量达到峰值,分别增加5.21%和22.27%,MDA含量降低25.46%,表明低浓度Zn缓解了Cd对马蔺的毒害.随Zn浓度的增加,Zn对Cd毒害的缓解作用逐渐降低,当溶液中Zn达到一定浓度(100mg.L-1)时,马蔺毒害加重,其生物量、叶绿素含量均下降,MDA含量显著增加.在试验胁迫浓度范围内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性始终呈增加趋势,表明马蔺在受到Cd胁迫及Cd-Zn共存的条件下SOD和POD起着重要的抗氧化保护作用.     

鸢尾属（Iris L.）植物的杂交育种

1994－1997年在南京进行了鸢尾属（Iris L.)的种间与种内杂交育种试验,结果表明：2个种间杂交组合 亲和力极弱,F1代杂种苗生长不良,6－8周内死亡,3个种内杂杂交组合亲和力较强,F1代杂种苗生长良好,其中2个杂交组合F1代的花色由单基因控制,。未出现花色的分离;不同花色的德国鸢尾（Iris germanica L.)品种LP和PP之间的杂交组合F1代花色受多基因控制F1代杂种花色出现明显分离,从中选出了“紫金”,彩带,金舞娃,红浪,水晶球,紫云和紫盘7个新栽培品种。