洋底深部裂褶菌在不同环境条件的生长行为（英文）

【目的】了解洋底深部真菌适应原位环境的生长特征。【方法】在模拟洋底原位环境因子(压力除外)的培养条件(温度,pH,盐度,Fe~(2+),木质素和NH_4~+)下,比较了4株分离自洋底约2 km深处含煤沉积物的裂褶菌和2株分离自海洋及陆地生境的裂褶菌的生长速率。【结果】在本实验所设置的温度(20,30,40,45°C)、氧气(有氧和无氧)、pH (6,8,10)、盐度(淡水,原位水,人工海水)、Fe~(2+)(0.27,8.93,89.28μmol/L)、木质素(1,5,10 g/L)和NH_4~+ (0.5,1.0,5.0 g/L)条件下,洋底菌株均比陆地菌株(CFCC7252)和海洋菌株(MCCC 3A00233)生长快,但不同洋底菌株之间也存在生长差异,菌株6R-2-F01和24R-3-F01在厌氧条件下的生长速率显著高于其在有氧条件下的生长速率。【结论】洋底真菌(如裂褶菌)可能拥有独特的生物学特性,以帮助其适应洋底极端环境,相关研究值得进一步探讨。     

绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体在无营养条件下对偶氮染料刚果红的脱色作用

【目的】在无营养条件下,利用白腐真菌绒毛栓孔菌(Trametes pubescens)菌丝体对染料进行脱色可减少试验成本,提高染料处理的实用性。【方法】将该菌株液体培养的菌丝体在无营养条件下对染料进行脱色,并对其中脱色效果较好的偶氮染料刚果红的脱色过程进行分析。在此过程中,测定了该菌株分泌的胞外胞内酶活力,优化影响因子如初始pH值、温度、染料浓度和盐度,同时利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析无营养条件下偶氮染料刚果红的降解产物。植物毒性试验测定刚果红经绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体脱色前后的毒性变化。【结果】菌丝体对偶氮染料刚果红有较好的脱色效果,在初始pH值为2.0,温度为30°C,染料浓度为80 mg/L,盐度为2.5%(质量体积比)时,150 r/min转速下培养7 d后脱色率可达80.52%。在此过程中,菌丝体可被连续使用2次,且其所分泌的酶系可降解染料。此外,通过气相色谱-质谱联用分析得到刚果红的降解产物为萘胺、联苯胺和叠氮萘。植物毒性试验显示在无营养条件下的绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体对染料有明显的脱毒作用。【结论】研究发现绒毛栓孔菌菌丝体在无营养条件下的偶氮染料废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

一株海草沉积物菲降解菌的筛选、鉴定和降解特性

【背景】多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)是一类高毒性的有机污染物,在海洋环境尤其是沿海环境中广泛分布。海草床生态系统作为沿海环境的重要组成部分,深受环境污染等人类活动的影响而处于严重衰退的状态。微生物修复是修复环境中多环芳烃污染的重要途径,具有经济简便、环境友好和无二次污染等特点。【目的】从深圳市大亚湾的海草床沉积物中筛选获得高效多环芳烃降解菌,并分析其降解特性,从而探究海草床生态系统中多环芳烃污染物的微生物修复可行性。【方法】以多环芳烃菲为唯一碳源从海草床沉积物样品中筛选菌株,再通过形态学观察、生理生化实验和16SrRNA基因序列对筛选的菌株进行鉴定,并利用特定引物扩增多环芳烃降解的功能基因——双加氧酶(nidA)基因,最后通过培养实验分析该菌株对菲的降解特性。【结果】筛选出一株高效降解菲的菌株SCSIO 43702,经鉴定为玫瑰杆菌属(Roseovarius)的潜在新菌,并成功扩增得到双加氧酶相似(nidA like)基因;培养实验结果表明,玫瑰杆菌SCSIO 43702在10 d内对100 mg/L菲的降解率最高可达96%,而且其对菲的最适降解条件为:温度30°C、pH值7.5和8.0、盐度3%。【结论】玫瑰杆菌SCSIO 43702凭借其良好的菲降解能力和较强的环境适应性,具有进一步被开发为微生物菌剂以用于多环芳烃污染修复的巨大潜力,为海草床生态系统中多环芳烃污染的微生物修复研究提供了理论依据和可利用的微生物资源。     

裂褶菌菌株G18对孔雀石绿染料的脱色优化

通过对兔眼蓝莓幼果组织中分离得到的内生真菌G18进行形态特征、ITS序列和系统进化分析鉴定菌株G18为裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune。同时,对菌株G18产生的3种木质素降解酶进行监测,发现G18菌株可以分泌漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶。为明确裂褶菌G18对染料的脱色能力,利用裂褶菌G18对固体条件下8种染料进行脱色能力的检测,筛选出较易脱色的染料后,对该染料的脱色条件进行优化。结果表明,裂褶菌G18对8种染料均可以脱色,对孔雀石绿染料的脱色效果最好。裂褶菌G18对孔雀石绿的脱色优化结果为pH 7.0、20.0g/L淀粉、1.0g/L尿素、1.0g/L硫酸锌、接菌量9片（d=5.0mm）。     

Mucoromycotina sp. HS-3对苯胺蓝染料的降解

采用静置开敞式培养法研究了碳源、氮源、盐度、金属离子对Mucoromycotina sp.HS-3菌降解苯胺蓝的影响。结果表明,菌株脱色最适合条件为葡萄糖1 g/L,硫酸铵0.6 g/L,Fe3+0.15 mmol/L,盐度小于50 g/L,在上述各培养条件下,对浓度为100 mg/L不灭菌的苯胺蓝溶液静止培养5 d,脱色率达95%以上。此外,通过降解前后的苯胺蓝溶液对豇豆和枯草芽孢杆菌进行毒性测试发现,降解后的苯胺蓝溶液毒性明显降低。因此,该菌对处理以苯胺蓝为主要成分的印染废水具有较好的应用潜力。     

一株溴氰菊酯降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解条件优化

【背景】拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解已成为食品安全和环境卫生领域的研究热点,而生物降解被认为是一种绿色高效的解决方法。【目的】从长期受拟除虫菊酯类农药污染的草莓根系土壤分离一株溴氰菊酯(deltamethrin,DM)降解菌,并优化其培养基及降解条件,从而提高DM降解菌的降解效率。【方法】采用富集驯化、分离纯化法筛选DM降解菌,通过形态学和生理生化特征,以及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行鉴定。通过Plackett-Burman因素筛选试验、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken试验优化菌株降解条件。【结果】筛选获得一株DM降解菌LH-1-1,96h对DM(100mg/L)的降解率为53.43%,经鉴定为琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii);通过优化后,在DM浓度75mg/L、胰蛋白胨3 g/L、pH值6.8、硫酸铵1.5 g/L、氯化铁0.01 g/L、接种量为5%(体积比)、菌龄12 h、培养温度30℃条件下,菌株LH-1-1对DM降解率达82.36%,较未优化前提高了28.93%。【结论】A. junii LH-1-1具有较高的DM降解能力,该菌可为生物修复受DM或拟除虫菊酯类农药污染的环境提供优良的微生物资源。     

多环芳烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性

【目的】多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类普遍存在于环境中且具有高毒性的持久性有机污染物,高效降解菌的筛选对利用生物修复技术有效去除环境中的多环芳烃具有重要意义。研究拟从供试菌株中筛选多环芳烃高效降解菌,并分析其降解特性,为多环芳烃污染环境的微生物修复提供资源保障和科学依据。【方法】采用平板法从25株供试菌株中筛选出以菲和芘为唯一碳源和能源的高效降解菌,经16S rRNA基因序列进行初步鉴定,通过单因素实验法分析其在液体培养基中的降解特性。【结果】筛选出的3株多环芳烃高效降解菌SL-1、02173和02830经16S rRNA基因序列分析,02173和02830分别与假单胞菌属中的Pseudomonas alcaliphila和Pseudomonas corrugate同源性最近,SL-1为本课题组发表新类群Rhizobium petrolearium的模式菌株;降解实验表明,菌株SL-1 3 d内对单一多环芳烃菲(100 mg/L)和芘(50 mg/L)的降解率分别达到100%和48%,5 d后能够降解74%的芘;而其3 d内对混合PAHs中菲和芘的降解率分别为75.89%和81.98%。菌株02173和02830 3 d内对混合多环芳烃中萘(200 mg/L)、芴(50 mg/L)、菲(100 mg/L)和芘(50 mg/L)的降解率均分别超过97%。【结论】筛选出的3株PAHs降解菌SL-1、02173和02830不仅可以高效降解低分子量PAHs,还对高分子量PAHs具有很好的降解潜力。研究表明,由于共代谢作用低分子量多环芳烃可促进高分子量多环芳烃的降解,而此时低分子量多环芳烃的降解将受到抑制。     

反硝化除磷菌筛选及其特性研究

【目的】研究反硝化除磷菌特性。【方法】通过微生物筛选和生物学特性研究方法,从对虾养殖池塘中筛选出多株可在有氧条件下同时具有反硝化除磷功能的菌种。【结果】菌株LY-1可在18 h内将初始量为10 mg/L的亚硝酸盐氮降低至0.04 mg/L,PO43?-P降低至0.05 mg/L。在DO浓度为5.0?5.9 mg/L时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%。试验选取具有反硝化除磷功能的枯草芽孢杆菌为阳性对照菌,大肠杆菌为阴性对照菌,比较研究了菌株LY-1在不同pH、温度、盐度、PO43?-P浓度、亚硝酸盐浓度时反硝化除磷的强弱,在pH为5?9范围时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮去除率近99%,PO43?-P去除率86%;温度为30°C时,该菌反硝化除磷率近100%;盐度为5‰?15‰、PO43?-P浓度为10 mg/L、亚硝酸盐氮浓度为20 mg/L时,该菌亚硝酸盐氮和PO43?-P去除率均可达99%。【结论】菌株LY-1反硝化除磷性能显著高于对照菌(P<0.05)。通过菌株LY-1形态学观察、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

微囊藻毒素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其胞内粗酶液对藻毒素MCLR的降解

【目的】从巢湖底泥中分离筛选高效的藻毒素降解菌,并初步研究其胞内粗酶液降解藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的特性,为水体中藻毒素污染的微生物治理提供有效的菌源与理论依据。【方法】利用富集驯化培养技术,以MC-LR为唯一碳源,分离筛选MC-LR降解菌,通过形态观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定菌株,并考察其胞内粗酶液在不同条件下对MC-LR的降解特性。【结果】分离得到1株能高效降解MC-LR的菌株M6。分子鉴定结果表明,该菌株为蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。其降解MC-LR的活性物质为胞内酶,而且至少有3种酶参与了MC-LR的降解,它们是菌体本身的组织酶而非诱导酶。当反应体系pH值为8.0,胞内粗酶液浓度为404.9 mg/L,MC-LR的初始浓度为10 mg/L时降解率最高,16 h可达98.7%。【结论】分离出的MC-LR降解菌为蜡状芽胞杆菌,该菌株对MC-LR有较高的降解能力,并且酶促反应受到反应体系的pH值、胞内粗酶液浓度以及藻毒素初始浓度等因素的影响。     

紫金牛叶杆菌RC6b及其诱变菌株对二苯砷酸的降解特征

【目的】阐明紫金牛叶杆菌Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum RC6b及其诱变菌株对二苯砷酸(Diphenylarsinic acid,DPAA)的降解特征与代谢产物。【方法】以紫金牛叶杆菌RC6b为出发菌株,分别以蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠为外加碳源,优化共代谢降解条件;采用亚硝基胍(N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine,NTG)对出发菌株进行化学诱变,比较诱变前后菌株对DPAA降解能力的变化,鉴定诱变菌株对DPAA的降解代谢产物。【结果】以DPAA为唯一碳源时,培养28 d后RC6b菌株对DPAA的降解率低于2%;分别添加蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠为外加碳源培养28 d后,DPAA的降解率显著提高,分别达到14.08%、15.21%和15.05%;采用250μg/m L的NTG诱变后获得3株诱变菌,在以DPAA为唯一碳源培养28 d后,3株诱变菌对DPAA的降解率与出发菌株相比均显著提高,其中N-RC6b2对DPAA的降解率最高,达36.71%;代谢产物鉴定结果表明,诱变菌株N-RC6b2对DPAA的代谢产物中有单羟基化DPAA的生成。【结论】RC6b出发菌株难以直接利用DPAA为唯一碳源生长,外加蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠等共代谢碳源可显著提高菌株RC6b对DPAA的降解率;NTG化学诱变可进一步提高RC6b菌株对DPAA的降解效果,代谢产物为单羟基化DPAA。     

开放条件下烟管菌XX-2对孔雀石绿染料的高效降解

[目的]评价白腐真菌Bjerkandera adusta XX-2处理孔雀石绿染料废水的能力,为其在染料废水中的应用提供参考依据.[方法]采用批次实验在开放条件下研究通气、pH、温度、染料初始浓度、培养时间、碳源、氮源、金属离子、盐度等因子对该菌降解孔雀石绿的影响.同时利用植物萌发、微生物抑菌和水生动物致死实验对降解产物进行毒性测试.[结果]B.adusta XX-2菌株在开放的非灭菌条件下也能高效降解孔雀石绿.例如,在初始浓度为120 mg/L且以孔雀石绿为唯一营养源的条件下降解率也能达到60％.静置培养和摇动培养呈现出几乎相同的降解率,这可以为技术应用节约动力成本.最适降解pH与温度分别为7.0和25℃.在上述参数体系的优化基础上,分别进行了碳源、氮源与金属离子的添加优化实验,结果显示低浓度的碳源(如柠檬酸钠)、氮源(如氯化铵)和金属离子(如Zn2+)均可大大提高B.adusta XX-2对孔雀石绿的脱色效率.同时B.adusta XX-2的降解也能在很高的盐浓度下进行.毒性测试表明降解后的染料对植物、微生物、水生生物的毒性大大减少.[结论]B.adusta XX-2菌株在处理染料废水方面具有很大的应用潜力.     

Accumulation of Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 by growing Schizophyllum commune

The effect of Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 on the growth and decolorization properties of Schizophyllum commune was studied with respect to the initial pH varying from 1 to 6 and initial dye concentration (10-100 mg/L). The optimum pH value was found to be 2 for both growth and color removal of these azo dyes. Increasing the concentration of azo dyes inhibited the growth of S. commune. It was observed that S. commune was capable of removing Acid Orange 7, Acid Red 18 and Reactive Black 5 with a maximum specific uptake capacity of 44.23, 127.53 and 180.17 (mg/g) respectively for an initial concentration of 100 mg/L of the dye. Higher decolorization was observed at lower concentrations for all the dyes. Finally it was found that the percentage decolorization was more in the case of Reactive Black 5 dye compared to the other two dyes used in the present investigation.     

Biodegradation of malachite green by Ochrobactrum sp.

This study presents the biodegradation of malachite green (MG), a triphenylmethane dye, using a novel microorganism isolated from textile effluent contaminated environment. The organism responsible for degradation was identified as Ochrobactrum sp JN214485 by 16S rRNA analysis. The effect of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, immobilized bead loading, and initial dye concentration on % degradation was studied, and their optimal values were found to be 30 °C, 6, 20 g/L and 100 mg/L, respectively. The analysis showed that the extracellular enzymes were responsible for the degradation. The biodegradation of MG was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopic and FTIR analysis. The phytotoxicity test concluded that the degradation products were less toxic compared to MG. The kinetics of biodegradation was studied and the activation energy was found to be 10.65 kcal/mol.     

中度嗜盐菌Martelella sp. AD-3 降解菲过程中水杨酸-5-羟化酶的酶学性质

[目的]研究中度嗜盐菌Martelella sp.AD-3在降解菲过程中水杨酸-5-羟化酶的活性与菲降解效率的关系及其酶学性质.[方法]通过HPLC分析菲的降解效率和AD-3菌粗酶液催化水杨酸的产物,根据NADH在340 nm处的吸光度变化计算水杨酸-5-羟化酶的活性.[结果]水杨酸-5-羟化酶是一种诱导酶,在AD-3菌的对数生长期和稳定初期时活性较高,酶活力大小与该菌对菲的降解速率基本一致.在菲浓度为200 mg/L、生长盐度为3％、pH为9.0的培养条件下,AD-3菌株表达的水杨酸-5-羟化酶的活力最高,为132.8 nmol/(min·mg).水杨酸-5-羟化酶催化水杨酸降解时的最适温度、pH和盐度分别为30℃、7.5和3％,酶的最大反应速率为200 nmol/(min· mg)、米氏常数Km为8.7μmol/L.[结论]AD-3菌在降解菲的过程中表达水杨酸-5-羟化酶,该酶的活性与菲降解速率具有相关性.     

Chitin-glucan complex production by Schizophyllum commune submerged cultivation

Chitin-glucan complex is a fungal origin copolymer that finds application in medicine and cosmetics. Traditionally, the mycelium of Micromycetes is considered as an industrial chitin-glucan complex source. Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune submerged cultivation for chitin-glucan complex production was studied. In different S. commune strains chitin-glucan complex composed 15.2 +/- 0.4 to 30.2 +/- 0.2% of mycelium dry weight. Optimized conditions for chitin-glucan complex production (nutrient medium composition in g/l: sucrose - 35, yeast extract - 4, Na2HPO4*12H2O - 2.5, MgSO4*7 H2O - 0.5; medium initial pH 6.5; aeration intensity 21 of air per 11 of medium; 144 hours of cultivation) resulted in 3.5 +/- 0.3 g/l complex yield. Redirection of fungal metabolism from exopolysaccharide synthesis to chitin-glucan complex accumulation was achieved most efficiently by aeration intensity increase. Chitin-glucan complex from S. commune had the structure of microfibers with diameter 1-2 microm, had water-swelling capacity of 18 g/g, and was composed of 16.63% chitin and 83.37% glucan with a degree of chitin deacetylation of 26.9%. S. commune submerged cultivation is a potent alternative to Micromycetes for industrial-scale chitin-glucan complex production.     

球形红细菌厌氧降解2,4-二硝基甲苯

【目的】研究不同环境条件对2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)生物降解的影响。【方法】采用光合细菌球形红细菌在温度为30 °C的光照培养箱中厌氧降解2,4-DNT,并用高效液相色谱仪测定其浓度。【结果】去除2,4-DNT的最佳条件是初始浓度40 mg/L、初始pH 7.0和接种量15%。另外,2,4-DNT在菌体延滞期被细胞吸收,然后在指数期作为碳源被降解。2,4-DNT的去除率在72 h达到98.8%。从液相色谱图中观察到有2种中间代谢产物,但在120 h内产物被逐渐降解。2,4-DNT的去除动力学符合一级速率模型。【结论】不同条件下2,4-DNT的去除率表明球形红细菌能有效降解2,4-DNT。     

Aerobic degradation of a mixture of azo dyes in a packed bed reactor having bacteria-coated laterite pebbles

A microbial consortium capable of aerobic degradation of a mixture of azo dyes consisting of two isolated strains (RRL,TVM) and one known strain of Pseudomonas putida (MTCC 1194) was immobilized on laterite stones. The amount of bacterial biomass attached to the laterite stones was 8.64 g per 100 g of the stone on a dry weight basis. The packed bed reactor was filled with these stones and had a total capacity of 850 mL and a void volume of 210 mL. The feed consisted of an equal mixture of seven azo dyes both in water as well as in a simulated textile effluent, at a pH of 9.0 and a salinity of 900 mg/L. The dye concentrations of influent were 25, 50, and 100 microg/mL.The residence time was varied between 0.78 and 6.23 h. It was found that at the lowest residence time 23.55, 45.73, and 79.95 microg of dye was degraded per hour at an initial dye concentration of 25, 50, and 100 microg, respectively. The pH was reduced from 9.0 to 7.0. Simulated textile effluent containing 50 microg/mL dye was degraded by 61.7%. Analysis of degradation products by TLC and HPLC showed that the dye mixture was degraded to nontoxic smaller molecules. The bacteria-coated pebbles were stable, there was no washout even after 2 months, and the reactor was found to be suitable for the aerobic degradation of azo dyes.     

Aerobic degradation of the azo dye acid red 151 in a sequencing batch biofilter

The azo dye acid red 151 (AR151) was aerobically biodegraded in a sequencing batch biofilter packed with a porous volcanic rock. AR151 was used as the sole source of carbon and energy for acclimated microorganisms. Acclimation was followed using the degradation time and the oxygen uptake rate. A maximal oxygen uptake rate of 0.5 mg O(2)/(lmin) was obtained. Mineralization studies showed that 73% (as carbon) of the initial azo dye was transformed to CO(2) by the consortia. A maximal substrate degradation rate of 247 mg AR151/(l(reactor)d) was obtained. Color removal was up to 99% using an initial concentration of 50 mg AR151/l. Anaerobic tests suggested that in the interior of the porous material, anaerobic biotransformations can occur, contributing from 14% to 16% of the decoloration of the azo dye.