酶解法提取甘薯茎叶中可溶性膳食纤维的研究

通过单因素以及正交实验来探讨脂肪酶、淀粉酶和木瓜蛋白酶的加入对提取甘薯茎叶中水溶性膳食纤维的影响,并在单因素基础上对提取工艺进行正交优化,得出酶法提取的最佳工艺条件是脂肪酶添加量为0．015 g·100 mL-1,淀粉酶添加量为0．035 g·100 mL-1,木瓜蛋白酶添加量为0．075 g·100 mL-1,其中正交实验中影响因素为淀粉酶＞蛋白酶＞脂肪酶.水溶性膳食纤维的最佳提取率为1．285％.提取得到的甘薯茎叶中水溶性膳食纤维纯度高,持水力为787％,溶胀力为4．10 mL·g-1,产品具有良好的性状.     

火龙果果皮中可溶性膳食纤维的提取方法

火龙果(Hylocereus undulatus)果皮可以作为一种优良的膳食纤维来源,且其膳食纤维具有良好的理化性能。为提高火龙果果皮的综合利用水平,该研究以火龙果果皮为原料,首先采用纤维素酶水解法对火龙果果皮中的可溶性膳食纤维进行提取,然后采用单因素试验和响应面法优化酶提取工艺。结果表明,纤维素酶法提取火龙果果皮中可溶性膳食纤维的优化工艺条件为:纤维素酶浓度0.54%,酶解温度50°C,pH5.2。在此条件下,可溶性膳食纤维的提取率可达19.81%;膳食纤维的持水力为31.25 g·g~(–1),溶胀性为29.11 m L·g~(–1)。     

脱脂对不同生长期苜蓿膳食纤维含量及其提取得率的影响

目的：研究脱脂对苜蓿膳食纤维含量、构成及其提取得率的影响,为该方法在苜蓿膳食纤维提取中的合理应用提供科学依据。方法：以初花期和结荚期苜蓿草粉为原料,研究脱脂前后苜蓿草粉中膳食纤维含量、构成及其提取得率的变化规律。结果：苜蓿膳食纤维以水不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）为主,开花后苜蓿IDF含量占膳食纤维总量（TDF）的90%以上;脱脂后的初花期和结荚期苜蓿草粉中,IDF含量分别达72.88%、73.62%,比脱脂前分别提高61.38%、38.12%;IDF在TDF中的比例分别由90.09%、92.82%提高至95.19%、95.71%,IDF提取得率分别达61.52%、72.11%,比脱脂前分别提高69.94%、48.62%;脱脂过程中水溶性膳食纤维（SDF）流失严重、含量降低,SDF提取得率下降92.68%和92.29%。结论：脱脂方法适用于结荚期苜蓿IDF提取原料的前处理,但不适于苜蓿SDF的提取。     

多孢马尾藻的营养成分分析与评价

对多孢马尾藻的常规营养成分、不溶性膳食纤维、氨基酸及矿质元素进行分析测定.结果显示不溶性膳食纤维是多孢马尾藻的主要成分,占藻体干重的45％;蛋白质含量为8.85％;必需氨基酸丰富,占氨基酸总量的44％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为0.78;脂肪含量为1.14％,不饱和脂肪酸含量高,占粗脂肪的63.61％;矿物质元素含量丰富,尤其是钙、铁和锰含量高.因此,多孢马尾藻是一种高膳食纤维.高蛋白、低脂肪且矿物质丰富的海藻资源.     

高剪切乳化技术辅助提取荷叶水不溶性膳食纤维工艺优化及其物性分析

为扩大荷叶在食品加工中的开发应用性,研究采用高剪切乳化技术辅助提取荷叶水不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF),优化提取工艺;测定其基本物性,并与常规粉碎、球磨式粉碎处理进行对比。结果表明,在剪切转速8000 rpm剪切时间4 min,酸液浓度0.25 mol/L,酸解温度45℃条件下荷叶IDF得率最高,为83.84%。此荷叶IDF水溶性13.81%,持水性5.65 g/g,持油性1.97 g/g,膨胀性1.93 mL/g。与球磨式粉碎相比,处理时间短,荷叶纤维呈束状、层次分明,荷叶纤维内质未被完全破坏;产品水溶性较低,持水性和膨胀性较高。高剪切乳化技术在食品纤维组分的加工中具有较好的应用潜力。     

马铃薯渣中膳食纤维提取工艺的优化

目的：以马铃薯渣为原料,探究提取马铃薯渣中膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件。方法：通过生物法 酶法、超声波裂解、高速剪切等技术提取马铃薯渣中所含的膳食纤维,通过单因素试验和正交试验分析试验数据。 结果：提取膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为酶解pH为5、酶解温度45℃、酶添加量30U/g、酶解2.5h。结论：本研究膳食纤维的提取率达25.87%,并测得持水力和膨胀力分别为7.1g/g、7.5mL/g,该工艺条件可有效提取马铃薯渣中的膳食纤维。     

酶法提取分离甘薯渣可溶性膳食纤维的研究

目的:提高甘薯渣中可溶性膳食纤维含量.方法:以干燥、粉碎的甘薯渣为原料,利用纤维素酶将原料中不可溶性膳食纤维转化为可溶性膳食纤维,同时用淀粉酶,糖化酶和碳酸钠去掉杂质,酒精沉淀,从而获得可溶性膳食纤维.结果:在单因素基础上通过正交实验确定最佳酶法提取可溶性膳食纤维条件为淀粉酶100μl,纤维素酶90μl,pH为5.6,酶作用时间为3 h,反应温度为40℃.国标法提取的甘薯渣中可溶性膳食纤维含量为10.06%,正交实验优化提取条件后得到的甘薯渣可溶性膳食纤维含量为25.52%,提高了15.46%.结论:甘薯渣可溶性膳食纤维含量受纤维素酶,淀粉酶,酶提取时间,酶反应pH,反应温度等提取工艺影响.     

刺梨果实膳食纤维积累动态及其对遮光的反应

刺梨果实是优质膳食纤维的良好来源。该研究以‘贵农5号’刺梨果实为材料,测定了果实发育过程中膳食纤维的含量、组分变化及其对光照的响应特征。结果表明:(1)在刺梨果实的整个发育过程中,总膳食纤维和不溶性膳食纤维含量在花后40 d之前的幼果期更高,并随着果实的快速发育持续下降,至成熟时分别约占果实干重的24%和16%,而可溶性膳食纤维含量在果实发育过程中变化平稳,一直维持在干重的8%左右。(2)果胶在花后20 d之前有一快速积累过程,至果实成熟时纤维素和半纤维素为膳食纤维主要组分,约占总膳食纤维的60%;花后60 d之前是刺梨果实膳食纤维积累的主要时期。(3)刺梨果实总膳食纤维、不溶性膳食纤维中单糖组分主要以半乳糖、葡萄糖为主,而可溶性膳食纤维中单糖组分主要为甘露糖,两类膳食纤维间表现出较大差异。(4)果实套袋遮光不同程度促进了刺梨果实总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维、总果胶、原果胶的积累,尤其是100%遮光的效应更明显,但对果实中不溶性膳食纤维、纤维素、木质素、可溶性果胶的积累影响并不显著。     

2015年中国15省（区、直辖市）成年居民膳食纤维摄入状况

目的：分析2015年中国15省（区、直辖市）成年居民膳食纤维摄入状况。方法：利用“中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究”项目,选取2015年调查中数据完整的18?64岁居民共计11960人。膳食调查采用连续3d 24h膳食回顾调查法。结果：我国成年居民不溶性膳食纤维摄入量平均为12.2 g/d,总膳食纤维摄入量平均为18.5 g/d。不溶性膳食纤维主要食物来源是蔬菜和谷类,分别占36.3%和29.0%。结论：指导我国成年居民合理膳食,提高膳食纤维摄入。     

双酶法制备玉米皮膳食纤维的研究

采用蛋白酶和淀粉酶结合水解制备玉米皮膳食纤维,通过正交试验确立了玉米皮膳食纤维的双酶法制备工艺。双酶法制备的玉米皮膳食纤维的产率为59.4%,膳食纤维的蛋白质量分数为0.82%,淀粉质量分数为1.42%,灰分为0.4%,水分质量分数为8.6%,持水力为5.9±0.4 g.g-1。     

云南翠雀花化学成分的测定

采用粗纤维法、凯氏定氮法、斐林试剂法、索氏浸提法、干灰化法和重量法等多种化学分析方法对云南翠雀花的化学成分进行了分析.结果显示,云南翠雀花含有丰富的维生素、矿质元素以及异亮氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸等17种氨基酸,其中粗纤维、VB2和蛋氨酸含量尤为丰富,分别为32.83％、3.26 mg·g-1、3.27 mg· g-1.     

Studies on by-products from the industrial extraction of alginate

The content, the chemical composition and some physical-chemical properties of soluble and insoluble dietary fibres from an industrial alginate extraction by-product, flotation cellulose, were measured by two enzymatic gravimetric methods: an adaptation of the AOAC method (standard method) and a physiological method which used conditions closer to those prevailing in the digestive tract (pH, temperature, ionic strength and ionic composition). Total dietary fibres content obtained with the two methods were close (48.4–52.7; 56.3–59.8%) and about 68–95% of them were insoluble. Soluble fibre were essentially composed of uronic acids and were extracted under the simulated gastric conditions.Swelling in water and water absorption in NaCl (154 mM) of insoluble fibres with particle size between 250–500 µm were 21.9 g g^-1 and 3.6 gg^-1, respectively. The content and physical-chemical characteristics of fibres from flotation cellulose are close to those obtained from other plant and algal industrial by-products. Soluble fibre presented low intrinsic viscosity (152 ml g^-1).     

中国大鲵营养成分和功能因子研究进展

主要介绍了中国大鲵各种营养成分和功能因子的营养和保健功能,中国大鲵含有蛋白质、脂类、氨基酸、微量元素等营养成分和金属硫蛋白、胶原蛋白、表皮活性变白因子和多聚糖肽等多种保健功能因子,并对中华大鲵资源的开发进行了分析,为大鲵的保护和资源利用提供参考。     

草苁蓉中氨基酸和营养元素含量的测定

采用日立L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪和岛津AA-6300原子吸收分光光度仪,测定了草苁蓉中的氨基酸与营养元素的质量分数。结果表明,草苁蓉氨基酸总量为6.55%,必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的36.18%。营养元素钾、钠、钙、镁、铁、锌、锰、铜质量分数分别为20.436 mg.g-1、2.275 mg.g-1、0.820 mg.g-1、0.994 mg.g-1、0.236 mg.g-1、0.036 mg.g-1、0.034 mg.g-1、0.016 mg.g-1。     

Impact of diets varying in dietary fibre characteristics on gastric emptying in pregnant sows

The effects of feeding two fibre‐rich diets with contrasting solubility and a concentrated low dietary fibre on the rate of gastric emptying were examined in six gastric cannulated pregnant sows. Additionally, it was examined whether any effect could be related to the physico‐chemical properties of digesta, i.e. viscosity and/or water binding capacity.

The sows were fed each diet for one week in a 3 x 3 Latin Square design and the samples were taken in a randomised order 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 15.5 h after the morning meal. The stomach contents were evacuated through the gastric cannula once daily. The evacuated gastric digesta was quantified and a representative sample was taken to determine its viscosity, water binding capacity and its content of dry matter, dietary components and solid (Cr₂O₃) and liquid (polyethylene glycol) phase markers. The flow of liquid digesta was calculated as the difference between digesta and dry matter.

Increasing the content of dietary fibre in the diet led to higher recovery of liquid digesta but did not have any significant effect on the gastric emptying of dry matter and dietary components. The effect of dietary fibre could not be attributed to the viscosity of the liquid phase of digesta but might be related to the ability of the increased gastric dietary fibre content to hold water. The stomach selectively retained the insoluble dietary fibre components most noticeably seen with the bran‐supplemented diet where the concentration of insoluble NSP in digesta increased significantly from 2 hours and onward.     

福建和溪亚热带雨林优势植物叶的热值研究

 本文探讨福建和溪亚热带雨林各层主要优势植物种成熟叶的热值含量及其变化规律。结果表明：该雨林—年中主要树种叶片热值的含量范围：乔木层红栲、乌来栲、红鳞蒲桃、厚壳桂和茜草树分别为19.94～21.18、20.34～21.33、19.98～21.04、21.99～23.21和19.17～21.08kJ/g;灌木层罗伞树、九节木、柏拉木、斜基粗叶木、走马胎和草珊瑚分别为18.45～20.20、19.18～20.04、17.36～18.47、17.14～18.44、17.11～18.44和19.50～20.14kJ／g;草本层福建莲座蕨和单叶新月蕨分别为18.22～18.98和15.11～16.75kJ／g;层间植物花皮胶藤、密花豆藤和扁担藤分别为19.73～22.57、19.43～21.11和18.87～20.37kJ／g。各层叶热值含量大小为乔木层>灌木层>草本层。层间植物大藤本由于能达林冠利用充足阳光也具较高热值;同时含有乳汁、挥发性芳香油类等的植物热值较高。落叶的热值均高于各层成熟鲜叶的平均热值。     

Dietary fibre--definition, chemistry and analytical determination

Dietary fibre includes non-starch polysaccharides and lignin that are not digested or absorbed in the human small intestine. It contains a mixture of chemically complex polysaccharides. Lignin is a highly cross-linked complex polymer of phenylpropane units. The plant cell wall is the main source of dietary fibre and its structure is reviewed briefly. The structure of the main dietary fibre polysaccharides is then summarized. The demarcation between starch--the main digestible polysaccharide--and dietary fibre presents some problems due to more or less enzyme resistant starch fractions that occur naturally or are formed with processing. "Resistant starch" formed during baking passes through the small intestine in the rat and, probably, in man and is fermented in the colon. It should therefore also be regarded as dietary fibre. Methods for dietary fibre determination fall into two categories: gravimetric methods, weighing the dietary fibre after removal of other components; component analysis methods, determining monomeric composition of fibre polysaccharides (preferably by gas-liquid chromatography) supplemented with a gravimetric lignin determination and separate assay of uronic acid components (pectin). Recently developed enzymatic gravimetric methods are most convenient for the assay of total dietary fibre or water soluble and insoluble fibre separately, whereas component analysis is required for determining the dietary fibre composition.     

林芝地区松茸营养成分分析及松茸多糖的提取分离

以林芝地区5个样点采集的野生鲜松茸子实体为材料,对水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗多糖、氨基酸、灰分、VC及矿质元素的含量、有效成分进行测定,并以正交法确定了松茸多糖提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:各组分的平均质量分数分别为89.45%、12.02%、7.74%、7.84%、9.53%、8.67%、5.76%、0.5046 mg.g-1;矿质元素中K、P含量较高,平均24.063mg.g-1、5.278 mg.g-1,Zn含量高于其它常见食用菌子实体,平均0.5648 mg.g-1,Ca的含量偏低,平均0.4356 mg.g-1;同时含有甾体等有效成分。松茸多糖提取主次因素和最优工艺为乙醇体积分数85%、料水比为1:10、温度80℃、时间4 h,在此条件下粗多糖得率为8.98%。     

寄主植物对松墨天牛幼虫体内酶系活性的影响

室内采用在马尾松、黑松、火炬松、湿地松和雪松皮下接入松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope幼虫的方法,探明5种寄主植物对松墨天牛幼虫的存活、钻蛀取食及纤维素酶、酯酶、羧酸酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,5种寄主植物对松墨天牛幼虫存活和钻蛀取食有显著影响,接种于马尾松的天牛幼虫存活率100%;接种于雪松的松墨天牛幼虫存活率仅55.56%。松墨天牛取食不同寄主后,其体内纤维素酶、酯酶和羧酸酯酶活性存在显著差异。其中以取食火炬松的Cx酶活性最高,为(4.5754±0.1975)μmol·g-1(FW)·min-1,C1酶和β-l,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性以取食马尾松的松墨天牛幼虫消化道中最高,分别为(2.8199±0.0510)μmol·g-1(FW)·min-1与(3.0793±0.1733)μmol·g-1(FW)·min-1;而以取食黑松和马尾松的酯酶、羧酸酯酶活性最高,分别为1372.74mmoD/min·μg和744.82mmoD/min·μg。