酶法改性提取黑豆皮可溶性膳食纤维及性质的研究

以黑豆皮为实验原料,采用酶法对其进行改性,以提高可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)的提取率,并利用响应面法优化酶法改性黑豆皮中可溶性膳食纤维的提取工艺条件。结果表明:提取的最优工艺为:酶(纤维素酶∶半纤维素酶=1∶2)的添加量为5%,p H值为4.6,温度为50℃,时间为3 h。SDF的提取率为14.90%。经验证实验得其接近理论值。研究发现改性后黑豆皮SDF的持水力和膨胀力分别提高3.71%,10.97%。通过扫描电镜图表明,改性后黑豆皮SDF较原始SDF的表面光滑,蜂窝状小孔较少,结构较分散,颗粒大小形状不一。本研究为黑豆皮高膳食纤维食品的开发及黑豆皮综合利用提供理论依据。     

甘薯膳食纤维酶法改性及其特性研究

采用纤维素酶和木聚糖酶相结合，对甘薯膳食纤维进行改性研究。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化甘薯膳食纤维酶法改性工艺条件，并对改性前后膳食纤维的理化特性和抗氧化活性进行分析研究。结果表明：甘薯膳食纤维酶法改性中，纤维素酶最适添加量1.2%，木聚糖酶最适添加量1.6%，最佳酶解时间30 min，最适料液比1∶11，获得的可溶性膳食纤维得率为8.84%。与天然膳食纤维相比，改性后的甘薯膳食纤维持油力上升，膨胀力和持水力下降（P<0.05）。同时，酶法改性显著提高了甘薯膳食纤维对DPPH的清除能力，增强了甘薯膳食纤维的功能特性。     

酶法制备功能性纤维低聚糖的研究

研究里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C30纤维素酶单一组分EGI、EGII和CBHI降解纤维素的机理及纤维低聚糖酶法制备技术,进而初步研究纤维低聚糖对青春双歧杆菌的增殖作用。以内切葡聚糖酶EGII酶法制备纤维低聚糖,每克纤维素最佳酶用量1 U,最佳酶解时间90 min,制备得到的纤维低聚糖中纤维二糖、纤维三糖和纤维四糖占总糖的比例分别为43.8%、34.8%和7.9%。以纤维二糖、纤维低聚糖为C源增殖青春双歧杆菌,菌体质量浓度增殖倍数分别为2.14、2.84。     

黑曲霉固态发酵及酶解玉米皮

以玉米提取淀粉后的玉米皮渣为主要原料,采用黑曲霉固态发酵法产酶再酶解的二步法降解玉米皮中纤维素类物质。经Plackett-Burman法及响应面设计优化发酵条件得:温度30℃,接种量10%,初始水分体积分数60%,物料厚度2.47 cm,初始pH 5.79,发酵时间6 d;滤纸比酶活可达11.01 U/g,较原始酶活提高了40.61%;产酶结束后加入pH 4.8醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液,置于50℃下酶解144 h,中性洗涤纤维与酸性洗涤纤维降解率分别为46.09%、48.82%,还原糖质量分数达到9.02%。     

酶法提取分离甘薯渣可溶性膳食纤维的研究

目的:提高甘薯渣中可溶性膳食纤维含量.方法:以干燥、粉碎的甘薯渣为原料,利用纤维素酶将原料中不可溶性膳食纤维转化为可溶性膳食纤维,同时用淀粉酶,糖化酶和碳酸钠去掉杂质,酒精沉淀,从而获得可溶性膳食纤维.结果:在单因素基础上通过正交实验确定最佳酶法提取可溶性膳食纤维条件为淀粉酶100μl,纤维素酶90μl,pH为5.6,酶作用时间为3 h,反应温度为40℃.国标法提取的甘薯渣中可溶性膳食纤维含量为10.06%,正交实验优化提取条件后得到的甘薯渣可溶性膳食纤维含量为25.52%,提高了15.46%.结论:甘薯渣可溶性膳食纤维含量受纤维素酶,淀粉酶,酶提取时间,酶反应pH,反应温度等提取工艺影响.     

响应面优化沙棘果渣膳食纤维提取工艺及应用性质评价CSCD

为实现林下资源加工废弃物再利用,本实验以沙棘果渣为原料,采用超声辅助酶法,分别对纤维素酶添加量、超声温度、超声时间、料液比四个因素进行膳食纤维提取效果影响分析,以可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)和不可溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)得率比值为指标,通过响应面法对主要参数进行优化,并分析所获膳食纤维应用性质。结果得出,在最优条件纤维素酶添加量为5%,60℃下超声50 min时,SDF/IDF为0.21±0.01,总膳食纤维(total dietary fiber,TDF)溶胀力和持油力较高,分别为3.12±0.13 mL/g、(4.47±0.41)%,且对胆固醇的吸附效果良好。因此,超声辅助酶法能有效提高产物提取效率,对推进沙棘副产物资源的开发利用具有一定意义。     

马铃薯渣中膳食纤维提取工艺的优化

目的：以马铃薯渣为原料,探究提取马铃薯渣中膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件。方法：通过生物法 酶法、超声波裂解、高速剪切等技术提取马铃薯渣中所含的膳食纤维,通过单因素试验和正交试验分析试验数据。 结果：提取膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为酶解pH为5、酶解温度45℃、酶添加量30U/g、酶解2.5h。结论：本研究膳食纤维的提取率达25.87%,并测得持水力和膨胀力分别为7.1g/g、7.5mL/g,该工艺条件可有效提取马铃薯渣中的膳食纤维。     

固定化脂肪酶催化花椒籽皮油转酯化反应研究

采用固定化脂肪酶催化花椒籽皮油制备生物柴油,研究了该转酯化反应的工艺条件.结果表明:在脂肪酶用量25%(质量分数).含水量10%(质量分数),正己烷用量15%(质量分数).醇油比3:1.分三次添加甲醇,于反应温度45℃下反应时间24 h,固定化脂肪酶使花椒籽皮油的棕榈酸甲酯的转化率达到82.5%.     

双挤压膨化可提高对麦麸膳食纤维的溶解性

采用双螺杆挤压膨化机处理添加了0%、10%、20%、30%玉米的小麦麸皮及100%玉米的样品,提取各组样品中的水溶性膳食纤维（SDF）、水不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）、总麦麸纤维（TDF）,从而选出SDF含量最高的一组,并测定了100%麦麸与添加20%玉米样品的组分,研究了由该两组样品提取出来的SDF的物理性质。结果表明：水溶性麦麸纤维有了很大的变化,其中添加20%玉米的样品组相对于其他样品组提高了4.33%~7.00%,被改性的物质主要是不溶性纤维中的半纤维素。由添加20%玉米的样品组得到的SDF相对于同条件下未添加玉米的样品组的膨胀力由0.100 4增长到2.291 0mL/g,保水能力由2.098 9增长到4.274 6g/g,水溶解度由79.29%增长到84.02%。     

膳食纤维功能、改性技术和应用前景的研究进展

综述了膳食纤维发挥各种生理功能的机制及当前国内外在制备膳食纤维并对其进行改性时所使用的方法,并指出目前在应用过程中出现的问题,以期为膳食纤维制备方法的优化和相关产品生物活性的研究提供科学依据。     

Adsorption of mutagens by refined corn bran

Refined corn bran (RCB), a dietary fiber derived from the mechanical refining of corn hulls, effectively adsorbed various environmental mutagens. When RCB was added at a concentration of 10 mg/ml to an aqueous solution of dinitropyrene (DNP), 91.6% of the mutagenicity towards Salmonella tester strain TA98 disappeared. Under similar conditions decreases in mutagenicity of DNP using wheat bran and cellulose powder were 58.4% and 43.0%, respectively. The adsorption of DNP to the fibers appeared irreversible since little mutagenicity was recovered by washing the treated fibers with aqueous buffer solutions of various pHs. Even with an organic solvent (methanol: ammonium hydroxide 50:1), only 2/3 of the mutagenicity of DNP was recovered. RCB could similarly adsorb mutagenic heterocyclic amines such as IQ, Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, Glu-P-1, and Glu-P-2.     

Cloning of a novel feruloyl esterase gene from rumen microbial metagenome and enzyme characterization in synergism with endoxylanases

A feruloyl esterase (FAE) gene was isolated from a rumen microbial metagenome, cloned into E. coli, and expressed in active form. The enzyme (RuFae2) was identified as a type C feruloyl esterase. The RuFae2 alone released ferulic acid from rice bran, wheat bran, wheat-insoluble arabinoxylan, corn fiber, switchgrass, and corn bran in the order of decreasing activity. Using a saturating amount of RuFae2 for 100 mg substrate, a maximum of 18.7 and 80.0 μg FA was released from 100 mg corn fiber and wheat-insoluble arabinoxylan, respectively. Addition of GH10 endoxylanase (EX) synergistically increased the release of FA with the highest level of 6.7-fold for wheat bran. The synergistic effect of adding GH11 EX was significantly smaller with all the substrates tested. The difference in the effect of the two EXs was further analyzed by comparing the rate in the release of FA with increasing EX concentration using wheat-insoluble arabinoxylan as the substrate.     

Effects of Dietary Fiber on Fecal Concanavalin A-binding Glycoprotein in Rats

This study investigates the relationship between the dietary components and quantitative changes in fecal concanavalin A-binding glycoprotein (CBGP) derived from small intestinal epithelia in rats. Although fecal CBGP increased with increasing protein content in the diet, the increase in fecal CBGP due to dietary protein was much smaller than that resulting from the addition of pectin, cellulose or Gobo dietary fiber (GDF) to the diet. The increasing effect of 10% GDF by weight added to a 20% casein high-sucrose diet (HSD) on fecal CBGP was the most pronounced without producing any gastrointestinal disorders, whereas that from the addition of pectin to HSD at a level of 5% significantly decreased the intestinal sucrase activity. A similar increase in fecal CBGP was observed when rice bran dietary fiber, carrot dietary fiber, Hiziki or Wakame was added to HSD, but these increasing effects on fecal CBGP were independent of their insoluble-soluble ratio. This and our previous observations suggest that such dietary fiber may prompt the renewal and exfoliation of small intestinal epithelia.     

玉米灵芝菌粮营养成分及加工特性变化研究

玉米作为主要的杂粮谷物,营养价值高,维生素、膳食纤维等含量丰富,可以预防多种亚健康疾病,受到市场追捧。但是玉米粉营养结构不均衡、加工性差,限制其应用。有研究表明,微生物发酵技术可以改善谷物的营养成分、大分子物质结构和加工特性。基于此,利用灵芝固态发酵玉米,得到玉米灵芝菌粮（简称菌粮）,从营养成分、大分子物质结构和加工特性3个方面对其进行评价。结果显示,与未发酵玉米相比,菌粮中碳水化合物、蛋白质含量分别提高了748%、28.00%,且蛋白质的氨基酸评分提高,而脂肪含量降低了52.56%;维生素C、核黄素和烟酸含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,分别提高了56.19%、73.91%和20.27%,且玉米中缺乏的硫胺素在菌粮中被检测到;菌粮中各类淀粉和纤维的含量也发生了显著变化（P<0.05）,淀粉、支链淀粉含量分别降低了11.17%、34.70%,直链淀粉含量提高了26.66%,粗纤维、不溶性膳食纤维含量分别降低了21.07%、21.47%,可溶性膳食纤维含量提高了13.57%;菌粮粉粘度降低,水溶性指数提高,吸水性指数和溶胀力降低;此外,与灵芝子实体相比,菌粮中灵芝三萜和灵芝酸含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,分别为灵芝子实体的1.68和2.07倍。灵芝固态发酵玉米得到的玉米灵芝菌粮,营养结构更加均衡,功能活性提高,具有更高的营养价值;大分子物质结构发生改变,加工特性得到改善,冲调特性更好。研究结果为食用菌发酵改良谷物特性的研究提供了参考和指导。     

Feruloyl oligosaccharides stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum

Insoluble dietary fiber from wheat bran contains some feruloyl groups linked to the arabinose residues in the cell wall arabinoxylan. Treatment of wheat bran insoluble dietary fiber with xylanase from Bacillus subtilis yielded feruloyl oligosacchairdes, which were purified with Amberlite XAD-2. Saponification of the feruloyl oligosaccharides released ferulic acid and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides which consist of arabinose and xylose. The effect of the feruloyl oligosacchairdes on the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum F-35 was investigated in vitro. The B. bifidum produced acid when cultivated anaerobically in TPY broth with 0.5% feruloyl oligosacchairdes as the carbohydrate source. The biomass yield of the B. bifidum increased with increasing the concentration of feruloyl oligosaccharides in TPY broth. The maximum cell growth was increased by 50% in TPY broth supplemented with 0.1% feruloyl oligosaccharides compared to TPY broth. These results indicated that the growth of B. bifidum F-35 was promoted by the feruloyl oligosaccharides from wheat bran insoluble dietary fiber, and not suppressed by the ferulic acid moiety of them.     

Effects of feeding corn bran and soybean hulls on nutrient digestibility,rumen microbial protein synthesis,and growth performance of finishing lambs

Some grain processing by-products rich in digestible fiber are good feed resources for ruminants. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing a portion of corn and corn stover with the combinations of corn bran and soybean hulls in the diet of fattening lambs on nutrient digestion, rumen microbial protein synthesis, and growth performance. A total of 36 Dorper × Small Thin-Tailed crossbred ram lambs (BW = 22.2 ± 0.92 kg; mean ± SD) were randomly divided into three groups, and each group was fed 1 of 3 treatment diets: 1) 0% corn bran and soybean hulls (control); 2) 9% corn bran and 9% soybean hulls (18MIX); and 3) 17% corn bran and 17% soybean hulls (34MIX). The feeding experiment was conducted for 70 days, with the first 10 days for adaption. The DM intake was higher for 34MIX (1635.3 g/d) than for control diet (1434.7 g/d; P = 0.001). Lambs fed 18MIX and 34MIX diets (230.2 and 263.6 g/d, respectively) had higher average daily gain and feed efficiency than those fed control diet (194.8 g/d; P < 0.01). Dry matter and NDF digestibility for 34MIX group (60.9 and 49.5%) were higher than for control (55.2 and 41.3%; P < 0.01). No difference was observed in nitrogen digestibility among treatment diets (P = 0.778). The lambs fed 34MIX diet excreted more urinary purine derivatives, indicating that more microbial protein was yielded than those fed control diet (P < 0.01), while 18MIX was not different from the other two diets (P > 0.05). The metabolizable protein supplies were improved with increasing co-products inclusion rate. The results indicated that corn bran and soybean hulls in combination can effectively replace a portion of corn and corn stover in the ration of finishing lambs with positive effect on nutrient digestion and growth performance.     

Potential of Aspergillus oryzae CFTRI 1480 for producing proteinase in high titres by solid state fermentation

Aspergillus oryzae CFTRI 1480, an isolate from a spoiled moist sample of casein, produced 59,105 units of an extracellular proteinase/g dry mouldy bran (DMB) at 72 h in an arbitrarily formulated wheat bran medium in a solid state fermentation system. The enzyme production was significantly affected by mineral salt content and pH of the liquid used for moistening the wheat bran. Enzyme titres were enhanced 1.34-fold with the addition of 0.4% corn starch. Optimization of key parameters, i.e., initial moisture content, age and size of inoculum, increased the enzyme production to 191,869 units/g DMB and reduced the fermentation time to 48 h. Such high titres in a simple medium, surpassing most of the literature reports, indicate the industrial importance of the culture. The properties of acetone-precipitated enzyme, viz, the optimum pH of 10.0, more than 95% activity between pH 7.0 and 10.0, temperature optimum at 55° C and more than 90% activity between 10 and 27°C, are similar to those of commercially available fungal proteinases employed in animal feed, leather and other industries. Correspondence to: B. K. Lonsane     

In vitro binding of estrogens by dietary fiber and the in vivo apparent digestibility tested in pigs.

Within the framework of experiments related to the association between dietary fiber and breast cancer an in vitro test system was used to study the binding of estrogens to various fibers (e.g. cholestyramin, lignin and cellulose) and fiber sources (e.g. wheat bran, cereals, seeds and legumes). Furthermore, the in vivo apparent digestibility of the different fiber sources was tested using a mobile nylon bag technique in intestine-cannulated pigs. Estradiol-17 beta (E2) bound more strongly to the various fibers than did estrone (E1), estriol or estrone-3-glucuronide. At increasing pH (greater than 7) binding of both E1 and E2 to wheat bran decreased significantly. Cholestyramine and lignin bound almost all estrogens present in the medium. Linseed (91%), oats (83%), barley chaff (88%) and wheat bran (82%) are other excellent binders of E2. Corn, rye and white wheat flour showed lower binding capacity with a relatively low affinity. Cereals with the highest percentage of lignin in the fiber (greater than 3%) were also the fiber sources with the lowest apparent digestibility. Estrogens bound with the highest affinity (relative to bovine serum albumin) to these fiber sources. Together with wheat bran and lignin, oats, linseed and soybean seem to be products with good perspectives for in vivo evaluation of the lowering effect of dietary fiber on estrogen exposure of estrogen-sensitive tissues.     

Dietary fibres ameliorate decreased synthesis of heparan sulphate in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

The role of dietary fibers in diabetes has been studied by several workers. Long term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycaemic index natural foods improves blood glucose and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type I diabetic patients. On the other hand Rohrbach and Martin and Cohen and Surma described changes in the general and biochemical structure of renal tissues such as the glomerular basement membranes. One of these changes was the reduction and undersulfation of the glycoconjugate and glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, which plays an important role in renal structure and function. The purpose of the present study was to determine specific effects of two types of dietary fiber on the composition of kidney glycoconjugates in an animal model of diabetes type I. Streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats were fed either a control diet or diets containing 10% wheat bran (insoluble dietary fiber) or 5% guar gum (soluble dietary fiber). Effects of these fibers on glycaemic control and nephropathy were assessed using previously described methodologies. The effect of dietary fiber in the glycoconjugate composition of kidneys of control and diabetic animals was studied by estimating their total hexose content, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, hexosamines and uronic acids. The activities of enzymes that participate in the synthesis of saccharides and glycoconjugates (L-glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase) and their degradation (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase) were also evaluated. Results indicated that both soluble and insoluble dietary fibers ameliorated a significant increase in the activity of GFAT. Heparan sulfate was also isolated and quantified. Results indicated that the renal content of heparan sulfate decreased in diabetic animals and that this decrement was ameliorated by the ingestion of both soluble and insoluble fiber in the diet.