两种方法检测接种流行性出血热沙鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗后人体的中和抗体

本文应用空斑减少中和试验(PRNT)和细胞病变中和试验(cPENT)两种方法对出血热沙鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗扩大人体免疫后的血清进行中和抗体水平检测。根据两种方法对总计74人份的免疫后血清检测比较结果,两种方法检测的抗体阳转率和抗体水平(GMT)。CPENT法均高于PRNT法,经统计学处理均有显著性差异。不同免疫组的中和抗体水平比较结果,注射三针的阳转率(n=10,100％)高于两针组(n=10,20—30％);接种加氢氧化铝佐剂疫苗(n=13)较接种不加佐剂的两种疫苗(n=26)的抗体水平高,阳转率为92％—100％GMT为22—69;皮下途径(n=15)和肌肉途径(n=13)注射无明显差别,阳转率分别为87—93％和92—100％,GMT分别为29—46和22—61。以上结果进一步肯定沙鼠肾细胞疫苗的人体免疫性     

乙型脑炎减毒株活疫苗对预防母猪流产的进一步观察

1．以BHK21 细胞系为基质生产的乙脑14—2株活疫苗,经免疫孕猪后,对母猪本身无任何不良反应,对仔猪亦无不良影响,证明该活疫苗对猪是安全的。 2．乙脑减毒活疫苗免疫猪后,产生乙脑中和抗体显著,阳转率为80—100％。14-2株的抗体阳转率和门何均情均较5—3株高。     

两种狂犬病毒IgG抗体检测试剂盒的比较

目的了解员工暴露前接种人用狂犬病疫苗后的免疫效果,并对比使用两种不同试剂盒检测抗体阳转率是否存在差异。方法采集员工接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)以及冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)共计172例,分别使用两种狂犬病毒抗体检测试剂盒(试剂盒A、B)进行检测,统计血清中狂犬病毒Ig G抗体的水平,计算阳转率并比较差异。结果使用试剂盒A检测接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为91.7%,接种冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为51.0%;使用试剂盒B检测接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为100.0%,接种冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)者血清样本的阳转率为74.5%。使用试剂盒B检测接种人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)者血清样本的阳转率比试剂盒A高8.3%,使用试剂盒B检测接种冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)者血清样本的阳转率比试剂盒A高23.5%。结论两种不同试剂盒上检测的抗体阳转率都反映出人用狂犬病疫苗(地鼠肾细胞)比冻干人用狂犬病疫苗(Vero细胞)的免疫效果好;使用两种不同试剂盒检测抗体阳转率的差异均具有统计学意义。     

森林脑炎中和抗体蚀斑减少试验方法的建立及疫苗免疫人体后抗体检测

为评价森林脑炎疫苗的免疫效果,采用森林脑炎病毒的BHK细胞适应株,以BHK细胞为培养基质,建立了检测森林脑炎中和抗体的蚀斑减少试验方法,并用蚀斑减少法、小鼠法及ELISA法检测了原制森林脑炎灭活疫苗免疫人体后的中和抗体水平;免疫血清为按疫苗免疫程序免疫健康志愿者采血分离而制备。结果表明蚀斑减少法与小鼠法的特异性相近且敏感性较好、简便快速,缩短检测周期,为疫苗流行病学调查及新型疫苗的研究提供了快速的检测方法;原制灭活疫苗人体二针免疫后,人体血清中和抗体阳转率仅30％左右,急需提高现用原制灭活疫苗的质量。     

建立膜抗原荧光抗体试验评价北京株冻干水痘疫苗免疫效果

为了建立用于水痘疫苗接种后血清中特异性抗体检测的膜抗原荧光抗体(FAMA)法,并对接种水痘疫苗后儿童血清中水痘特异性抗体进行检测,评价北京株水痘疫苗的免疫效果。以水痘带状疱疹病毒(VZV)感染细胞作为抗原制备成固定抗原玻片,以异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)标记的羊抗人IgG作为二抗建立FAMA法,并对该法的敏感性、特异性进行验证。运用此法对不同剂量北京株水痘疫苗接种后儿童血清中特异性抗体进行检测,分析儿童血清中水痘特异性抗体水平以及免后抗体阳转率,并与Oka株水痘疫苗进行比较。结果显示,FAMA法敏感性可达0.0196IU/ml,特异性好。应用此法检测300名观察者免前免后双份血清样本中抗VZVIgG,易感者中北京株水痘疫苗原苗(39810PFU/0.5ml)、2000PFU/0.5ml、500PFU/0.5ml接种组儿童血清免后抗体阳转率分别为100%、98.77%、85.42%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为36.4、34.3、18.6,原苗与2000PFU间的抗体阳转率和GMT均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但原苗与500PFU、2000PFU与500PFU间的抗体阳转率和GMT均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。对照国产、进口Oka株水痘疫苗接种后抗体阳转率分别为95.35%、96.97%,抗体GMT分别为13.3、16.0,不同剂量北京株疫苗抗体阳转率与国产、进口Oka株疫苗相比,差别无显著性(P>0.05),但北京株疫苗原?     

转基因细胞分泌乙型肝炎重组疫苗在儿童中的免疫原性初步研究

本文报告用转基因细胞B43分泌的乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原主蛋白经纯化制成的87-4批重组疫苗进行临床接种观察的结果,同时用8723-1批血源疫苗作对照。疫苗接种采用0、1、2月各接种1针的方案。重组疫苗共接种111名8～13岁儿童,分为20μg、10μg及5μg 3组,血源疫苗分为20μg、10μg 2组。所有儿童接种前检查乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原、抗体及核心抗体均阴性.20μg组1针后1个月,重组疫苗阳转率60.5％,血源疫苗为31％;2针后1个月,两种疫苗的阳转率分别为100％和72.4％;血源疫苗3针后1个月阳转率也仅79.3％。3针后1个月两种疫苗的抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为492.7和207.4mIU。但重组疫苗6个月后血清抗体的GMT为628mIU。10μg组1针后1个月的阳转率重组疫苗为21.7％,血源疫苗为20.9％;2针后1个月分别为87％及62.8％;3针后1个月分别为100％及81.4％。抗体GMT分别为163.7和129.6mIU.5μg组的重组疫苗免疫后6个月100％阳转,其GMT为56mIU。结论认为无论从阳转率或几何平均滴度分析判断,重组疫苗均优于血源疫苗。     

肾综合征出血热(I型)纯化疫苗防病效果及免疫持久性观察

卫生部兰州生物制品研究所生产的肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）（Ｉ型）纯化疫苗在陕西、湖南,浙江的出血热流行区进行了人群免疫效果观察。基础免疫三针后,中和抗体阳转率平均５０％,荧光抗体阳转率为８４２６％,全程接种者２６４９２人,疑似发病１人,保护率平均为９６％。对陕西长安县不同年龄的３０人进行了免疫后２５年抗体水平观察,中和抗体阳转率为５７％,有良好的免疫效果,并具有一定的免疫持久性。     

EHF灭活疫苗扩大人体试用的效果观察

流行性出血热(EHF)沙鼠肾细胞灭活疫苗,经75名自愿者扩大试用,未发现不良反应。中和抗体阳转率达70.6～96.7％,4℃保存14个月的疫苗,仍有较高的中和抗体阳转率,再一次证明此疫苗是安全有效的,且有良好的稳定性。接种程序为0、7、28天内三次免疫与0、28、60天内三次免疫无明显差别。皮下接种佐剂苗产生的中和抗体滴度高于肌肉接种的佐剂苗和疫苗。     

人轮状病毒ZTR-5株灭活疫苗的制备及小鼠血清免疫学评价

目的: 研究人轮状病毒ZTR-5株灭活疫苗的制备及在实验小鼠中的免疫原性评价。方法: 轮状病毒ZTR-5株在MA104细胞上经蚀斑筛选纯化后,获得单一克隆接种至Vero细胞上适应性培养,免疫荧光定量检测病毒的感染性滴度,对收获的病毒液进行离心、超滤、分子筛纯化,甲醛灭活,抗原定量检测Al(OH)₃吸附制备的实验性疫苗。使用不同剂量(8EU、32EU、128EU、256EU)经肌内注射免疫小鼠,共免疫三次,免疫间隔2周。采用间接ELISA法检测血清特异性抗体效价。 结果: 通过蚀斑纯化,筛选得到一株纯化的病毒株ZTR-5纯-1,在Vero细胞上适应性后感染性滴度达7.35logCCID₅₀/ml;大量培养收获的病毒原液滴度为7.57logCCID₅₀/ml,制备获得轮状病毒样品抗原含量为2 560EU/ml;经肌内注射,初次免疫后,所有剂量组动物均获得抗体阳转,阳转率为100%;第一次加强免疫后,各组血清特异性抗体水平均明显增高,免疫剂量为128EU和256EU的两组小鼠血清抗体效价均达1∶10 240;第二次加强免疫后,各剂量组(8EU、32EU、128EU、256EU)血清抗体效价依次达1∶5 120,1∶7 456,1∶14 481.54,1∶14 481.54。 结论:人轮状病毒ZTR-5株可在Vero细胞上稳定增殖,所制备的疫苗具良好免疫原性,用128EU/2次免疫即可获得良好的免疫效果。     

狂犬病病毒糖蛋白重组人腺病毒的构建及免疫效果的初步研究

构建表达狂犬病病毒弱毒SRV9糖蛋白(GP)的重组人5型腺病毒,检测其对小鼠的免疫效果。将狂犬病病毒SRV9株GP基因的完整开放阅读框克隆到腺病毒表达系统中的穿梭质粒多克隆位点,构建重组穿梭质粒pac-Ad5CMV-Gs9,以罗氏转染液介导线性化骨架质粒和重组穿梭质粒共转染293AD细胞,细胞病变后取培养物进行PCR鉴定并电镜观察,在293AD细胞上测定病毒滴度。以106 TCID50重组腺病毒腹腔接种昆明小鼠,免疫后不同时段采尾静脉血通过荧光抗体病毒中和试验(FAVN)检测小鼠血清狂犬病中和抗体效价。正确构建重组穿梭质粒pacAd5CMV-Gs9;获得表达狂犬病病毒SRV9株GP蛋白的缺陷型重组人5型腺病毒;病毒滴度达到106 CFU/mL以上;腹腔接种小鼠14d后均产生了抗狂犬病中和抗体,有效保护率达90%。成功获得了表达狂犬病病毒GP基因的重组腺病毒,该腺病毒免疫小鼠可产生保护性中和抗体,为进一步开发新型兽用狂犬病疫苗奠定了物质基础。     

用反向被动血凝及血凝抑制方法检测流行性出血热病毒抗原和抗体

本文建立了检测流行性出血热病毒(EHFV)液体抗原及抗体的反向被动血凝(RPHA)和血凝抑制(RPHI)方法,RPHA检测EHFV抗原的敏感性与ELISA相近;RPHI检测EHFV抗体与IFA的符合率为97.3％,敏感性略低。     

Immunogenicity of a new lot of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain in human volunteers

Abstract A new lot of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) was tested for immunogenicity in 19 human volunteers. Scarification vaccination induced specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. We noted a significant rise in antibodies against irradiation-killed LVS, formalin-killed virulent strain SCHU4, and an ether extracted antigen preparation (EEx) beginning 14 days after vaccination. A main target of the humoral immune response was lipopolysaccharide. Eighty percent of vaccinated volunteers developed a positive IgG response to EEx by day 14 and 100% of vaccinees responded positively by day 21. Background IgA titers were lower than corresponding IgG or IgM titers. No early IgM rise was noted with any antigen. By day 14 after vaccination, in vitro lymphocyte responses to LVS, the rough variant of LVS, and EEx were significantly increased compared to controls. Seventy percent of volunteers had a positive in vitro lymphocyte response to EEx within 14 days of vaccination. We predict that EEx will be a usefull antigen for diagnosing tularemia and for evaluating the immunogenicity of vaccines against tularemia. We are testing this antigen using sera from human cases of tularemia and control sera.     

Neutralizing antibody responses to Japanese encephalitis vaccine in children

Two shots of the current Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine were given to children and their immune responses to the Nakayama strain (the vaccine strain) and two wild strains (JaGAr-01 and E-50) of JE virus were examined by neutralizing (N) antibody titrations. Seventy vaccinees had no N antibody to JE virus before the first vaccination and were bled one month after the second vaccination. The N antibody responses to the JaGAr-01 and E-50 strains were found to be similar and to be less than that to the Nakayama strain after the second vaccination: the geometric mean titers (GMT) of N antibodies to the JaGAr-01 and E-50 strains (as logarithms) were 1.87 and 1.75, respectively, while the GMT to the Nakayama strain was 2.89. The seroconversion rates to the Nakayama, JaGAr-01 and E-50 strains were 70/70 (100%), 69/70 (99%) and 68/70 (97%), respectively, after the second vaccination. Twenty-seven of the 70 vacciness were also bled before the second vaccination. Most of them showed a considerably high N antibody response against the Nakayama strain and only one vaccinee failed to show seroconversion after the first vaccination. However, the antibody response to the E-50 strain appeared to be rather low and 9 of 25 vaccinees did not show any seroconversion. Similarly 3 of 25 failed to show any seroconversion against the JaGAr-01 strain. These results indicate that at the initial immunization two shots, at least, of the current JE vaccine are necessary to stimulate effective immune responses to wild strains of JE virus.     

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the Urabe Am 9 live mumps vaccine and persistence of vaccine induced antibodies in healthy young children

The immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the Urabe Am 9 mumps virus vaccine strain were studied after the administration of different doses of the vaccine to 197 children ranging in age from seven and a half months to nine years and without a history of mumps. There was no effect of dose on the response in serum neutralizing antibodies in the range of 10(2.9) to 10(4.7) TCID50/dose. In the 90 subjects without detectable serum neutralization antibodies before vaccination seroconversion was obtained in 94.4% after 42 days. Half of a group of 34 seropositive children who were tested also showed a fourfold or greater rise in antibodies. Persistence of vaccine-enhanced haemagluttinin-inhibition (EHI) antibodies was satisfactory as only two of 46 vaccinees followed-up for between 27 and 32 months had undetectable levels of EHI antibodies and the geometric mean titre of vaccine-induced EHI antibodies had only fallen to about one-third by 32 months after vaccination. Although there was serological evidence of a subclinical re-infection in three subjects, to date none of the vaccinees has had clinical mumps indicating that the vaccine confers protection against disease. The vaccine was well tolerated. Furthermore, the majority of the few 'reactions' reported were probably not vaccine-related. It is concluded that the Urabe Am 9 is an acceptable strain for use in live mumps vaccines.     

Neutralization of bacterial viruses by antibodies of young animals

The development of neutralizing antibodies against bacteriophage T 2 in newborn rabbits was investigated. On the seventh day after antigen injection only antibodies of 19 S type were detected following the fractionation of serum on a saccharose density gradient. The neutralizing activity of these antibodies was heavily complement-dependent: the neutralizing capacity was completely destroyed by inactivation at 56° C for 30 min; however, it was possible to renew it by the addition of fresh complement. Antibodies of the 7 S type detected on the fifteenth day after immunization by ultracentrifugation, were also dependent on complement in their neutralizing capacity. Antibodies of the 7 S type produced on the 28th day after immunization were still partially dependent on complement; however, antibodies produced in the secondary response no longer required complement for their neutralizing activity. The obtained results indicate that in the course of the primary and secondary response to bacteriophage T 2, antibodies of 19 S and 7 S are gradually formed in the newborn with higher ability to neutralize the phage particle alone without the potentiating action of complement.     

Pestivirus Infections in Norway. Serological Investigations in Cattle,Sheep and Pigs

Serum samples from 1133 dairy cows (187 herds), 3712 ewes (103 flocks) and 1317 adult pigs (877 herds), were tested for neutralizing antibodies against the NADL strain of bovine virus diarrhoea virus. The prevalence rate of seropositive animals was 18.5% in cattle, 4.5% in sheep and 2.2% in pigs, such seroreactors being found in 28 % of the cattle herds and 18 % of the sheep flocks. In all three species the rate showed considerable herd and geographical variation. In cattle the seroreactor rate was similar in herds with normal reproduction and in 62 herds with problems of repeat breeding. Of 31 pig sera containing antibodies against the NADL strain, 27 were also positive in a neutralization test for antibodies against swine fever virus (Baker strain). However, all sera showed a higher titre of antibodies against the bovine strain than against the swine fever virus. It was concluded that the immune response of the pigs had been induced by ruminant pestivirus, and not by swine fever virus.     

Immune responses following salivary gland administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 vectors

BACKGROUND: Gene transfer to salivary glands (SGs) can be accomplished in a minimally invasive manner, resulting in stable, long-term secretion of the transgene product. Therefore, SGs provide a novel target site for several potentially useful clinical gene therapeutics applications. Previous studies have indicated that intravenous, intramuscular and intranasal administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) vectors induce host immune responses. There are no reported studies on immune responsiveness of rAAV2 vector administration to SGs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Vectors were administered by retrograde infusion to the SGs of Balb/c mice in various combinations. Thereafter, transgene expression was determined, and evaluations of host innate and adaptive immune responsiveness performed over a 56-day period. RESULTS: Histological examination of SGs from vector-treated mice showed no significant changes in appearance from controls, including the frequency of activated macrophage detection. There were also no differences in salivary flow rates among experimental groups. In vitro stimulation of splenocytes from mice administered rAAV2 showed elevated interferon-gamma levels in culture media. Significant titers of neutralizing antibodies to rAAV2 were detected in serum of mice following rAAV2 vector administration. While SGs could be transduced with low doses of vector it was not possible to repeat the administration and detect transduction with the same serotype at low doses. However, repeat administration was possible with an alternative serotype (rAAV4). CONCLUSIONS: Following a single administration of rAAV2 vectors to SGs there is no significant innate immune response. However, rAAV2 vector administration to SGs results in both cellular and humoral immune responses. The latter may interfere with the efficacy of repeated rAAV2 vector administration.     

Anti-spike S1 IgA,anti-spike trimeric IgG,and anti-spike RBD IgG response after BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in healthcare workers

BackgroundMost studies on immune response after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination focused on serum IgG antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, discounting the role of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing IgA antibodies in preventing viral infection. This study was aimed to quantify serum IgG and IgA neutralizing antibodies after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in baseline SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthcare workers.MethodsThe study population consisted of 181 SARSCoV-2 seronegative healthcare workers (median age 42 years, 59.7% women), receiving two doses of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 (Comirnaty). Serum samples were collected before receiving the first vaccine dose, 21 days (before the second vaccine dose) and 50 days afterwards. We then measured anti-spike trimeric IgG (Liaison XL, DiaSorin), anti-spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG (Access 2, Beckman Coulter) and anti-spike S1 subunit IgA (ELISA, Euroimmun). Results were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR).ResultsVaccine administration elicited all anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies measured. Thirty days after the second vaccine dose, 100% positivization occurred for anti-spike trimeric IgG and anti-spike RBD IgG, whilst 1.7% subjects remained anti-spike S1 IgA negative. The overall increase of antibodies level ratio over baseline after the second vaccine dose was 576.1 (IQR, 360.7-867.8) for anti-spike trimeric IgG, 1426.0 (IQR, 742.0-2698.6) for anti-spike RBD IgG, and 20.2 (IQR, 12.5-32.1) for anti-spike S1 IgA. Significant inverse association was found between age and overall increase of anti-spike trimeric IgG (r=-0.24; p=0.001) and anti-spike S1 IgA (r=-0.16; p=0.028), but not with anti-spike RBD IgG (r=-0.05; p=0.497).ConclusionsmRNA COVID-19 vaccination elicits sustained serum levels of anti-spike trimeric IgG and anti-spike RBD IgG, while also modestly but significantly increasing those of anti-spike S1 IgA.     

The immune response of cattle to Babesia bovis (syn. B. argentina). Studies on the nature and specificity of protection.

Studies of the immune response to Babesia bovis (syn. B. argentina) in Bos taurus cattle, using the passive transfer of serum from immune animals, indicated that an effector mechanism was mediated by antibodies which reacted with the parasitized erythrocytes. During removal from the peripheral blood, the parasites did not show reduced viability on subinoculation into other non-infected animals, and thus were not dead or irreversibly damaged at this time. It was concluded that opsonization of infected erythrocytes was probably the basis of protection by the system. There was some evidence that minor variation of the protective antigen(s) occurred within strains of the parasite but this had little effect on the efficiency of the host's immune response. However, there was no cross-protection between the antibodies against different strains. These interstrain differences in antibody specificity were reconciled with earlier observations that cross-immunity commonly occurs between different strains in infected animals. It was concluded that the mechanism of cross-immunity relied on priming of the host's immune system by the protective antigen(s) of the strain so that a secondary response against the heterologous strain occurred soon after challenge.