昆明地区昭觉林蛙生殖及附属器官的年周期变化

解剖2006年4—12月自昆明东北郊采集到的体长大于40.0 mm的昭觉林蛙(Rana chaochiaoensis)标本73只(♀39, ♂34),测量其体长、体重、肝重、脂肪体重、卵巢重、精巢重、输卵管重和直径、卵径等。以体长(或体重)为协变量做协方差分析(ANCOVA),结果显示,输卵管直径、卵径,雌性的肝重、脂肪体重、卵巢重和输卵管重和雄性的精巢重在年周期内差异极显著。相关性检验显示,雌性卵巢重分别与肝重、输卵管重、输卵管直径、卵径均显著正相关,即它们的发育完全同步,但与脂肪体重不相关。各月雌体卵巢重和雄体精巢重的发育极显著正相关,即雄性与雌性的性腺发育同步。据解剖、检验分析及野外观察结果分析证明,昆明地区昭觉林蛙的繁殖时间在10月完成,且一年只有一个繁殖期。脂肪体在雌性个体生殖腺发育过程中起供能作用。在卵巢发育过程中,肝供能作用不明显,但在雌性个体抱对和产卵过程中起供能作用。在雄性性腺发育的过程中,肝和脂肪体的供能作用不如雌性明显,耗能极低。可见昭觉林蛙雄性个体的生殖投入少于雌性个体。一些雌性个体推迟冬眠时间,主要是为觅食和补充能量,以便安全越冬。此外,新生昭觉林蛙蝌蚪期在冬季度过,随后的发育和变态面临旱季缺水环境。所以,加强对昭觉林蛙产卵高峰期、蝌蚪越冬期和渡过干旱缺水期等生活周期中脆弱环节的环境保护,有利于种群的延续。     

昆明地区滇蛙两性生殖器官的生长及发育同步性

月平均采集并解剖滇蛙14—16只(雌雄约各半),测量体长、体重、脂肪体重、精巢重、卵巢重、精巢体积和输卵管直径等。以体长为协变量做协方差分析,结果显示,精巢重、卵巢重、精巢体积、输卵管直径在年周期内差异显著,呈周年规律性变化。滇蛙的繁殖期为4—6月,5月下旬至6月上旬为繁殖高峰。异速生长分析和回归分析结果显示,性腺发育与体重和体长多呈正异速生长(b>1),个体增长对性腺的发育有显著影响。个体较大的滇蛙年生殖频次至少为2次,这是提高繁殖成功率的繁殖策略之一。性腺发育与脂肪体重呈负异速生长(b<1)。脂肪体为繁殖和冬眠提供能量储备,脂肪体重在繁殖高峰期达最小值。少数脂肪储存不足的个体通过延迟冬眠时间积累能量,以便安全越冬。相关性分析和交叉相关分析结果显示,两性生殖腺的发育具有显著的相关性,但生殖腺的发育并非完全同步。雄蛙精巢的发育具有一定的滞后性,因为卵的成熟比精子的成熟需要更长的时间。但精巢体积和输卵管直径发育具同步性,这恰是为授精做好了准备。     

雅鲁藏布江黑斑原鮡繁殖生物学研究

对2004-2006年采集于雅鲁藏布江拉萨河的190尾黑斑原鮡进行了繁殖生物学研究。雄性最小性成熟(精巢Ⅳ期)个体体长141.7mm,体重45.2g,性体指数1.09%,雌性最小性成熟(卵巢Ⅳ期)个体体长146.8mm,体重66.7g性体指数11.52%,相应年龄均为5龄。初次性成熟年龄(L50):♂,170.1mm相应年龄为7龄;♀,150.2mm,相应年龄5龄。通过组织切片法和GSI的周年变化分析,繁殖时间集中在5-6月,每年繁殖一次,繁殖之后的6-8月卵巢从Ⅵ期回复到Ⅲ期,9月卵巢发育到Ⅳ期越冬。卵径频率分布显示,卵巢发育类型为分批同步型,卵巢中至少存在2批卵径,每年成熟一批卵并同时产出,产卵类型为完全同步产卵。卵黏性,成熟卵卵径在2.04-3.37mm之间,平均(2.83±0.16)mm。对19尾产卵前夕(体长为151.0-210.0mm)的标本进行统计,其绝对繁殖力范围在525-2058粒之间,平均为(1244±346)粒,相对繁殖力为(14.7±5.8)粒/g。绝对繁殖力与体长呈直线正相关,表达式为F=13.624L-1187。       

花背蟾蜍冬眠期几项生理常数间的关系

本文揭示了花背蟾蜍ＢｕｆｏｒａｄｄｅｉＳｔｒａｕｃｈ冬眠前、后雌性和雄性之体长、胴体重、肝重、脂肪体重以及生殖腺重与体重之间,均呈显著的正相关,回归系数ｔ检验表明,雌雄间差异显著,且冬眠期间雌性主要消耗物来自躯体和脂肪体,雄性来自躯体、肝脏和脂肪体。     

沱江宽体华鳅繁殖特性

对2010年4~11月采集于沱江资中段的573尾宽体华鳅（Sinibotia reevesae）进行了繁殖特性研究。结果表明：宽体华鳅性腺发育分为6期,5月卵巢发育到Ⅳ期,精巢发育到Ⅴ期。繁殖期在5~8月,盛期为6~7月,可通过胸鳍和生殖孔差异辨别性别。繁殖群体雌雄性比为1︰1.15,2~3龄性成熟,性成熟最小年龄两性均为2龄,为补充群体占优势的繁殖群体。雄性（Ⅴ期）最小性成熟个体体长71 mm,体重5.43 g,成熟系数4.76%,雌性（Ⅲ期）最小性成熟个体体长76 mm,体重7.80 g,成熟系数1.46%。成熟卵巢中卵子大小基本一致,卵径分布为单峰型,属于单次产卵类型;繁殖群体体长76~120 mm,体重7.80~41.60 g;卵小,沉性,野生条件下胚胎发育需要流速较快的流水环境。     

无蹼壁虎入蛰时和出蛰时几项生理常数间的关系

本文揭示了无蹼壁虎（Gekkoswinhonis）入蛰时和出蛰时,雌性、雄性之体长、嗣体重、脂肪体重及生殖腺重与体重之间均呈显著的正相关关系。肥满度和躯体肥满度两个指标适用于无蹼壁虎这类爬行动物;肝系数、脂肪体系数及生殖腺系数也适用于无蹼壁虎这类爬行动物。冬眠期间雄性与雌性在躯体物质及脂肪体的消耗上存在显著差异。     

金沙江攀枝花江段棒花鱼的生物学

在2006年5月和2006年12月至2007年5月期间,通过使用三层定置刺网捕捉棒花鱼,我们研究了金沙江中游攀枝花江段棒花鱼的生物学。棒花鱼在三层定置刺网中的平均出现率为93.1%,在总渔获物中的平均重量百分比为7.68%;雄性个体的平均体长显著大于雌性个体,体长和体重的回归方程为:W=4×10-5L2.8499(W为体重,L为体长,R2=0.8614);根据鳞片年轮对82尾标本进行了年龄鉴定,其中0龄个体1尾,占1.22%;1龄个体68尾,占82.93%;2龄个体13尾,占15.85%。鳞径与体长显著相关,且雄性个体的线性回归关系比雌性个体强。绝对怀卵量为737-4516粒,相对怀卵量为180-597粒/g。棒花鱼的卵径分布范围为0.28-1.24mm,卵径分布呈双峰型。综合分析棒花鱼的性成熟系数变化趋势、繁殖期的持续时间、雌性个体的性腺发育和卵子的不同步发育,得知棒花鱼为一次性产卵鱼类。     

湘华鲮的生物学研究

湘华鲮是湖南沅江中上游的一种主要经济鱼类。主要以硅藻为食。1+龄鱼的平均体长为22厘米,平均体重为273.7克;2+龄鱼的平均体长31.3厘米,平均体重704克;3+龄鱼的平均体长为39.2厘米,平均体重1479克。渔获物中的年龄组成,以2+、3+、4+龄为主,渔获物中最大年龄和最大体重为6+龄、3400克。江河生长的湘华鲮,雌性性成熟年龄多为3年,雄性提早成熟一年;达性成熟年龄的雌性以Ⅳ期卵巢越冬;达性成熟年龄的雄性精巢,在冬季发育至Ⅴ期;它的生殖季节为4月底至5月下旬。在江河中有自然产卵场;4—5龄的雌性湘华鲮,成熟卵巢系数为8—17.6%,卵径约2.0—2.2毫米,每克卵粒数为293—321。       

黄鳝“性逆转”一词小议

黄鳝Monopterus albus(Zuiew)属硬骨鱼纲合鳃目合鳃科,又名鳝鱼,鳝。在黄鳝的生活周期中,有一特殊的生物现象:生殖腺早期向雌性分化为卵巢,待卵巢中的卵母细胞发育成熟产卵后,卵巢转化为精巢,育成精子。一般认为,2龄前,平均体长为350毫米以下的黄鳝为雌性;3至5龄,平均体长450-600毫米为雌性、雌雄间性、雄性共存期;6龄,体长700毫米以上,则雄性个体可占95%以上。黄鳝的这一现象引起许多学者的兴趣。我国著名鱼类学家、黄鳝研究的先躯——伍献文与刘建康早在四十年代就进行了黄鳝性     

泽陆蛙(Fejervarya limnocharis)两性异形的个体发育和雌体繁殖

2010年3月下旬-7月上旬于浙江富阳市农田采集680只泽陆蛙(Fejervarya limnocharis),研究了泽陆蛙成体和幼体的个体大小和局部形态特征的两性异形;通过解剖雌体获得窝卵数、测量抱对个体获得形态数据,研究了雌体大小与生育力关系以及抱对两性个体体形大小的相关性.结果表明:捕获个体中,雌性和雄性成体的最小体长分别为33mm和30 mm;雄性成体个体数显著超过雌性成体,两性幼体个体数无显著差异;两性成体头部大小、四肢长随体长呈同速增长,眼径和体重随体长呈异速增长,两性幼体所有被检形态特征均随体长呈同速增长;雌性成体平均体长显著大干雄性成体,去除体长差异的影响后发现,除眼径无显著的两性差异外,其余被检形态特征均为雌性大于雄性;幼体除雌性体重大于雄性外,其余被检形态特征均无两性差异;窝卵数与雌体大小(体长和体重)呈显著的正相关;两性抱对个体的体长无显著相关性;泽陆蛙雄性成体体形小于雌性成体的个体大小两性异形模式可能决定于驱使雄性向较大体形发展的进化驱动力相对较弱,雌性增大体形可增加繁殖输出,故向较大体形发展的进化驱动力相对较强;除体重外,其余被检形态特征的两性异形均形成于性成熟之后.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.