绵萆薢三萜皂苷类成分研究

为了解绵萆薢(Dioscorea spongiosa)的化学成分,从其70%乙醇水溶液提取物中分离鉴定了8个化合物,经理化性质和波谱数据分析分别鉴定为:20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1(1)、人参皂苷Rg1(2)、人参皂苷Re(3)、三七皂苷R1(4)、人参皂苷Rd(5)、人参皂苷Rb1(6)、常青藤皂苷元3-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(7)和木通皂苷D(8)。化合物1、2、3、5和6为首次从该种植物中分离得到,化合物7和8为首次从薯蓣属植物中分离得到。     

蓝桉果实中的脂溶性成分

从蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulusLabill.)果实乙醇提取物的石油醚部位分离鉴定出6个化合物,通过理化和波谱分析结构鉴定为:5-羟基-4′,7-二甲氧基-6-甲基黄酮(1)、blumenol A(2)、蓝桉醇(3)、绿花白千层醇(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)、二十二烷酸(6),其中化合物1~4和化合物6系首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1和2首次从桉属植物中分离得到.     

珍珠菜的化学成分研究(英文)

从珍珠菜(Lysimachia clethroidesDuby)的70%丙酮提取物中分离得到11个化合物,经理化性质及波谱数据分析分别鉴定为23-羟基乌苏酸(1)、Isotachioside(2)、对羟基苯甲酸(3)、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(4)、原儿茶酸(5)、3,5-二羟基苯甲酸(6)、甲基-α-D-呋喃果糖苷(7)、尿苷(8)、β-谷甾醇(9)、胡萝卜苷(10)和齐墩果酸(11)。化合物1、2、4、7和8为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物3、5、6、9~11为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

无梗五加根中苯丙素类化合物的研究

从无梗五加(Acanthoparax sessiliflorus( Rupr.et Maxim.)Seem.)根70％乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层中提取分离得到8个苯丙素类化合物.经理化和波谱分析鉴定为(+)-表芝麻脂素(1)、(-)-芝麻脂素(2)、赛菊芋黄素(3)、洒维宁(4)、咖啡酸甲酯(5)、对羟基桂皮酸(6)、(-)-丁香脂素(7)、(+)-松脂索(8).化合物8是首次从五加科植物中分离得到,化合物1和5是首次从五加属植物中分离得到,化合物3、6和7是首次从该植物中分离得到.     

红背山麻杆根中PTP1B抑制活性成分研究

运用硅胶和凝胶色谱等天然产物分离技术从红背山麻杆根中分离得到9个化合物,结合各化合物理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构,包括6个三萜类成分鲨烯(1)、乙酰基木油醇酸(2)、木栓酮(3)、3-乙酰氧基-12-齐墩果烯-28-酸甲酯(4)、马斯里酸(5)、马斯里酸甲酯(6)和3个甾醇成分β-谷甾醇(7)、β-谷甾醇-3-O-硬脂酸酯(8)、豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮(9)。化合物2、3和7为首次从该植物中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。以体外酶学方法测定化合物PTP1B抑制活性,化合物2、5、6和8具有PTP1B抑制活性。     

覆盆子的化学成分研究北大核心CSCD

从覆盆子中分离得到13个化合物,通过波谱数据和理化性质分别鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(1)、7α-羟基-3β-谷甾醇(2)、胡萝卜苷(3)、熊果酸(4)、对羟基苯乙酸(5)、水杨酸(6)、腺苷(7)、1-氧-1,2-二氢异喹啉-4-羧酸(8)、香橙素(9)、金丝桃苷(10)、ligballinol(11)、阿魏酸二十六醇酯(12)、香豆酸二十四醇酯(13)。化合物10为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物2、5、7、9、12、13为首次从悬钩子属植物中分离得到。     

覆盆子的化学成分研究

从覆盆子中分离得到13个化合物,通过波谱数据和理化性质分别鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(1)、7α-羟基-3β-谷甾醇(2)、胡萝卜苷(3)、熊果酸(4)、对羟基苯乙酸(5)、水杨酸(6)、腺苷(7)、1-氧-1,2-二氢异喹啉-4-羧酸(8)、香橙素(9)、金丝桃苷(10)、ligballinol(11)、阿魏酸二十六醇酯(12)、香豆酸二十四醇酯(13)。化合物10为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物2、5、7、9、12、13为首次从悬钩子属植物中分离得到。     

红波罗花的化学成分研究(英文)

从红波罗花(Incarvillea delavayi)植物的干燥全草乙醇提取物中分离得到12个化合物,通过MS和NMR等方法鉴定为tecomine(1)、epidihydrotecomanine(2)、2,6-二甲基-6-羟基-2-庚烯-4-酮(3)、marine B(4)、(3R,5S)-3-methyl-cyclopentyl[1,2-c]pyridine-5-ol(5)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸乙酯(6)、cleroindicin B(7)、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(8)、2-(4’-乙氧基苯基)-乙醇(9)、6-羟基苯并二氢呋喃(10)、β-谷甾酮(11)、β-乙酰齐墩果酸(12)。其中化合物1～3、5～6、8～12为首次从角蒿属植物中分离得到,所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

北美盐角草(Salicornia bigelovii Torr.)化学成分的研究(英文)

从北美盐角草中分离得到6个化合物,运用波谱手段分别鉴定为东莨菪内酯(1),杜松脑(2),金丝桃苷(3),槲皮素(4),异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5)和β-谷甾醇(6)。其中,化合物1和2为该属植物中首次分离得到,化合物4和6为首次从该种植物中得到。     

明党参根皮超临界萃取部位化学成分研究

采用超临界CO2萃取、柱层析、重结晶等方法,从明党参根皮部位分离得到9个化合物。经理化方法和波谱分析鉴定为二十五烷酸(1)、二十七烷醇(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、豆甾醇(4)、异欧前胡素(5)、欧前胡素(6)、花椒毒酚(7)、珊瑚菜内酯(8)和5-羟基-8-甲氧基补骨脂素(9)。化合物5～7为首次从明党参中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该植物根皮中分离得到。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.