中国人参花化学成分研究

目的:对人参(Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.)花蕾的化学成分进行研究。方法:采用多种柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,并通过波谱分析方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果:分离鉴定了9个化合物,分别鉴定为咖啡碱(1)、胡萝卜苷(2)、豆甾醇3-O-葡萄糖苷(3)、α-菠甾醇(4)、7-豆甾烯-3β-醇(5)、人参皂苷Rk3(6)、人参皂苷Re(7)、人参皂苷Rg2(8)、谷甾醇(9)结论:其中化合物1为五加科植物中首次分离得到,化合物3、4、5为人参花中首次分离得到。     

西洋参茎叶化学成分及生物利用度的研究

应用多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,从西洋参茎叶中分离得到10个化合物,经理化性质和光谱数据分析鉴定分别为:拟人参皂苷RT4(1)、拟人参皂苷RT5(2)、24(R)-Ocotillol苷元(3)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh1(4)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rg1(5)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rg2(6)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rh2(7)、20(R)-人参皂苷Rh2(8)、20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3(9)、拟人参皂苷F11(10)。化合物1和3为首次从西洋参茎叶中分离得到。首次建立和认证了20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3肌内注射的生物利用度的测定方法,采用本文方法测定犬肌注20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3的生物利用度为96.7%,为20(S)-人参皂苷Rg3的新药开发提供了临床前药代动力学依据。     

无梗五加根中苯丙素类化合物的研究

从无梗五加(Acanthoparax sessiliflorus( Rupr.et Maxim.)Seem.)根70％乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层中提取分离得到8个苯丙素类化合物.经理化和波谱分析鉴定为(+)-表芝麻脂素(1)、(-)-芝麻脂素(2)、赛菊芋黄素(3)、洒维宁(4)、咖啡酸甲酯(5)、对羟基桂皮酸(6)、(-)-丁香脂素(7)、(+)-松脂索(8).化合物8是首次从五加科植物中分离得到,化合物1和5是首次从五加属植物中分离得到,化合物3、6和7是首次从该植物中分离得到.     

醉鱼草果实水部位化学成分及神经保护活性研究

为研究醉鱼草果实水部位化学成分及其神经保护作用,利用多种色谱分离技术从醉鱼草果实水部位中分离得到10个化合物。结合现代光谱技术对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定,分别为密蒙花苷C(1)、异毛蕊花糖苷(2)、毛蕊花糖苷(3)、4′-hydroxyphenyl ethyl vanillate(4)、6-O-香草酰筋骨草苷(5)、syringaresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6)、刺五加苷B(7)、松柏苷(8)、醉鱼草皂苷Ⅳb(9)、6-O-(3"-O-p-coumaroyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)catalpol(10),其中化合物4、6、7、8、10为首次从醉鱼草属植物中分离得到,化合物2、3为首次从醉鱼草果实中分离得到;利用MPP+诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞模型对化合物1、5、6、7的神经保护作用进行活性筛选,结果显示四个化合物均能使细胞存活率显著提高。     

蓝桉果实中的脂溶性成分

从蓝桉(Eucalyptus globulusLabill.)果实乙醇提取物的石油醚部位分离鉴定出6个化合物,通过理化和波谱分析结构鉴定为:5-羟基-4′,7-二甲氧基-6-甲基黄酮(1)、blumenol A(2)、蓝桉醇(3)、绿花白千层醇(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)、二十二烷酸(6),其中化合物1~4和化合物6系首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1和2首次从桉属植物中分离得到.     

黄檗落叶化学成分的研究

从黄檗落叶的95％乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了7个化合物,分别为phellodenol-A(1),茵芋苷(skimmin,2),phellodenol E(3),黄檗苷(amurensin,4),黄柏苷(phellamurin,5),(2R) -phellodensin-F(6)和clerosterol 3-Oβ-D-galactopyranoside (7).其中,化合物7为首次从黄柏属植物中分离得到,化合物3和6为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

三七总皂苷酶水解产物成分研究

为了研究葡萄糖苷酶催化三七提取物的水解产物中主要皂苷成分。采用色谱法从三七提取物水解产物中分离纯化得到11个皂苷成分。利用波谱解析确定了它们的结构,分别鉴定为20(S)-原人参二醇-20-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(1),以及10个已知的皂苷成分分别为:人参皂苷compound K(2)、3β,12β,20(S),25-四羟基达玛-23-烯-20-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、3β,20(S)-二羟基达玛-24-烯-12β,23β-环氧-20-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4)、3β,12β,20(S)-三羟基-25-过氧羟基达玛-23-烯-20-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、人参皂苷F1(6)、人参皂苷Rg1(7)、人参皂苷Rg2(8)、人参皂苷Mc(9)、20(S)-原人参二醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-20-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)和人参皂苷Re(11)。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物3~5和10为首次从三七中被分离得到。     

红背山麻杆根中PTP1B抑制活性成分研究

运用硅胶和凝胶色谱等天然产物分离技术从红背山麻杆根中分离得到9个化合物,结合各化合物理化性质和光谱数据鉴定其结构,包括6个三萜类成分鲨烯(1)、乙酰基木油醇酸(2)、木栓酮(3)、3-乙酰氧基-12-齐墩果烯-28-酸甲酯(4)、马斯里酸(5)、马斯里酸甲酯(6)和3个甾醇成分β-谷甾醇(7)、β-谷甾醇-3-O-硬脂酸酯(8)、豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二酮(9)。化合物2、3和7为首次从该植物中分离得到,其余化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。以体外酶学方法测定化合物PTP1B抑制活性,化合物2、5、6和8具有PTP1B抑制活性。     

紫丁香花蕾化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱和半制备高效液相色谱等从紫丁香花蕾乙酸乙酯溶液中分离得到8个单体化合物,经理化性质和波谱方法分别鉴定为:丁香苦素B(1)、齐墩果酸(2)、乌苏酸(3)、羽扇豆酸(4)、羽扇豆醇(5)、对羟基苯丙醇(6)、对羟基苯乙醇(7)和β-谷甾醇(8)。其中化合物6首次从该种植物中分离得到,其余均为首次从该植物花蕾中分离得到。     

珍珠菜的化学成分研究(英文)

从珍珠菜(Lysimachia clethroidesDuby)的70%丙酮提取物中分离得到11个化合物,经理化性质及波谱数据分析分别鉴定为23-羟基乌苏酸(1)、Isotachioside(2)、对羟基苯甲酸(3)、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(4)、原儿茶酸(5)、3,5-二羟基苯甲酸(6)、甲基-α-D-呋喃果糖苷(7)、尿苷(8)、β-谷甾醇(9)、胡萝卜苷(10)和齐墩果酸(11)。化合物1、2、4、7和8为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物3、5、6、9~11为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.