白洋淀环境变化对鱼类组成和生态的影响

白洋淀是海河流域内最大的自然淀泊,具江河平原动物区系、海河水系鱼类的特点。经济鱼类以鲤科为主,其次是鳢科、鲇科、鳅科和鲿科等。尚有溯河性的鲻科、鳗鲡科和(鱼箴)科。1955年产量曾达1770万斤,自1963年后,因自然条件变化,特别是水量减少和工业废水污染,鱼产量下降到100—200万斤。为了解环境变化对鱼类的影响,于1975—1976年对白洋淀的环境条件、鱼的种类组成、数量变化、影响鱼类大幅度减产的主要原因等方面进行了调查和初步探讨。     

白洋淀鲫鱼的繁殖与保护

白洋淀大小淀泊星罗棋布,沟濠纵横交错,水产品一向十分丰富,是河北省著名的淡水渔业基地。近年来,由于水文条件的改变和人为因素的影响,渔产量大幅度下降;鱼类区系组成亦发生不良的变化,经济鱼类比重下降,野杂鱼类比重上升。     

秦岭西段鱼类多样性现状初报

对秦岭西段汉江水系和嘉陵江水系的鱼类和环境调查显示,人类活动对鱼类多样性产生了较大的影响。本文试图对该地区鱼类多样性丧失的现状加以报道并对原因进行分析。以前该地区鱼类共有142种,本次调查的渔获物中只有34种。鱼类物种资源的减少是多种因素造成的：水坝的修建使得鱼类栖息地环境改变从而导致鱼类的种类和种群数量变化,水污染、过度捕捞和非法渔业也在一定程度上破坏了鱼类物种多样性。     

鲥鯸淀鱼类群落特征与生物完整性评价

鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI,fish-index of biotic integrity)被广泛应用于河湖健康评价,可为水域生态修复和保护提供重要科学依据。于2018年10月—2019年7月在白洋淀区的典型湖泊鲥鯸淀开展鱼类群落采样,结合鱼类生物完整性指数评价体系和ABC曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves),综合评价鱼类群落组成特征和水域健康状况。共发现鱼类30种,隶属4目10科,其中鲤科鱼类物种数最多,共21种,占鱼类总物种数目的70%。F-IBI评价结果表明,在鲥鯸淀的采样站点中,鱼类生物完整性评为"好～优"等级共有3个点;评价为"好"等级共有3个点;评价为"一般～好"等级共有4个点;评价为"一般"等级共有5个点;评价为"差～一般"等级共有8个点;评价为"差"等级共有3个点;没有点位评价为"优"和"极差"等级。总体上,春季和秋季呈现"一般～好",夏季呈现"差～一般"。ABC曲线结果显示,季度性汇总、春季和夏季所得的ABC曲线展现出明显的交叉趋势,表明总体状态、春季和夏季均呈现中度干扰状态;秋季的数量优势度曲线位于生物量优势度曲线之上,表明该季节呈现严重干扰状态。与20世纪50—70年代相比,白洋淀区域鱼类生物完整性整体呈下降趋势。过度捕捞、水质污染和极端气候等是白洋淀鱼类群落变化的重要因素,建议在湖泊生态修复的同时,通过划定禁渔区和延长禁渔期等方式,加强对鱼类资源保护和可持续利用。     

鲫鱼种群间同工酶的比较研究

鱼类资源小型化现象已受到许多研究者的重视,关于鱼类资源小型化成因已有诸多研究报道1,2。一般认为,环境变迁、过度捕捞和鱼类种群自身调节能力是导致鱼类资源小型化的主要原因1.关于鱼 类资源小型化形成机制的遗传学背景研究目前尚鲜见报道。本文对两个典型湖泊卿鱼种群的同工酶等 位基因频率变化作了初步探讨。       

黑龙江兴凯湖国家级自然保护区的鱼类资源

2009年5月～2012年1月,对黑龙江兴凯湖国家级自然保护区的鱼类资源状况进行了调查。调查结果表明,兴凯湖保护区共有鱼类7目15科49属67种,其中土著鱼类7目13科42属60种;鱼类组成具有典型的古北界区系特征,鲤科鱼类是其中最大的类群,构成区系成分的主体;经济鱼类种群以小型种类为主体,年龄结构偏低;渔获物种类小型化、个体低龄化;种群资源量和渔获量都在下降。兴凯湖保护区的鱼类资源呈衰退趋势。     

具体长结构的鱼类种群的数学模型及其应用

本文报道了一个新的鱼类种群的数学模型,它是一阶变系数线性偏微分方程。该模型可用于预测某一水域中某种鱼类种群不同体长的鱼的数量随时间变化的情况。       

耳石微化学在海洋鱼类洄游类型和种群识别研究中的应用

水环境中化学元素会有规律性地在鱼类耳石上沉积。耳石可作为生境"指纹"标签的独特属性使其更能有效地应用于鱼类资源时空动态的研究。现针对了解较少的海洋鱼类耳石微化学所涉及的主要元素,综述了Sr:Ca值和多元素组合在这些鱼类生活史重建、迁移模式反演和资源种群识别上的研究进展。进展显示,海水中Sr:Ca值的微小变化可以通过在海洋鱼类耳石中的元素积累而放大,有助于把握鱼类的种间差异或种内不同发育阶段个体的差异。耳石中多元素组合的分析,亦可有效解释海洋鱼类生活史不同阶段间的生境转换和洄游特征,甚至"破译"复杂的资源种群结构。耳石微化学在海洋鱼类养护研究上具有极大的潜力,相关研究需要在我国得到更多的重视和更大的支持。     

邛海鱼类及其资源的研究：Ⅰ.鱼类区系及其演替

本文根据作者1974年以来的调查,对该湖的鱼类区系组成和变化作进一步分析,其区系特点是:一、鱼类区系成份中以鲤科鱼类的东亚类群为主体。二、区系类元较多。三、物种辐射分化比滇东湖群的鱼类差。该湖鱼类区系的演变过程可分为3个阶段:一、鱼类区系的形成阶段。二、稳定和发展阶段。三、人工引种后剧烈变化阶段。其总趋势是原有土著鱼类物种正趋于消亡,种群数量日趋衰退。     

鱼类种群增长的初步研究

鱼类种群数量变动,在我国渔业界受到广泛注意。渔业资源的合理利用和科学管理,首先瞩目的是鱼类种群的增长能力。关于生物种群的增长,在生态学范畴曾被广泛深入地研究过,但以鱼类种群为对象的研究尚少报导。本文以逻辑斯蒂(logistic)增长理论,对马面魨鱼类种群的增长进行了初步研究,并结合渔业论述了增长理论的应用。     

Evidence that the C-terminus of OprM is involved in the assembly of the VceAB-OprM efflux pump

Although the architecture of tripartite multiple drug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps of Gram-negative bacteria has been well characterized, the means by which the components recognize each other and assemble into a functional pump remains obscure. In this study we present evidence that the C-terminal domain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa OprM and the α-helical hairpin domain of Vibrio cholerae VceA play an important role in the recognition/specificity/recruitment step in the assembly of a functional, VceAB-OprM chimeric efflux pump. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence directly linking the C-terminal domain of an outer membrane efflux protein to its recruitment during the assembly of a tripartite efflux pump.     

心脑血管疾病大额住院消费统计分析

通过对医院2004-2006年心脑血管疾病大额住院消费(消费大于50000元,以下简称大额消费)病例发病率高的前五种疾病的构成情况、药费、材料费消耗情况进行分析,认为加强大额病例中发病率高的病种的重点管理,是降低医疗费用的有效途径。建议制定常见病大额病种预定额付费方案和审查报销制度;采用适宜技术;控制药费,防止过度医疗,有效地遏制医疗费用的过快增长。     

Studies on the energy coupling sites of photophosphorylation IV. The relation of proton fluxes to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Photosystem II

1. By using dibromothymoquinone as the electron acceptor, it is possible to isolate functionally that segment of the chloroplast electron transport chain which includes only Photosystem II and only one of the two energy conservation sites coupled to the complete chain (Coupling Site II, observed P/e₂ = 0.3–0.4). A light-dependent, reversible proton translocation reaction is associated with the electron transport pathway: H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone. We have studied the characteristics of this proton uptake reaction and its relationship to the electron transport and ATP formation associated with Coupling Site II.

2. The initial phase of H⁺ uptake, analyzed by a flash-yield technique, exhibits linear kinetics (0–3 s) with no sign of transient phenomena such as the very rapid initial uptake (“pH gush”) encountered in the overall Hill reaction with methylviologen. Thus the initial rate of H⁺ uptake obtained by the flash-yield method is in good agreement with the initial rate estimated from a pH change tracing obtained under continuous illumination.

3. Dibromothymoquinone reduction, observed as O₂ evolution by a similar flash-yield technique, is also linear for at least the first 5 s, the rate of O₂ evolution agreeing well with the steady-state rate observed under continuous illumination.

4. Such measurements of the initial rates of O₂ evolution and H⁺ uptake yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio close to 0.5 for the Photosystem II partial reaction regardless of pH from 6 to 8. (Parallel experiments for the methylviologen Hill reaction yield an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 1.7 at pH 7.6.)

5. When dibromothymoquinone is being reduced, concurrent phosphorylation (or arsenylation) markedly lowers the extent of H⁺ uptake (by 40–60%). These data, unlike earlier data obtained using the overall Hill reaction, lend themselves to an unequivocal interpretation since phosphorylation does not alter the rate of electron transport in the Photosystem II partial reaction. ADP, P_i and hexokinase, when added individually, have no effect on proton uptake in this system.

6. The involvement of a proton uptake reaction with an H⁺/e⁻ ratio of 0.5 in the Photosystem II partial reaction H₂O → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone strongly suggests that at least 50% of the protons produced by the oxidation of water are released to the inside of the thylakoid, thereby leading to an internal acidification. It is pointed out that the observed efficiencies for ATP formation (P/e₂) and proton uptake (H⁺/e⁻) associated with Coupling Site II can be most easily explained by the chemiosmotic hypothesis of energy coupling.     

Strategy for Stabilizing Enzymes Part Two: Increasing Enzyme Stability by Selective Chemical Modification

The molecular mechanisms of change in the thermal stability of proteins modified with low molecular weight reagents are discussed. The choice of stabilization mechanisms to be used as a general strategy for increasing enzyme stability by chemical modification is addressed. Hydrophilization of nonpolar surface areas is the most simple and reliable approach to artificial stabilization of enzymes for use in applied biochemistry and biotechnology.     

Partial purification and properties of Galleria mellonella larvae proteolytic inhibitors acting on Metarhizium anisopliae toxic protease

Gel permeation, preparative isoelectric focusing, and affinity chromatography were used to purify three inhibitors of proteolytic activity from perchloric acid extracts of last instar Galleria mellonella larvae. Electrofocusing experiments revealed three isoinhibitors with different isoelectric points: inhibitor I-1 with p1 of pH 5.6, inhibitor I-2, pH 7.7, and inhibitor I-3 (of small inhibitory activity), pH 8.6. By affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose 4B the I-1 was purified 9.7 ×, but 71.1% of inhibitory activity was lost. Molecular mass of the inhibitory complex was 12,600 Da. I-1 and I-2 are relatively stable to heat at several pHs with minor stability at pH 10. I-1 and I-2 inhibit serine proteases about 2.5 times as much as sulfhydryl proteases. In the same ratio protease P-1 and protease P-2 from Metarhizium anisopliae are inhibited.     

THE DEATH OF BIOETHICS (AS WE ONCE KNEW IT)

Fast forward 50 years into the future. A look back at what occurred in the field of bioethics since 2010 reveals that a conference in 2050 commemorated the death of bioethics. In a steady progression over the years, the field became increasingly fragmented and bureaucratized. Disagreement and dissension were rife, and this once flourishing, multidisciplinary field began to splinter in multiple ways. Prominent journals folded, one by one, and were replaced with specialized publications dealing with genethics, reproethics, nanoethics, and necroethics. Mainstream bioethics organizations also collapsed, giving way to new associations along disciplinary and sub‐disciplinary lines. Physicians established their own journals, and specialty groups broke away from more general associations of medical ethics. Lawyers also split into three separate factions, and philosophers rejected all but the most rigorous, analytic articles into their newly established journal. Matters finally came to a head with global warming, the world‐wide spread of malaria and dengue, and the cost of medical treatments out of reach for almost everyone. The result was the need to develop plans for strict rationing of medical care. At the same time, recognition emerged of the importance of the right to health and the need for global justice in health. By 2060, a spark of hope was ignited, opening the door to the resuscitation of bioethics and involvement of the global community.     

Survival and metabolism of the harpacticoid copepod Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson) fed on different diatoms

Survival times and oxygen consumption rates have been determined for a benthic harpacticoid copepod, Thompsonula hyaenae (Thompson), when fed different algal diets. Nauplii and adults lived slightly longer on a diet of Navicula sp. than did those fed N. pelliculosa or a mixture of both naviculoid species. Mean numbers of harpacticoids hatched were significantly higher in cultures of N. pelliculosa. Metabolic rates of non-gravid females fed for one week on N. sp. were significantly lower than those fed N. pelliculosa or the mixture. There was no significant difference in oxygen uptake between animals fed N. pelliculosa and those fed the mixed culture. The smaller size and lower food energy content of N. pelliculosa are reflected in the higher respiratory rates of animals led this diatom species.Based on a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Marine Science at the University of South Carolina. Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research Contribution No. 114. Research supported by the Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation, NSF Grant DES72-01573 A01.     

贵州疣螈繁殖生态的研究

贵州疣螈（Tylototritonkweichowensis）是一年繁殖一次的有尾两栖动物。繁殖期肥满度、肝脏系数、脂肪系数、性腺成熟系数、性腺体积均具一定的生物学意义。繁殖期一般为5月上旬至7月上旬,窝卵数平均121．5±7．81枚,孵化期21．6天,孵化率44．33％。每窝印数与雌体头体长成正相关。幼体不同日龄的形态特征变化明显。其全长的Logistic生长方程为：     

用离散量的方法识别蛋白质的超二级结构

用离散量的方法,对2208个分辨率在2.5I以上的高精度的蛋白质结构中四类超二级结构进行了识别。从蛋白质一级序列出发,以氨基酸(20种氨基酸加一个空位)和其紧邻关联共同为参数,当序列模式固定长取8个氨基酸残基时,对“822”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到78.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到76.7%;当序列模式固定长取10个氨基酸残基时,对“1041”序列模式3交叉检验的平均预测精度达到83.1%,jack-knife检验的平均预测精度达到79.8%。