新疆东部天山蝶类多样性及其垂直分布

2006-2008年研究了新疆东部天山蝶类多样性和垂直分布.结果表明:研究区域内共记录蝴蝶7科43属63种,占新疆已记录蝶类种数的24.80％,区系组成主要是古北种,占73％;其次是广布种,占27％,没有发现东洋种.其中蛱蝶科的物种数最多,为11属19种,蚬蝶科的物种数最少,只有1属1种.按海拔将生境分为5个垂直自然带,包括低山灌木草原带、山地森林草原带、亚高山草甸带、高山草甸带、垫状植被带.蝶类物种数和个体数排序为亚高山草甸带＞山地森林草原带＞低山灌木草原带＞高山草甸带＞垫状植被带.采用Shannon-Wiener指数和G-F指数对蝶类物种和科、属的多样性进行了分析评价,结果显示亚高山草甸带的蝶类多样性最为丰富,其次是山地森林草原带和低山灌木草原带,而高山草甸带和垫状植被带的蝶类多样性相对较低,物种和科、属多样性分析结果均一致.蝶类垂直分布明显,物种数和个体数随海拔变化的趋势类似,均为先增加后下降.蝶类区系成分随着海拔升高发生改变,广布种的比例逐渐降低,高山草甸带和垫状植被带只有古北种分布.研究结果显示,生境改变对蝴蝶群落影响明显,保护生境是保护蝴蝶生存的最主要措施.     

分布在新疆阿尔泰山的欧亚驼鹿

正中国阿勒泰地区位于俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦及蒙古国三国接壤的阿尔泰山南麓,具有典型北方针叶林和温带荒漠景观及动物类群,是我国境内唯一的古北界欧洲-西伯利亚生物地理区,又是联通哈萨克斯坦-蒙古草原的动物迁移通道。区内额尔齐斯河是我国唯一流入北冰洋的河流。该地区环境条件多样,生境类型丰富,海拔梯度植被带完整,有许多特有种和受广泛关注的野生动物物种。     

贺兰山天牛科昆虫区系组成及垂直分布

2013-2015年对贺兰山不同海拔和垂直植被带的天牛科昆虫进行系统调查,结果表明:贺兰山共有天牛科昆虫6亚科31属45种,其中,沟胫天牛亚科属、种数最多,有14属21种,其种数占总种数46.67%,天牛亚科有9属12种,幽天牛亚科有4属5种,花天牛亚科有2属4种,锯天牛亚科2属2种,膜花天牛亚科仅有1属1种。区系组成上,古北界有17种,占总种数的37.78%,其中中亚成分占35.29%,广布型28种,占总种数的62.22%。在我国昆虫地理区划中的分布共有13个分布类型,全国广布型最多,占总种数的20%。以蒙新区种类为主体,并与东北区和华北区关系密切联系。在垂直分布上,以山前阔叶林带采集到的天牛种类最多,有22种,占总数的48.89%;从低海拔的山前荒漠半荒漠带到高海拔的山地针叶林带,天牛物种数量逐渐增加;除山地草原带外,随海拔增高,古北界种类逐渐增多。通过聚类分析显示,山地针叶林带和针阔混交林带天牛种类组成相似性较高;山地灌丛带、山地疏林带和山前阔叶林带相似性较高;山前荒漠半荒漠带、山地草地带与其他植被带天牛组成差异较大。     

新疆吉木萨尔县蝴蝶群落多样性

蝴蝶作为指示生物, 被广泛地应用于生物多样性监测及环境质量评估。探究新疆吉木萨尔县蝴蝶群落多样性, 可为当地蝴蝶多样性的保护及环境监测提供基础数据。本研究采用样线法在新疆吉木萨尔县选取山前荒漠、农田、山地草原、山地森林、亚高山草甸5种不同的生境类型, 对蝴蝶种类和群落多样性进行调查。共记录蝴蝶4,401号, 隶属于7科26属38种。其中蛱蝶科有9属12种, 为优势科; 粉蝶科的个体数最多, 占比55.01%; 绢蝶科、凤蝶科和弄蝶科的种类数和个体数最少, 均为单科种, 是该地区的稀有类群。对不同生境蝴蝶群落多样性和相似度分析比较的结果显示: 5种生境中多样性指数从高到低依次为亚高山草甸、山地森林、山地草原、农田及山前荒漠, 其中山地森林和亚高山草甸的相似性系数较高, 达到0.77, 山前荒漠和山地草原的相似性系数最低, 为0.37。蝴蝶物种数及多样性指数随海拔的增加呈上升趋势。蝴蝶群落随月份发生变化, 蝴蝶种类和数量在5月发生、7月达到峰值。蝶类个体数在3年内呈下降趋势。研究结果表明, 蝴蝶物种的组成和多样性与生境类型具有密切联系, 保护生态环境, 维持该地区植物群落的多样性、降低人为干扰程度是保护蝶类多样性的关键。     

内蒙古乌兰察布地区鸟类区系组成及生态分布

2012年10月至2013年12月对内蒙古乌兰察布地区的鸟类区系及生态分布进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类215种,隶属于17目48科。其中留鸟42种,夏候鸟101种,旅鸟67种,冬候鸟5种;繁殖鸟143种,构成区系的主体。繁殖鸟中古北界种类有118种,占繁殖鸟总数的82.5%,鸟类区系具有典型的古北界特征。国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类有5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类有28种。依据地形地貌和植被类型,将该地区划分为湿地、林地、草地、农田、居民区5种生境,其中,湿地鸟类丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,居民区鸟类丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数最低;优势度指数在居民区最高,在湿地生境中最低。从不同生境鸟类群落间β多样性的变化看,湿地与林地之间物种更替变化最大,群落相似性小;农田与居民区物种更替变化小,群落相似性大,与聚类分析的结果相一致。对该地区不同生境鸟类群落结构及其之间的关系进行了分析,探讨鸟类对栖息环境的选择以及鸟类与环境的关系。     

新疆额尔齐斯河流域典型地区灌木群落多样性

为了探讨灌木植物在干旱区"山地-荒漠-绿洲"景观构型下的群落物种组成和多样性变化规律以及灌木地景观特点,本文对额尔齐斯河流域典型地区灌木物种进行样方调查和区系分析,运用TWINSPAN分类方法对其进行分类,计算群落多样性指数,分析研究区的灌木地景观的群落多样性。研究区被调查的植物有185种(灌木植物44种,草本植物141种),隶属于33科123属,其中以蔷薇科、菊科、藜科等西北干旱区的优势科居多。灌木物种的植物区系以北温带分布和地中海区、西亚至中亚分布为主。研究区灌木植物群落可划分为9种灌木群落类型或灌木地景观类型,分属平原和河谷灌丛、山地灌丛和平原荒漠类型,其群落多样性指数中,多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数的变化趋势基本一致,优势度指数则与前三者呈负消长的关系;随着海拔升高,多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数变化均呈现单峰分布格局。灌木群落结构比较简单,物种组成相对稀少,物种分布不均匀,这与研究区所处的干旱区地理背景和灌木植物或群落生境条件有关。     

天山南麓山前平原植物群落物种多样性及空间分异研究

荒漠灌丛是天山南麓山前平原主要植被类型.本研究定量分析了山前平原植物群落物种多样性及生境尺度异质性的影响.结果表明:(1)天山南麓山前平原的植物群落多样性指数Simpson、均匀度指数McIntosh及丰富度指数Margalef都较低,在地貌带的过渡上,植物分布呈现均匀化.(2)海拔和地下水埋深是影响天山南麓山前平原植物群落物种多样性的重要环境指标.海拔梯度与物种多样性指数Simpson、Margalef及McIntosh均呈显著的线性正相关关系,物种多样性均随海拔高度的增加而增加;地下水埋深与物种多样性指数呈极显著的线性负相关关系,物种多样性随地下水埋深的增加而减小.(3)土壤含盐量与物种多样性指标无显著关系,但土壤含盐量与地下水埋深相关性显著,这是天山南麓山前平原土壤盐分空间异质性的一个重要特点.土壤盐分含量变化影响着植物群落物种组成,随土壤盐分含量增加,群落中盐生植物种类逐渐占据优势.(4)海拔的变化是决定天山南麓山前平原灌丛群落生境差异的主导因子.海拔差异表征了山前平原地貌、水文地质条件及土壤的变化,而随海拔变化的水热、水盐等干扰体系的差异则进一步导致了异质性的生境,进而影响不同植被类型中群落组成结构和多样性的差异.     

中国受胁鸟类的分布与现状分析

参照《Threatened Birds of Asia》(《亚洲受胁鸟类红皮书》),将其中记载的在中国有分布的物种与《中国濒危动物红皮书·鸟类》的物种进行比较。两者的物种组成有明显差异,仅69种鸟同时出现在两个红皮书中;《亚洲受胁鸟类红皮书》中雀形目鸟类占比例最大,而《中国濒危动物红皮书·鸟类》中鸡形目鸟类占比例最大。两个红皮书中的受胁鸟类均以森林、湿地和灌丛为主要栖息生境,而导致物种受胁的主要原因是人为干扰所造成的栖息地破坏。在地理分布方面,应用Arcview 3.2的数据处理与叠加功能,发现西南山地亚区、东部丘陵平原亚区和黄淮平原亚区以及台湾亚区受胁鸟类物种丰富度较高,其中留鸟在西南山地亚区及其周边地区相对集中,迁徙鸟在东部丘陵平原亚区及其周边地区相对集中。在保护方面,中国的显著重要鸟区中有51个是在自然保护区范围内,但还有6个尚未建立保护区,建议予以保护和重视。作者认为西南山地和台湾、海南地区的受胁鸟类面临更大的灭绝威胁,而恢复和重建退化的生态系统是保护鸟类的重要前提。     

甘肃河西走廓不同生境中鼠类群落结构初步研究

本文对河西走廓不同生境中鼠类群落的物种组成和多样性进行了初步研究,在6种生境中进行了定量调查和采集,共获13种标本,隶于6（亚）科9属,其中古北界种类占优势。多样性分析结果表明：6种生境的物种丰富度指数RMargaler在.6139-1.9689之间。Shannon-Wiener指数（H')为1.0695-1.5607,Pielou旨数（J')和Simpson指数（D）分别为0.7242-0.9735和0．2768－0．4683,不同生境的丰富种数量（N1)变化趋势与H'相似,而非常丰富种数量（N2）的变化趋势为：半莫荒灌丛生境＞山地草原生境＞戈壁荒漠生境＞农田生境＞森林生境＞山地半荒漠灌丛生境。降水对不同生境类型中鼠类群落物种组成和多样性起直接的限制作用,同时海拔和人类干扰也是影响的因素。     

中国干旱地区啮齿动物物种分布的区域分异

搜集整理我国干旱地区啮齿动物地理分布数据,通过生境分析,确定啮齿动物分布区。基于GIS技术,以面积约为6470km^2的766个栅格收集我国干旱地区啮齿动物的二元分布数据,采用多元分析的分层聚类方法,依据欧氏距离平方值,将地理分布单元划分为若干个组。结果表明,当欧氏距离平方值分别为11．379,17．068,22．758和28．447时,766个地理分布单元依次可分为30,9,5和3个组。分布单元组的物种组成比较和生态型分析表明;（1）在我国干旱地区的海拔较低地带,景观自东向西由草原,荒漠草原过渡到荒漠,地理分布单元组亦呈现相应的分布格局,喜湿的物种逐渐减少,耐旱的种类增加;（2) 藏高原,帕米尔高原寒漠与蒙新温性和暖温性荒漠啮齿动物物种数和组成相近,物种多样性近;（3）阿尔泰山地及南麓平原啮齿动物组成较为特殊,寒湿啮齿动物成份最高;（4）东祁连山地及其北麓以及分犁谷地,额敏谷地,伊犁天山,准噶尔界山及东麓山前平均的啮齿动物成份较为复杂,物种多样性较高。我国干旱地区东部啮齿动物的物种密度和多样性高于西部,但在东部草原和西部荒漠之间的过渡区物种密度较高,表现出的种生态地理分布的边缘效应,体现干旱区啮齿动物物种分布与生物群落地带性分布以及山地和高原等特殊环境非地带性分布的适应关系。蒙新温性荒漠区和青藏高原寒漠区的啮齿动物在区系组成上有一定的历史渊源。     

Richness and abundance of birds in riparian forest belts of varied breadths at the Sesesmiles river microwatershed, Copan, Honduras

Richness and abundance of birds in riparian forest belts of varied breadths at the Sesesmiles river microwatershed, Copan, Honduras. Riparian forests protect many species of plants and animals. We studied bird communities in riparian forest belts of the Sesesmiles river microwatershed, Copan, Honduras (140 degrees 43' 12" - 140 degrees 58' 35" N, 88 degrees 53' 23" - 89 degrees 14' 17" W). The main goal was to explore the effects of belt breadth on the richness and abundance of avian species visiting these forests. We selected 20 belts, and randomly established 30 observation points to monitor bird presence in the dry (March-April 2005) and rainy (June-July 2005) season (N= 60 observations). A total of 1,294 birds belonging to 145 species were recorded. Bird diversity was significantly correlated to the breadth of the riparian belts, with a greater number of species and individuals in belts 50 m wide or wider. Insectivorous and nectarivorous birds were the most abundant guilds. All bird species identified depend to some degree on riparian forests and are affected by belt breadth. Riparian belts over 50 m should be kept or established in order to conserve bird populations within agricultural and fragmented landscapes in similar tropical areas.     

Influence and value of different water regimes on avian species richness in arid inland Australia

Riparian habitats in arid landscapes are recognised for their structurally diverse vegetation and diverse bird species assemblages. In the extensive semi-arid and arid centre of Australia, riparian woodland habitats are impacted by pastoral land-use which may negatively influence vegetation structure and avian species composition. However, pastoralism has promoted the establishment of artificial water bodies, so that additional riparian vegetation may occur in the landscape. In this study, we surveyed the importance of different water regimes (i.e. artificial lakes, natural waterholes, desert sites) together with their associated vegetation on avian species richness in north-western New South Wales, Australia. Our results show that bird species richness was highest at water locations, in particular at artificial lakes. Avian species richness was negatively associated with distance to water bodies, both in desert vegetation types and in the riparian vegetation type along dry creeks. Moreover, riparian habitats supported larger avian assemblages and especially those of sedentary bird species compared to the surrounding shrub-steppe landscape. This indicates that artificial water bodies may be of significance for arid zone bird species and might gain in importance with changing water availabilities due to climatic changes.     

Use of Fruiting Trees by Birds in Continuous Forest and Riparian Forest Remnants in Los Tuxtlas,Veracruz, Mexico1

The composition of plant species in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by the pattern of visitation by birds to fruiting trees and by the movement of seeds among and within fragments. We compared bird visitation patterns to two tree species (Dendropanax arboreus, Araliaceae; Bursera simaruba, Burseraceae) in continuous forest and remnants of riparian vegetation in a region dominated by pasture in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. We quantified frequency of visitation, fruit consumption, consistency of visitation (percentage of total tree observation periods during which a given bird species was recorded), and species composition of birds at individuals of both tree species in continuous forest and riparian remnants. Bird visitation rate, species richness, and fruit consumption rates were similar within both tree species in the two habitats. Species assemblages at D. arboreus were different between continuous forest and remnants. Species assemblages at B. simaruba did not differ by habitat. Our results demonstrate that habitat disturbance may influence avian visitation patterns, which may in turn affect subsequent recruitment patterns in some tree species. Our results, however, were not consistent between the tree species, suggesting that it is difficult to generalize concerning the effects of forest disturbance on avian species assemblages in fruiting trees.     

Influence of crop type,heterogeneity and woody structure on avian biodiversity in agricultural landscapes

Agriculture is a primary factor underlying world-wide declines in biodiversity. However, different agricultural systems vary in their effects depending on their resemblance to the natural ecosystem, coverage across the landscape, and operational intensity. We combined data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey with remotely sensed measures of crop type and linear woody feature (LWF) density to study how agricultural type, woody structure and crop heterogeneity influenced the avian community at landscape scales across a broad agricultural region of eastern Canada. Specifically, we examined whether 1) avian diversity and abundance differed between arable crop agriculture (e.g., corn, soy) and forage (e.g., hay) and pastoral agriculture, 2) whether increasing the density of LWF enhances avian diversity and abundance, and 3) whether increasing the heterogeneity of arable crop types can reduce negative effects of arable crop amount. Avian diversity was lower in landscapes dominated by arable crop compared to forage agriculture likely due to a stronger negative correlation between arable cropping and the amount of natural land cover. In contrast, total avian abundance did not decline with either agricultural type, suggesting that species tolerant to agriculture are compensating numerically for the loss of non-tolerant species. This indicates that bird diversity may be a more sensitive response than bird abundance to crop cover type in agricultural landscapes. Higher LWF densities had positive effects on the diversity of forest and shrub bird communities as predicted. Higher crop heterogeneity did not reduce the negative effects of high crop amount as expected except for wetland bird abundance. In contrast, greater crop heterogeneity actually strengthened the negative effects of high crop amount on forest bird abundance, shrub-forest edge bird diversity and total bird diversity. We speculate that this was due to negative correlations between crop heterogeneity and the amount of shrub and forest habitat patches in crop-dominated landscapes in our study region. The variable response to crop heterogeneity across guilds suggests that policies aimed at crop diversification may not enhance avian diversity on their own and that management efforts aimed at the retention of natural forest and shrub patches, riparian corridors, and hedge-rows would be more directly beneficial.     

Assessing the impact of local habitat variables and landscape context on riparian birds in agricultural,urbanized, and native landscapes

Large tracts of natural habitat are being replaced by agriculture and urban sprawl in Mediterranean regions worldwide. We have limited knowledge about the effects of human activities on native species in these landscapes and which, if any, management practices might enhance the conservation of native biodiversity within them. Through a citizen volunteer bird-monitoring project, we compared bird abundance and species richness in northern Californian riparian zones surrounded by vineyards, urban areas, and natural areas. We assessed both local and landscape-level variables that may enhance native bird diversity in each land use type. We also demonstrate a new statistical approach, generalized estimating equations, to analyze highly variable data, such as that collected by volunteers. Avian abundance was highly correlated with both landscape context and local habitat variables, while avian richness was correlated with local habitat variables, specifically shrub richness, and percent of tree cover. In particular, shrub species richness has a strong positive correlation with riparian-preferring bird species. This suggests that active local management of riparian zones in human-dominated landscapes can increase our ability to retain native bird species in these areas.     

The ground beetle fauna (Coleoptera,Carabidae) of Southeastern Altai

Long-term studies of the ground beetle fauna of Southeastern Altai (SEA) revealed 33 genera and 185 species; 3 and 15 species are reported for the first time from Russia and SEA, respectively. The following genera are the most diverse: Bembidion (47 species), Amara and Harpalus (21 each), Pterostichus (14), and Nebria (13). The subarid (35%) and boreal (32%) species prevail in the arealogical spectrum, while the mountain endemics comprise 13% of the fauna. The carabid fauna of SEA is heterogeneous in composition and differs significantly from that of the Western and Central Altai. The boreal mountain component mostly comprises tundra species with circum-boreal or circum-arctic ranges, while the subarid component (typical Mongolian together with Ancient Mediterranean species) forms more than one-half of the species diversity in the mountain basins. The species diversity increases from the nival mountain belt (15 species, predominantly Altai-Sayan endemics) to moss-lichen tundras (40, mostly boreal, species). The variety of habitats and constant hydrothermal regimes in the intrazonal valley communities determine high taxonomic diversity of Carabidae, including both tundra or meadow-steppe species typical of the region and some forest ones. Under the condition of moisture deficiency, many steppe species also concentrate in river floodplains.     

福建泉州爬行动物的调查及区系分析

本文报道泉州市的爬行动物共 5 8种 ,分析了这 5 8种爬行类所属的动物区系。它们当中属于古北界的仅 2种 ,属于东洋界的有 5 3种 ,其中华南区与华中区共有者 30种 ,华中区的种类 4种 ,华南区的种类有 19种 ,说明泉州市爬行类的区系组成是以华南区的种类占优势。     

The spatial organization of winter bird communities in the East European and West Siberian plains

The main trends in the territorial changes in winter bird communities and the environmental factors determining them were analyzed based on long-term counts in the East European and West Siberian plains. These trends are reduced to a decline in the winter avian complexes (in the number of species and individuals) in the north- and eastward directions and with a decrease in the degree of sheltering and feed reserves in the habitats associated with reduction in afforestation. The specific regional features of winter East European avian complexes are the larger number of species and individuals in the nemoral forest, forest-steppe, and steppe landscapes, and inland water bodies as compared with the West Siberian avian complexes, as well as an increased influence of the degree of development and agricultural transformation of landscapes.     

Bird diversity and distribution in mosaic landscapes around Jammu,Jammu & Kashmir

The composition and persistence of avian population depends not only on the size and structure of habitat patch but also on surrounding landscapes which contribute to many environmental functions in an urban environment. To assess the bird assemblages around an urban conglomeration, we surveyed the urban landscape of Jammu stratified into six habitat types from January 2017 to December 2017. These comprised two aquatic (Nikki Tawi & Gharana Wetland Conservation Reserve), three terrestrial (Ramnagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Bahu-Mahamaya Forest & Jammu University Campus) and a mixed ecosystem, the Southern Open plains. Two hundred and eight species of birds in 63 families and 16 orders were recorded during the investigations. We observed that the protected ecosystems and semi disturbed landscapes harbored rich avian diversity among other sites. A distinct species overlap was noticed in all the study sites while the protected areas shared maximum similarity. The study indicated a defined set of bird assemblages for different habitats across the study area. More datasets are however required to understand the patterns and drivers of bird biodiversity in relation to the fast-expanding urbanization.