新疆北鲵的种群现状及保护对策

新疆北鲵RanodonsibiricusKessler,1866只产于中国新疆温泉县和哈萨克斯坦两国边境山区极狭窄区域,数量亦稀少,是新疆产唯一有尾两栖类。该种在小鲵科的分类、系统演化等方面有重要学术研究价值,已被列人国际保护自然和自然资源联合会红皮书和前苏联红皮书。过去一个多世纪     

新疆野苹果树王

新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)是珍贵的第三纪残遗植物，现仅残存于我国新疆及哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌孜别克斯坦等国。在我国新疆现分布于伊犁的天山山区和塔城的塔尔巴哈台山、巴尔鲁克山山地，呈不连续分布。新疆野苹果已被列为国家具有生物多样性国际意义的优先保护物种，并被载入《中国植物红皮书》中。笔者近年在从事“新疆野苹果种群保护生态学、遗传多样性”的研究工作中，对分布在中国新疆及哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦等地的野苹果进行了考察。在考察中发现，在新疆伊犁地区新源县南山有一株树龄约为580年的新…     

气候变暖背景下新疆和中哈边境亚洲飞蝗适生区预测及变化

亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria是中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦边境区域重要害虫之一,具迁飞性且繁殖能力强,对农牧业经济造成巨大伤害。本文以亚洲飞蝗为研究对象,根据其发生区和相关生物学特性,利用CLIMEX 4.0.2和ArcGIS 10.2相结合,预测其在新疆和中哈边境区域亚洲飞蝗的潜在地理分布。亚洲飞蝗的适生区在新疆境内集中分布在北疆（42.69~48.29°N）,包括伊犁、博尔塔拉中部、塔城西北部及南部、阿勒泰西部、昌吉和乌鲁木齐南部地区;哈萨克斯坦境内主要分布在北纬47.03~51.65°N区域,包括东哈萨克斯坦州北部、阿拉木图州东南部境内的湖泊及河流沿岸地区,这与亚洲飞蝗的现有分布点和历史发生记录吻合。未来气候变暖情景下,亚洲飞蝗在中哈边境新疆境内的适生区逐渐扩大,其中在阿勒泰、伊犁、昌吉及乌鲁木齐的高度适生区面积增加,哈密开始出现高度适生区;在哈萨克斯坦边境区域的适生区略有增加,其中东哈萨克斯坦州地区高度适生区面积减少明显。研究结果对区域内亚洲飞蝗的预测预报和综合防控具有重要意义。     

采用风险矩阵评估俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦两种蜱传病毒性传染病输入我国风险水平

我国提出的“一带一路”倡议得到越来越多国家的响应,为了防止传染病输入我国并造成本地传播,需要评估各种传染病跨境传播的可能。本文采用德尔菲法和风险矩阵相结合的分析方法,选择20名长期从事传染病防治的专家填写咨询问卷,评价俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦两国克里米亚-刚果出血热（Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever,CCHF）、蜱传脑炎（Tick-borne encephalitis,TBE）输入我国的风险水平（Risk,R）。第二轮咨询结果显示,两个国家、两种疾病的输入风险可能性（Possibility,P）、后果严重性（Consequence severity,S）评分的标准差均较第一轮咨询小,提示专家意见分歧变小;第二轮专家咨询哈萨克斯坦CCHF输入风险可能性明显小于第一轮（P=0.017）,其他各指标评分的均值均未高于第一轮,提示风险偏好并未随着咨询次数增加而增大;肯德尔和谐系数（Kendall’s W）为0.223,较第一轮小幅上升（0.199）;两种蜱传疾病在第二轮风险矩阵中的风险水平处于低～中等范围,较第一轮（低～极高）趋于集中,第二轮咨询哈萨克斯坦CCHF输入我国风险水平平均秩次低于第一轮（P=0.027）,其他无统计学差异;两轮咨询俄罗斯TBE输入我国风险可能性均高于哈萨克斯坦（P_(第一轮)=0.008、P_(第二轮)0.001）,第二轮风险水平平均秩次高于哈萨克斯坦（P=0.014）。以上结果已对实际工作和研究方法具有借鉴作用,终止咨询。本研究提示,我国面临TBE、CCHF输入风险虽未达高等级水平,但仍需保持适度的警惕性。     

中国植物志黄芪属预报(五)

产我国青藏高原,苏联哈萨克斯坦,西天山和印度西北部也有分布。模式标本产西藏的西北部。     

喜马拉雅前陆盆地中新世-上新世SIWALIK-CHURIA群轮藻化石及其古生物地理和古生态意义

印度、尼泊尔晚中新世-上新世SIWALIK-CHURIA群轮藻化石组合与中国塔里木盆地及哈萨克斯坦东南部伊犁盆地轮藻组合极为接近。据此讨论了它们的古生物地理和古生态学特征。中新世-上新世轮藻植物繁盛的原因与当时季风活动引起的季节性洪水泛滥,在广大河漫滩地上形成有利于轮藻植物生长发育的局部湖泊环境有关。     

哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性保护及中哈合作的对策建议

哈萨克斯坦位于欧亚大陆腹地, 地处丝绸之路经济带的重要位置。中国与哈萨克斯坦开展生物多样性保护合作, 有助于解决地区生态环境问题和推动“一带一路”倡议的顺利实施。目前国内尚缺乏对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护状况的了解。本文在文献的基础上通过定量和定性分析方法, 从地理环境特征、生物多样性状况、保护成效和需求等维度对哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其保护的总体情况进行了分析。分析结果表明, 哈萨克斯坦的生物多样性丰富, 但也存在着较严重的丧失问题; 哈萨克斯坦政府重视生物多样性保护, 积极承担相关国际履约义务; 在保护管理方面实行多级管理体制, 并与社会经济发展需求相结合, 取得了一定成效。     

牦牛的分布及保护

牦牛原是青藏高原一带的特产动物,也是我国现存最大的有蹄类动物,为典型的高山高寒荒漠动物,目前主要分布于青海、西藏、甘肃西北部、新疆南部,极少数个体见于邻近的印度西北部、尼泊尔、哈萨克斯坦、蒙古和西伯利亚边缘[1],家养牦牛是我国牧区重要的资源.     

夏日阿尔泰行记

阿尔泰山是亚洲中部的一座宏伟山系,横跨中国、俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦四国地界,在我国的部分位于新疆的最北部。去年7月份,我有幸在阿尔泰地区参加了一项关于植物的野外考察,领略了高山地带的风光和美景。     

贵州台江早、中寒武世凯里组的腕足动物

描述贵州台江下、中寒武统凯里组的腕足动物化石６属１０种，其中包括１新种，２比较种和２未定种。该腕足动物组合带有波希米亚及哈萨克斯坦的色彩，对于我国寒武纪腕足动物的分类、演化、古生物地理研究及查清凯里动物群的组成、凯里组的时代，均有重要的意义。     

The declining occurrence of moose (Alces alces) at the southernmost edge of its range raise conservation concerns

The border region between Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany harbors the most south‐western occurrence of moose in continental Europe. The population originated in Poland, where moose survived, immigrated from former Soviet Union or were reintroduced after the Second World War expanded west‐ and southwards. In recent years, the distribution of the nonetheless small Central European population seems to have declined, necessitating an evaluation of its current status. In this study, existing datasets of moose observations from 1958 to 2019 collected in the three countries were combined to create a database totaling 771 records (observations and deaths). The database was then used to analyze the following: (a) changes in moose distribution, (b) the most important mortality factors, and (c) the availability of suitable habitat as determined using a maximum entropy approach. The results showed a progressive increase in the number of moose observations after 1958, with peaks in the 1990s and around 2010, followed by a relatively steep drop after 2013. Mortality within the moose population was mostly due to human interactions, including 13 deadly wildlife‐vehicle collisions, particularly on minor roads, and four animals that were either legally culled or poached. Our habitat model suggested that higher altitudes (ca. 700–1,000 m a.s.l.), especially those offering wetlands, broad‐leaved forests and natural grasslands, are the preferred habitats of moose whereas steep slopes and areas of human activity are avoided. The habitat model also revealed the availability of large core areas of suitable habitat beyond the current distribution, suggesting that habitat was not the limiting factor explaining the moose distribution in the study area. Our findings call for immediate transboundary conservation measures to sustain the moose population, such as those aimed at preventing wildlife‐vehicle collisions and illegal killings. Infrastructure planning and development activities must take into account the habitat requirements of moose.     

小兴安岭黑河胜山林区冬季驼鹿的生境选择

2002年、2003年和2004年的12月至3月,在小兴安岭黑河胜山林场开展了驼鹿生境选择的研究。研究中选择了9类与驼鹿生境选择相关的生态因子：植被型、离公路距离、离采伐点距离、平均雪深、隐蔽程度、坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔,运用SPSS软件进行交叉汇总定量分析。结果表明,胜山驼鹿冬季以落叶阔叶林、灌丛为主要生境,影响驼鹿分布的主要生态因子为隐蔽程度、坡位,其次为雪深、坡向、离采伐点距离、离公路距离,坡度、海拔对驼鹿分布的影响不明显。     

Population genetic structure and the effect of founder events on the genetic variability of moose, Alces alces, in Canada

Moose, Alces alces, occur naturally throughout most of Canada but successful introductions of known numbers of animals have been made to the islands of Newfoundland and Cape Breton. Five microsatellite loci were used to investigate the population genetic structure and any change in genetic variability due to founder events of moose in Canada. Comparisons of allele frequencies for moose from 11 regions of the country suggested that there are at least seven genetically distinct populations (P < 0.05) in North America, namely Alberta, eastern Ontario, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, Labrador, western Newfoundland, and the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. The average population heterozygosity was approximately 33% (range from 22 to 41%). UPGMA analysis of Nei's genetic distances produced phenograms similar to what would be expected when geographical location and population history are considered. The loss of heterozygosity due to a single founder event (n = 3; two introductions and a natural colonization) ranged from 14 to 30%, and the cumulative loss of heterozygosity due to two successive founder events (an introduction followed by a natural colonization) was 46%. In these examples loss of genetic variability has not been associated with any known phenotypic deviances, suggesting that populations may be established from a small number of founders. However, the viability of these founded populations over evolutionary timescales cannot be determined and is highly dependent upon chance.     

Attempts to Transfer Elaphostrongylus alces from Moose (Alces alces) to Sheep and Goats

Six 1 year old female and 6 four months old male goats were inoculated different numbers of E. alces third-stage larvae. Protostrongylid larvae were not detected in the faeces of these animals during the experiment. At the end of the experimental period the animals were euthanized and autopsied. Neither parasites nor pathological lesions related to larval or adult stages of E. alces could be demonstrated.