土壤水分对黄土区苹果园土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)中水势梯度的影响

开展土壤-植物-大气连续体(SPAC)中水势变化的联动分析对于揭示植物水分状况对环境变化的响应机制有重要意义。在黄土高原苹果园对果树生长季大气水势(Ψ_air)、木质部水势(Ψ_stem)、土壤水势(Ψ_soil)进行连续监测与分析。结果表明: 苹果树在生长季的日平均Ψ_stem为-0.57 MPa,在-0.24～-2.0 MPa间变化。苹果树SPAC连续体中水势梯度(Ψ_soilΨ_stemΨ_air)平均为1∶9.8∶1155,其中植-土界面的水势梯度(Ψ_stemΨ_soil)与土壤体积含水率(VWC)间呈极显著的线性正相关关系,Ψ_stem与Ψ_soil间呈良好的线性关系,且相关性强于Ψ_stem与Ψ_air间的相关性。当Ψ_soil<-0.08 MPa(VWC=17%,约为田间持水量的0.56倍)时,Ψ_stem对Ψ_soil变化响应的敏感性明显降低,气-植界面的水势梯度(Ψ_airΨ_stem)与Ψ_soil间由无明显关系转变为紧密的线性相关关系(R²=0.93)。Ψ_air对Ψ_stem的驱动存在阈值效应,在Ψ_air降到-69 MPa前,Ψ_stem日变化幅度随Ψ_air增加而增加,之后呈下降趋势。土壤含水率降低引起苹果树水势、SPAC各界面上的水势梯度明显下降,且在土壤含水率降至约17%时存在阈值效应。研究结果为理解树木水分状况对土壤、大气干旱的响应机制提供了重要依据。     

美国海滨桤木和薄叶桤木水分生理特性的比较

采取盆栽、人工控水的方式, 研究并比较了美国本土海滨桤木(Alnus maritima)和薄叶桤木(A. incana)的气孔导度(G_s)、叶片水势(ψ_leaf)以及渗透调节能力对土壤水分条件的响应, 以探讨引起两种桤木生态分布差异巨大的生理生态原因。结果表明: 1)正常水分条件下, 海滨桤木的G_s低于薄叶桤木, 其与大气温度、相对湿度和水蒸气亏缺等气象因子的相关性低于薄叶桤木; 干旱胁迫下, 海滨桤木的G_s对其自身ψ_leaf下降信号的敏感度低于薄叶桤木; 复水后, 其G_s恢复更为缓慢。2)正常水分条件下, 海滨桤木的ψ_leaf高于薄叶桤木, 且引起气孔关闭的ψ_leaf临界值较高; 干旱胁迫下, 海滨桤木的ψ_leaf下降幅度高于薄叶桤木。3)正常水分条件下, 海滨桤木和薄叶桤木的渗透调节能力无显著差异; 干旱胁迫下, 尽管两种桤木均表现出饱和状态渗透势(ψ_s^sat)下降、膨压与水势关系的最大变化率降低、初始失膨点渗透势(ψ_s^tlp)增加、细胞渗透调节能力范围(ψ_s^sat-ψ_s^tlp, Dψ_s)减小的趋势, 但与薄叶桤木相比, 海滨桤木的ψ_s^tlp较高, Dψ_s较小。从以上生理生态指标可以看出, 较高的叶片水势、较低的气孔调节能力、干旱下较低的渗透调节能力是造成海滨桤木分布范围狭小的重要原因。     

毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其对环境因子的响应

明确毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其对环境因子的响应, 可以为以叶片膨压作为水分亏缺指标指导灌溉提供理论依据。该研究以滴灌条件下的二年生毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)人工林为研究对象, 对充分灌溉(FI)和控水灌溉(CK)的叶片磁力探针压力输出值(P_p)进行了连续监测, 并同步监测了土壤温度(T_s)、土壤水势(Ψ_s)、液流速率(V_SF)和气象因子, 探讨了不同水分处理下毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 1)不同天气条件下的P_p均呈明显的“昼高夜低”变化规律, 且晴天的峰值宽度最大; 2)标准化相对叶片膨压(ΔP_p)与V_SF在不同天气条件下均呈正相关关系, 都可用二项式函数描述, 决定系数(R ²)从大到小依次是: 晴天(R ² = 0.87) >阴天(R ² = 0.72) >雨天(R ² = 0.31); 3)影响P_p变化的环境因子主要是光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(T_a)、空气相对湿度(RH)以及饱和水汽压差(VPD), 其中PAR与P_p协同变化最一致; 4) ΔP_p对不同环境因子均存在时滞效应, 且不同水分处理的时滞圈大小不同; 5)不同水分处理的P_p曲线形状有明显差异。综上所述, 毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律与环境因子关系密切, 且与晴天液流速率存在高度的协同变化, 有作为水分亏缺诊断指标的潜力。     

Patterns of variations in leaf turgor pressure and responses to environmental factors in Populus tomentosa

明确毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其对环境因子的响应, 可以为以叶片膨压作为水分亏缺指标指导灌溉提供理论依据。该研究以滴灌条件下的二年生毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)人工林为研究对象, 对充分灌溉(FI)和控水灌溉(CK)的叶片磁力探针压力输出值(P_p)进行了连续监测, 并同步监测了土壤温度(T_s)、土壤水势(Ψ_s)、液流速率(V_SF)和气象因子, 探讨了不同水分处理下毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 1)不同天气条件下的P_p均呈明显的“昼高夜低”变化规律, 且晴天的峰值宽度最大; 2)标准化相对叶片膨压(ΔP_p)与V_SF在不同天气条件下均呈正相关关系, 都可用二项式函数描述, 决定系数(R ²)从大到小依次是: 晴天(R ² = 0.87) >阴天(R ² = 0.72) >雨天(R ² = 0.31); 3)影响P_p变化的环境因子主要是光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度(T_a)、空气相对湿度(RH)以及饱和水汽压差(VPD), 其中PAR与P_p协同变化最一致; 4) ΔP_p对不同环境因子均存在时滞效应, 且不同水分处理的时滞圈大小不同; 5)不同水分处理的P_p曲线形状有明显差异。综上所述, 毛白杨叶片膨压变化规律与环境因子关系密切, 且与晴天液流速率存在高度的协同变化, 有作为水分亏缺诊断指标的潜力。     

Impact of environmental factors on the decoupling coefficient and the estimation of canopy stomatal conductance for ever-green broad-leaved tree species

精确模拟冠层气孔导度(G_S)对于评估区域蒸散具有重要意义。该研究选择两种常见的人工阔叶树种尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla, 外来种)和木荷(Schima superba, 本地种)作为研究对象, 利用K?stner法和修订的Penman-Monteith公式计算冠层平均气孔导度(分别定义为G_S1和G_S2)。研究还分析了环境因子对冠层脱耦联系数(Ω)的影响, 并用其来评价两种方法模拟的冠层气孔导度的合理性。结果表明, 两个树种冠层气孔导度均与气象条件耦合较好(尾叶桉: Ω = 0.10 ± 0.03, 木荷: Ω = 0.17 ± 0.03)。主成分分析显示, 光合有效辐射(PAR)以及水汽压亏缺(D)显著影响Ω的大小, 而风速(u)的影响较小。单因素分析则发现各环境因子与Ω之间的相关性并不显著。边界线分析表明D和PAR的增加使得Ω最终趋向于一个与树种有关的稳定值(木荷≈ 0.20, 尾叶桉≈ 0.05), 而Ω随u的增加呈幂指数下降。与木荷相比, 尾叶桉具有更高的气孔导度(尾叶桉和木荷的G_S2年平均值分别为(33.42 ± 9.37) mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1和(23.40 ± 2.03) mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1), 并且尾叶桉和木荷的G_S1与G_S2的线性拟合斜率分别为0.92 (R ² ≈ 0.70)和0.98 (R ² ≈ 0.76) , 表明G_S1比G_S2高估了冠层气孔导度。另外, G_S1和G_S2对水汽压亏缺的敏感性与参比气孔导度(G_Siref, D = 1 kPa时的气孔导度)的比值Pi与Ω紧密相关。根据统计, 尾叶桉和木荷的G_S1估计值在Ω = 0.05-0.15 (83.1%的数据)和0.10-0.20 (47.8%的数据)之间时是相对可靠的。     

环境因子对常绿阔叶树种脱耦联系数及冠层气孔导度估算的影响

精确模拟冠层气孔导度(G_S)对于评估区域蒸散具有重要意义。该研究选择两种常见的人工阔叶树种尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla, 外来种)和木荷(Schima superba, 本地种)作为研究对象, 利用K?stner法和修订的Penman-Monteith公式计算冠层平均气孔导度(分别定义为G_S1和G_S2)。研究还分析了环境因子对冠层脱耦联系数(Ω)的影响, 并用其来评价两种方法模拟的冠层气孔导度的合理性。结果表明, 两个树种冠层气孔导度均与气象条件耦合较好(尾叶桉: Ω = 0.10 ± 0.03, 木荷: Ω = 0.17 ± 0.03)。主成分分析显示, 光合有效辐射(PAR)以及水汽压亏缺(D)显著影响Ω的大小, 而风速(u)的影响较小。单因素分析则发现各环境因子与Ω之间的相关性并不显著。边界线分析表明D和PAR的增加使得Ω最终趋向于一个与树种有关的稳定值(木荷≈ 0.20, 尾叶桉≈ 0.05), 而Ω随u的增加呈幂指数下降。与木荷相比, 尾叶桉具有更高的气孔导度(尾叶桉和木荷的G_S2年平均值分别为(33.42 ± 9.37) mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1和(23.40 ± 2.03) mmol·m ^-2·s ^-1), 并且尾叶桉和木荷的G_S1与G_S2的线性拟合斜率分别为0.92 (R ² ≈ 0.70)和0.98 (R ² ≈ 0.76) , 表明G_S1比G_S2高估了冠层气孔导度。另外, G_S1和G_S2对水汽压亏缺的敏感性与参比气孔导度(G_Siref, D = 1 kPa时的气孔导度)的比值Pi与Ω紧密相关。根据统计, 尾叶桉和木荷的G_S1估计值在Ω = 0.05-0.15 (83.1%的数据)和0.10-0.20 (47.8%的数据)之间时是相对可靠的。     

避雨环境下苹果幼树水分状态指标对干旱胁迫的响应

在避雨环境下进行土壤水势渐进式下降处理,研究了苹果树体水分状态指标对土壤干旱胁迫响应的敏感性,分析了不同水分状态指标与树体水分平衡之间的关系.结果表明: 树干直径日较差(MDS)及中午树干水势(Ψ_stem)对干旱胁迫最敏感.MDS对参考蒸散(ET₀)有明显的响应,且对干旱胁迫比较敏感,与ET₀呈显著正相关,相对树干直径日较差(MDS_r)与相对土壤水势(Ψ_{r soil})呈显著负相关,树干直径可实现连续性测量及自动化记录.Ψ_stem对土壤干旱胁迫较敏感,且与ET₀呈显著负相关,相对中午树干水势(Ψ_{r stem})与Ψ_{r soil}呈显著相关,目前叶水势和树干水势难以实现自动化连续性观测.其他树体水分状态指标,如黎明前叶水势(Ψ_pd)、树干直径日生长量(DG)和气孔导度(g_s)等对中度或重度干旱胁迫也有不同程度的响应,但总体上对土壤水势变化的响应不敏感.     

亚热带森林附生地衣压力-体积曲线分析及其适用性

附生地衣是森林生态系统中的重要组成部分, 在维护森林物种多样性以及水分和养分循环等方面发挥着重要作用。地衣类群的水势特征以及压力-体积(PV)曲线及相关参数是否适用于探索地衣等变水性生物类群应对水分胁迫机制, 仍有待阐明。该研究以中国西南地区云南哀牢山亚热带山地森林中5个类群15种常见附生地衣为对象, 探讨了其PV曲线及水势参数的功能群和物种水平的变化。结果显示, 蓝藻型地衣的内部含水量(WC_internal)和共质体水含量(Rs)显著高于绿藻型地衣, 是其1倍以上, 但其他参数表现出较高的一致性。功能群水平上, 地衣仅WC_internal、Rs和膨压损失点的相对含水量(RWC_TLP)具有显著性差异; 但物种间差异均非常显著。结合主成分分析进一步发现, PV曲线及相关参数在评估地衣整体应对水分胁迫以及揭示生境水分条件选择策略时具有较大的限制性, 受到共生藻和生长型的显著影响; 但内部最大持水力可以解释蓝藻型地衣的生境适应策略, 而部分参数如饱和渗透势(Ψsat)和RWC_TLP可以分别用于解释狭叶地衣、阔叶地衣和枝状地衣对生境水分条件的适应。研究表明PV曲线及水势参数不适用于地衣类群整体的抗旱性评价, 和其他生物类群进行抗旱性比较时更要慎用。     

宁夏盐池不同坡位旱地紫苜蓿水分来源

紫苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是一种经济和生态价值较高的优良牧草, 但其耗水量大, 在西北半干旱地区仅靠天然降水难以满足紫苜蓿的正常生长发育。宁夏盐池北部地处毛乌素沙地南缘, 地下水埋深较浅, 地下水有可能成为紫苜蓿的潜在水源, 弥补天然降水的不足。本试验在地势平坦的缓坡丘陵梁地和丘间低地, 选择8年生旱地紫苜蓿试验地作为研究对象, 采用稳定同位素技术, 研究了不同海拔的4个坡位(海拔自低到高分别为: 坡1、坡2、坡3和坡4)紫苜蓿的水分来源及其生长生理表现。结果表明: 坡位对0-300 cm土壤剖面含水量有显著影响, 海拔最低的坡1土壤含水量最高。土壤水和植物茎秆水δ ¹⁸O-δD坐标点大部分位于中国西北地区地方大气降水线(LMWL)的右侧, 说明植物利用的水源氢氧同位素组成受到蒸发的影响而发生了富集作用。0-450 cm土壤剖面水δ ¹⁸O值随着海拔高度的增加而增大。同一坡位土壤水δ ¹⁸O值随着土壤深度的增加逐渐下降。深层土壤水δ ¹⁸O值与地下水δ ¹⁸O相近, 说明地下水通过土壤毛细管上升而补充其上层土壤水分。0-40 cm土壤水δ ¹⁸O值随季节波动较大, 270 cm以下土壤水δ ¹⁸O值较为稳定。4、7、8月份坡1紫苜蓿茎秆水δ ¹⁸O值显著低于其他3个坡位(p < 0.001)。在4、6、7三个月, 坡位1紫苜蓿对深层土壤水(270 cm以下)的利用率最高。而在8月份, 坡1、坡3、坡4紫苜蓿主要利用150-270 cm、270-450 cm土层土壤水以及地下水, 坡2对表层(0-20 cm)土壤水利用率最高。坡1紫苜蓿的产量、整株Δ ¹³C值及气孔导度显著高于其他3个坡位。本研究表明: 在平均年降水量只有280 mm的西北半干旱地区种植旱地紫苜蓿要尽量选择地势较低的滩地, 使其能够利用到埋深较浅地下水, 以满足植物生长发育的需要并取得较好的生态和经济效益。     

东北温带森林20种乔木树种叶片干旱容忍性特征

全球范围内干旱频率和强度的增加严重影响树木生长,甚至导致森林大面积死亡。压力-容积(PV)曲线能够反映树木对干旱的容忍能力,但在局域尺度上尚未确定哪个PV曲线参数具有最优指示性。通过测定东北温带森林20种主要树种(包括16种被子植物和4种裸子植物)的PV曲线性状,包括质壁分离时的相对含水量(RWC_tlp)、失膨点叶水势(TLP)、饱和含水时的叶渗透势(π₀)、细胞弹性模量(ε)、叶水容(C_leaf)及叶结构性状(比叶面积和叶密度),研究局域尺度上叶片耐旱性的最佳指示性状,并分析叶片PV性状与结构性状间的相关性。结果表明: 被子植物的RWC_tlp 显著大于裸子植物,但其C_leaf 显著小于裸子植物,这表明用RWC_tlp和C_leaf可以指示东北温带森林不同功能型树种间耐旱性的大小。在被子植物中,TLP和π₀与叶密度呈显著负相关,且均与比叶面积呈显著正相关;而ε与比叶面积呈显著负相关。然而,裸子植物PV曲线性状与叶结构性状之间呈现与被子植物完全相反的趋势。裸子植物与被子植物树种之间PV曲线性状与叶结构性状关系的差异,可能归因于二者采取不同的干旱响应和适应策略。     

强旱生小灌木绵刺劈裂生长过程中的水分特征

绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)是西鄂尔多斯-东阿拉善地区特有的单种属残遗植物。选取内蒙古磴口县境内具有绵刺群落的草原化荒漠区为研究样区,于2002~2003年每年8月1~5日采集未劈裂、正在劈裂和已劈裂植株,运用PV技术对不同劈裂生长状态绵刺的多种水分关系参数(${φ_{s}}^{sat}$、${φ_{s}}^{tlp}$、ROWC^tlp、RWC^tlp、Δφ、ε^max等)进行了测定,从绵刺保持膨压的能力和途径两方面进行了深入探讨;同时结合同一项目研究中绵刺劈裂生长过程中抗氧化酶系统和内源激素方面的研究成果,综合分析并探讨了绵刺劈裂生长的发生机理及其环境适应性。结果表明:1)未劈裂绵刺主要通过增加细胞内溶质(如脯氨酸),减少细胞内的水分丧失来进行渗透调节,从而在干旱胁迫下能够维持正常的膨压。2)已劈裂绵刺通过渗透调节和高的组织弹性两条途径来共同保持膨压,以抵抗不良的生存环境;同时对环境水分胁迫具有较高的敏感性。3)3种状态绵刺保持膨压的能力由强到弱依次为:未劈裂绵刺、正在劈裂绵刺、已劈裂绵刺。4)劈裂的发生导致绵刺保持膨压能力的降低,同时耐旱方式和途径发生了变化。     

The relative contribution of elastic and osmotic adjustments to turgor maintenance of woody species.

To determine how tissue water relations vary and contribute to turgor maintenance in species from contrasting ecological zones, seedlings of jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce ( Picea mariana [Mill] B.S.P.) and flooded gum ( Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden) were subjected to an 8 day drought stress by water withholding with and without prior mild water stress conditioning. Jack pine, a deep-rooted species from dry, sandy boreal sites, lost turgor at the lowest relative water content (75–65%) and water potential, and had lowest maximum bulk elastic modulus (E_max of 5.2–5.8 MPa). Although this suggests a high inherent dehydration tolerance, jack pine did not further adjust its elasticity when repeatedly stressed. Black spruce, a shallow-rooted species from predominantly moist sites in the boreal region, lost turgor at intermediate relative water content (86–76%) and water potential, but could adjust its elasticity to maintain turgor in repeatedly stressed tissues. Flooded gum, a deep-rooted species from moist, warm temperate-subtropical regions, had a low inherent drought tolerance since it lost turgor at higher relative water content (88–84%) and water potential, but was capable of some adjustment when the stress was repeated. Elastic adjustment (<3.7 MPa) was more important for turgor maintenance than osmotic adjustment (<0.13 MPa), which was statistically nonsignificant. Maximum bulk modulus of elasticity, but not osmotic potentials at full turgor, was significantly correlated with the relative water content and water potential at zero turgor in droughted seedlings. These results highlight the importance of tissue shrinkage for dehydration tolerance. Both the inherent capacity for turgor maintenance of a species under drought and its ability to adjust to repeated drought should be considered in genetic selections for drought tolerance.     

Morphological,physiological and biochemical responses to drought stress of Stone pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinea</Emphasis> L.) seedlings

In this study, the effect of irrigation intervals (drought stress) on growth, predawn xylem water potential (Ψ _w), the osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψπ ₁₀₀), the osmotic potential at the turgor loss point (Ψπ _TLP), osmotic adjustment and osmotic solutes (soluble sugars and proline) of Pinus pinea L. seedlings were examined. An experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using four watering treatments (control, 7-, 14- and 21-day irrigation intervals) in the first growth season; from mid-July to early November. Results showed that irrigation interval had significant effect on growth characteristics, Ψ _w, water relation parameters, and osmotic solutes. The increasing irrigation interval significantly decreased the seedling height, root collar diameter, root, stem and needle dry weight, number of lateral branches, root percentage, root:shoot ratio and diameter:height ratio. Ψ _w and total soluble sugars decreased while proline content increased with the increase of drought stress. The Ψπ ₁₀₀ and Ψπ _TLP significantly decreased in drought-stressed seedlings compared to control (no stress) seedlings. The results suggest that the impact of drought stress increased with the increase of irrigation interval. Therefore, in the drought-stressed P. pinea seedlings were indicated osmotic adjustment by increasing the proline content and decreasing Ψπ ₁₀₀ and Ψπ _TLP during drought stress. Growth decreased under drought stress conditions in P. pinea seedlings.     

Effects of water stress on the water relations of Phaseolus vulgaris and the drought resistant Phaseolus acutifolius

The tepary bean ( Phaseolus acutifolius Gray var. latifolius ), a drought resistant species, was compared under water stress conditions with the more drought susceptible P. vulgaris L. cvs Pinto and White Half Runner (WHR). In order to better understand the basis for the superior drought resistance of tepary, this study was designed to determine the relationships among leaf water potential, osmotic potential, turgor potential, and relative water content (RWC).
Plants were prestressed by withholding irrigation water. These stress pretreatments changed the relation between leaf water potential and relative water content of both species so that prestressed plants had lower water potentials than controls at the same leaf RWC. Tepary had lower water potentials at given RWC levels than Pinto or WHR; this can account for part of the superior resistance of tepary. In all genotypes, prestressed plants maintained osmotic potentials approximately 0.2 MPa lower than controls. Tepary reached osmotic potentials that were significantly lower (0.15 to 0.25 MPa) than Pinto or WHR. Both control and prestressed tepary plants had 0.05 to 0.25 MPa more turgor than Pinto or WHR at RWC values between 65 and 80%. Both prestressed and control tepary plants had greater elasticity (a lower elastic modulus) than Pinto or WHR. This greater turgor of tepary at low RWC values could be caused by several factors including greater tissue elasticity, active accumulation of solutes, or greater solute concentration.
Tepary had significantly lower osmotic potentials than the P. vulgaris cultivars, but there was little difference in osmotic potential between Pinto and WHR. Knowledge of differences in osmotic and turgor potentials among and within species could be useful in breeding for drought resistance in Phaseolus.     

The tissue water relationships of Callitris columellaris,Eucalyptus melliodora and Eucalyptus microcarpa investigated using the pressure-volume technique

Using the pressure-bomb to construct pressure-volume curves, a cellular basis of differential drought resistance was found between Callitris columellaris (F. Muell), Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn. ex Schauer, and Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden. Between these three species differences were found in bound water, relative water content and water potential at zero turgor, osmotic potential at full turgor and bulk modulus of elasticity. It is suggested that these parameters showed C. columellaris to be the most, and E. melliodora the least drought resistant of the three species. Preliminary studies also showed that drought hardening may involve an increase in bound water content, dry weight: turgid weight ratio and a decrease in osmotic potential at full turgor and water potential at zero turgor.     

西鄂尔多斯地区强旱生小灌木的水分参数

应用PV技术研究了西鄂尔多斯地区绵刺、红沙、四合木和霸王柴4种超旱生灌木的水分关系参数膨压(ψ_P)、细胞弹性模量(ε)、细胞体积比(RCV)及其相互关系.结果表明：在4种荒漠旱生灌木中,红沙保持最大膨压的能力最强(a=2.4593).不同荒漠旱生灌木保持膨压的方式不同：绵刺通过弹性调节保持膨压(ε_max=8.4005 MPa);红沙通过渗透调节来保持膨压(ψ_π100=-3.1302 MPa;ψ₀=-3.5074 MPa);四合木通过渗透调节和弹性调节的协同作用来维持膨压;霸王柴通过渗透调节来保持膨压,而弹性调节能力较弱.绵刺具有柔软而高弹性的细胞壁,是构成其根茎系统快速吸收和传导水分能力的因素之一.四合木具有较柔软而高弹性的细胞壁且ψ_P的变化随RCV减小而趋于缓慢,说明四合木具有较强的持水能力和抗脱水能力.     

Osmotic and elastic adjustments in cold desert shrubs differing in rooting depth: coping with drought and subzero temperatures

Physiological adjustments to enhance tolerance or avoidance of summer drought and winter freezing were studied in shallow- to deep-rooted Patagonian cold desert shrubs. We measured leaf water potential (Ψ_L), osmotic potential, tissue elasticity, stem hydraulic characteristics, and stomatal conductance (g _S) across species throughout the year, and assessed tissue damage by subzero temperatures during winter. Species behavior was highly dependent on rooting depth. Substantial osmotic adjustment (up to 1.2?MPa) was observed in deep-rooted species exhibiting relatively small seasonal variations in Ψ_L and with access to a more stable water source, but having a large difference between predawn and midday Ψ_L. On the other hand, shallow-rooted species exposed to large seasonal changes in Ψ_L showed limited osmotic adjustment and incomplete stomatal closure, resulting in turgor loss during periods of drought. The bulk leaf tissue elastic modulus (ε) was lower in species with relatively shallow roots. Daily variation in g _S was larger in shallow-rooted species (more than 50?% of its maximum) and was negatively associated with the difference between Ψ_L at the turgor loss point and minimum Ψ_L (safety margin for turgor maintenance). All species increased ε by about 10?MPa during winter. Species with rigid tissue walls exhibited low leaf tissue damage at ?20?°C. Our results suggest that osmotic adjustment was the main water relationship adaptation to cope with drought during summer and spring, particularly in deep-rooted plants, and that adjustments in cell wall rigidity during the winter helped to enhance freezing tolerance.     

Leaf water relations characteristics of Lupinus angustifolius and L. cosentinii

Summary Lupins (Lupinus angustifolius and L. cosentinii) growing in 321 containers in a glasshouse were exposed to drought by withholding water. Leaf water potential (₁), and leaf osmotic potential (_s) were measured daily as soil water became depleted. Leaf water relations were further assessed by a pressure-volume technique and by measuring _s and relative water content of leaves after rehydration. Analysis by pressure-volume or cryoscopic techniques showed that leaf osmotic potential at saturation (_s100) decreased from -0.6 MPa in well watered to -0.9 MPa in severely droughted leaves, and leaf water potential at zero turgor (_zt) decreased from about -0.7 to -1.1 MPa in well watered and droughted plants, respectively. Relative water content at zero turgor (RWC_zt) was high (88%) and tended to be decreased by drought. The ratio of turgid leaf weight to dry weight was not influenced by drought and was high at about 8.0. The bulk elastic modulus () was approximately halved by drought when related to leaf turgor potential (_p) and probably mediated turgor maintenance during drought. The latter was found to be negatively influenced by rate of drought. Supplying the plants with high levels of K salts did not promote adjustment or turgor maintenance.     

Plumbing the depths: extracellular water storage in specialized leaf structures and its functional expression in a three‐domain pressure –volume relationship

A three‐domain pressure–volume relationship (PV curve) was studied in relation to leaf anatomical structure during dehydration in the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina. In domain 1, relative water content (RWC) declined 13% with 0.85 MPa decrease in leaf water potential, reflecting a decrease in extracellular water stored primarily in trichomes and petiolar cisternae. In domain 2, RWC decreased by another 12% with a further reduction in leaf water potential to ?5.1 MPa, the turgor loss point. Given the osmotic potential at full turgor (?4.2 MPa) and the effective modulus of elasticity (~40 MPa), domain 2 emphasized the role of cell wall elasticity in conserving cellular hydration during leaf water loss. Domain 3 was dominated by osmotic effects and characterized by plasmolysis in most tissues and cell types without cell wall collapse. Extracellular and cellular water storage could support an evaporation rate of 1 mmol m^?2s^?1 for up to 54 and 50 min, respectively, before turgor loss was reached. This study emphasized the importance of leaf anatomy for the interpretation of PV curves, and identified extracellular water storage sites that enable transient water use without substantive turgor loss when other factors, such as high soil salinity, constrain rates of water transport.     

The role of solute accumulation, osmotic adjustment and changes in cell wall elasticity in drought tolerance in Ziziphus mauritiana (Lamk.)

Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) is a major fruit tree crop of the north-west Indian arid zone. In a study of the physiological basis of drought tolerance in this species, two glasshouse experiments were conducted in which trees were droughted during single stress-cycles. In the first experiment, during a 13 d drying cycle, pre-dawn leaf water (leaf) and osmotic () potentials in droughted trees declined from -0.5 and -1.4 MPa to -1.7 and -2.2 MPa, respectively, for a decrease in relative water content () of 14%. During drought stress, changes in sugar metabolism were associated with significant increases in concentrations of hexose sugars (3.8-fold), cyclitol (scyllo-inositol; 1.5-fold), and proline (35-fold; expressed per unit dry weight), suggesting that altered solute partitioning may be an important factor in drought tolerance of Ziziphus. On rewatering pre-dawn leaf and recovered fully, but remained depressed by 0.4 MPa relative to control values, indicating that solute concentration per unit water content had changed during the drought cycle.Evidence for osmotic adjustment was provided from a second study during which a gradual drought was imposed. Pressure-volume analysis revealed a 0.7 MPa reduction in osmotic potential at full turgor, with leaf at turgor loss depressed by 1 MPa in drought-stressed leaves. Coupled with osmotic adjustment, during gradual drought, was a 65% increase in bulk tissue elastic modulus (wall rigidity) which resulted in turgor loss at the same in both stressed and unstressed leaves. The possible ecological significance of maintenance of turgor potential and cell volume at low water potentials for drought tolerance in Ziziphus is discussed.Keywords: Ziziphus mauritiana, drought, solute accumulation, osmotic adjustment, proline.