Bird abundance and species richness on Florida lakes: influence of trophic status,lake morphology,and aquatic macrophytes

Data from 46 Florida lakes were used to examine relationships between bird abundance (numbers and biomass) and species richness, and lake trophic status, lake morphology and aquatic macrophyte abundance. Average annual bird numbers ranged from 7 to 800 birds km^–2 and bird biomass ranged from 1 to 465 kg km^–2. Total species richness ranged from 1 to 30 species per lake. Annual average bird numbers and biomass were positively correlated to lake trophic status as assessed by total phosphorus (r = 0.61), total nitrogen (r = 0.60) and chlorophyll a (r = 0.56) concentrations. Species richness was positively correlated to lake area (r = 0.86) and trophic status (r = 0.64 for total phosphorus concentrations). The percentage of the total annual phosphorus load contributed to 14 Florida lakes by bird populations was low averaging 2.4%. Bird populations using Florida lakes, therefore, do not significantly impact the trophic status of the lakes under natural situations, but lake trophic status is a major factor influencing bird abundance and species richness on lakes. Bird abundance and species richness were not significantly correlated to other lake morphology or aquatic macrophyte parameters after the effects of lake area and trophic status were accounted for using stepwise multiple regression. The lack of significant relations between annual average bird abundance and species richness and macrophyte abundance seems to be related to changes in bird species composition. Bird abundance and species richness remain relatively stable as macrophyte abundance increases, but birds that use open-water habitats (e.g., double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus) are replaced by species that use macrophyte communities (e.g., ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris).     

应用原生动物群落评价枯水期白洋淀的水质现状

应用PFU微型生物群落监测方法,对长期处于低水位状态下的白洋淀水质进行了综合评价。结果表明,白洋淀水域受府河污水的影响,淀内的内源性污染,对原生动物群落造成了极大的影响。与20世纪90年代的资料相比,淀内中心区4个采样点原生动物的群集种类数(1d)急剧下降,而丰度上升了1．28倍,表明内源性污染对白洋淀水质的影响加剧。     

白洋淀原生动物群落多样性变化与水质关系研究

报道了大型浅水型湖泊原生动物群落变化与富营养化关系的研究,通过对华北平原最大淡水湖-河北白洋淀两个湖区9个采样站的初步调查,共鉴定出77种原生动物,其中43种为该湖首次记录：利用PFU原生动物群落结构和功能方法快速（两次实验的群集速度均为1d时间）监测了不同湖区的水质状况,水质分析及原生动物定性和定量调查结果表明,湖区Ⅰ（安州至枣林庄5个采样点）水体的污染程度明显大于湖区Ⅱ（圈头至端村4个采样站）,通过与20世纪50年代的调查资料比较,较好地反映了白洋淀富营养化的发展趋势。     

Spatial patterns and relationships between phytoplankton, zooplankton and water quality in the Saimaa lake system, Finland

The interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton were studied in two large lakes in the Saimaa lake system, Finland. Both are subjected to substantial waste water loading, and exhibit a clear trophic gradient between the loaded and unloaded areas. The phytoplankton and zooplankton were compared in terms of composition, abundance and biomass at 34–39 stations located in different parts of the lakes. At least four mechanisms were thought to affect the composition of plankton communities: (1) the amount of nutrients (trophic gradient), (2) grazing of algae by herbivores, (3) the effect of the algal species composition on feeding by zooplankters (large, colonial algae in the more loaded parts of the lakes) and (4) the regeneration and reorganization of nutrients.     

Quantitative Importance,Composition, and Seasonal Dynamics of Protozoan Communities in Polyhaline versus Freshwater Intertidal Sediments

The quantitative importance and composition of protozoan communities was investigated in sandy and silty intertidal sediments of a polyhaline and a freshwater site in the Schelde estuary. Total biomass of the protozoans studied, integrated over the upper 4 cm of the sediment, ranged from 41 to 597 mg C m^–2 and was in the same order of magnitude at the polyhaline and the freshwater intertidal site. Nanoheterotrophs were the dominant protozoans, in terms of both abundance and biomass. Ciliate abundances appeared to be largely determined by physical constraints, namely, the amount of interstitial space and hydrodynamic disturbances. It remains unclear which factors control nanoheterotrophic abundances and biomasses, which showed comparatively little seasonal and between-site fluctuations. Salinity differences were clearly reflected in the protozoan community composition. The dominant role of sessile ciliates is a unique feature of sediments in the freshwater tidal reaches, which can be attributed to the dynamic nature of sedimentation and resuspension processes associated with the maximum turbidity zone. Based on biomass ratios and estimated weight-specific metabolic rates, protozoa possibly accounted for ~29 to 96% of the estimated combined metabolic rate of protozoan and metazoan consumers at our sampling stations in late spring/early autumn. The contribution of protozoa to this combined metabolic rate was higher at the sandy than at the silty stations and was mainly accounted for by the nanoheterotrophs. These data emphasize the potential importance of small protozoa in sediments and suggest that protozoa are important components of benthic food webs.     

东昌湖浮游生物群落多样性季节变动与水质关系

报道了浮游生物物群落多样性指数与水质关系及初步分析了东昌湖的水质情况。2004年4月至2005年3月,采用PFU法及化学检测法对国内第二大人工湖——山东东昌湖的三个湖区9个采样点的浮游生物及水化学指标进行了初步调耷。共观察到浮游藻类76种,其中污染指示种为17种;原生动物92种,其中污染指示种为21种。浮游生物物种组成的多样性指数及化学水质分析显示,各湖区水质优劣程度依次为南湖区〉东南湖区〉西北湖区,调查结果表明东昌湖属于富营养化水体。     

从时空异质性看东湖富营养化中原生动物的演替

1993-08～1994-08,东湖原生动物年均丰度为59,391ind./L,年均生物量为1.40mg/L。从V站到0站,随着营养水平(TSI)增加,数量(A)和生物量(B)显著增加LnA=-58.323+16.503LnTSI(n=5,r=0.983,p=0.003);LnB=-16.840+0.256TSI(n=5,r=0.996,p<0.001),两者均表现出明显的空间异质性。同时,丰度的周年动态模式也发生了明显演替,原来的春季和秋季高峰演变为冬季高峰,营养水平越高,冬季高峰越明显,随营养水平增加形成的原生动物群落结构-种类组成和现存量-的空间格局与年代变化趋势一致。     

Abundance and spatial distribution of Artemia salina in Lake Abert,Oregon

In 1981–1982 Abert Lake had an area of 200 km², with a mean depth of 2.5 m and a total dissolved salt concentration of 82 gl^-1. The spatial distribution and abundance of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, were monitored for 1981–1982. In 1981 during the midsummer months, with sampling primarily in the eastern side of Abert Lake, brine shrimp populations showed peak densities of 2–4 ind. 1^-1. In 1982, peak abundance occurred in early July and ranged between 5–8 ind. 1^-1. Lakewide estimates of brine shrimp derived from 14 collecting stations and assuming a uniform distribution over the lake resulted in estimates of lakewide abundance of 3 × 10¹¹ adults with a total biomass of 7 × 10⁶ kg. The major algal species in the lake was a benthic filamentous green alga (Ctenocladus circinnatus).     

Dynamics of grazing protozoa follow that of microalgae in natural biofilm communities

This study investigates the dynamics of protozoan community in biofilms formed on inert artificial surfaces suspended in various freshwater environments. The results also test the hypothesis that the dynamics of protozoan and microalgal communities in biofilms are interdependent because the latter form one of the major food items of benthic protozoa. Cleaned glass slides were suspended in surface waters at four sampling locations to collect biofilm communities. The glass slides after retrieval were observed under a microscope for diatom and protozoan density and their generic composition. Members of protozoa belonging to phylum Sarcomastigophora dominated the protozoan community followed by phylum Ciliophora in all sampling locations. The variation of protozoan feeding groups showed an initial abundance of autotrophs/holophytes which gave way to heterotrophs, predators, and bacterivores towards the end of the study. The density and generic composition of protozoa varied significantly with the age of biofilm and sampling location. The density variation of protozoa followed that of diatoms in all four sampling locations and this has resulted in a significant positive correlation between diatom and protozoan densities. This suggests the dependency and/or food web connectedness of these two communities in natural biofilms.     

哈尔滨人工湖泊中原生动物群落变化规律

2003年3月~2004年2月调查了哈尔滨人工湖泊原生动物群落多样性的变化规律,应用PFU法研究了原生动物群落季节变化演替的特征。共观察到各类原生动物120种,其中鞭毛虫53种,占原生动物总数的44%,肉足虫9种占原生动物总数的8%,纤毛虫58种占原生动物总数的48%,分析了原生动物在该湖的组成特点。原生动物在此人工湖泊中1个周年内的表现规律为植物性鞭毛虫多,动物性鞭毛虫少;纤毛虫多,肉足虫少。原生动物群落的结构参数(种类组成、个体丰度和多样性指数)因水质的变化而发生变化。在此湖中原生动物的优势种为喇叭虫属(S tentor)、眼虫属(E ug lena)、游仆虫属(E up lote)、隐滴虫属(C ryp tom onas),常年的居留种为眼虫属(E ug lena)、弹跳虫属(H a lteria)、侠盗虫属(S trobilid ium)、隐滴虫属(C ryp tom onas)。全年3个采样站的生物多样性指数在1.912~7.473之间。原生动物在1个周年中平均个体丰度出现的规律依次递减的顺序是秋季、夏季、春季、冬季。采样站1的平均个体丰度在四个季节中均高于采样站2、3。     

武夷山九曲溪水体营养水平与原生动物群落变化相互关系研究

2000年研究了武夷山九曲溪水体的营养状态与原生动物群落结构关系。发现并非水越清洁PFU原生动物种类就越多,这要决定于水体的营养状况。当水体是贫营养时,水越清洁,PFU原生动物种类反而会越少。研究结果表明,即使在低营养水平的水体中,PFU法一样能准确反映人类活动对当地水环境的影响。     

Functional Groups in the Protozoa: Roles in Differing Ecosystems1,2

Feeding habits of freshwater protozoa were used to group species into functional, trophic groups. Community structure in differing ecosystems was examined in relation to the number of species occurring in the functional group categories. Six wetland ecosystems and a large river ecosystem were studied. Changes in community structure during the colonization of artificial substrates were also examined. Changes during colonization were studied in a mesotrophic lake, in low-order streams, and in laboratory microecosystems. In the latter case, the response of colonizing communities to a heavy metal toxicant was studied. All communities studied were dominated by bactivorous-detritivorous species and, to a lesser extent, by photosynthetic species. The chief functional role of substrate-associated protozoans appears to be the processing of dead organic matter and its associated bacterial flora. Functional groups utilizing resources other than detrital or mineral nutrients (saprotrophs, algivores, omnivores, and predators) were always minor community components. Colonizing communities were often dominated by photosynthetic species during early colonization stages but were again dominated by bactivorous-detritivorous species at species equilibrium. Low levels of toxicant (Cd) reduced numbers of both photosynthetic and bactivorous-detritivorous species. Higher toxicant levels virtually eliminated photosynthetic species and reduced bacterial detritivores by over one-half. Roles of protozoan species in ecosystems are closely tied to the processing of detritus and the recycling of mineral nutrients. Enumeration of individuals in functional categories is proposed as a simplified method for studying the abundance and activity of protozoa in ecosystems. Examination of changes in functional group composition and the relationship of functional group abundances to rates of carbon processing are suggested for studies of the importance of protozoa to the flow of energy and materials in ecosystems.     

Protozoan community structure in a fractal soil environment.

Protozoan abundance was quantified, and 365 protozoan species were recorded, in 150 soil samples from an upland grassland in Scotland. Across the entire size range (2-200 pm) protozoan species richness varied by a factor of two, whereas abundance increased by a factor of 20 with decreasing body size. As the soil had fractal structure, the relatively flat species curve can be explained if spatial heterogeneity determines species number--for in a fractal environment, heterogeneity will be the same at all spatial scales. Community structure appeared to approach a temporary steady-state about six days after re-hydration of dried soil. A simple model based on combining the fractal character of increasing habitat area at smaller spatial scales, with the weight-specific energy requirements of protozoa, provided theoretical curves of abundance and biovolume on body size which provide a reasonable fit to real data. We suggest two possibilities--that the apparent competence of the theoretical model is fortuitous and the product of poorly understood dynamic elements of the trophic structure in the community; or that key elements of protozoan community structure in a fractal soil environment may be largely explained in terms of habitat space and energy requirements.     

东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiensis）对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度106 cells L-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72 h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp.）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp.2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandrium sp.）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

Early Colonization Patterns of Diatoms and Protozoa in Fourteen Fresh-water Lakes1

ABSTRACT. Polyurethane substrates were anchored near the surface of 14 lakes in the northern tip of the lower peninsula of Michigan. I wo substrates were removed from each take and taken to the laboratory after 1, 3, 6, 15, and 21 days of exposure. At the laboratory, one substrate was used for determining the number of species of diatoms and the other for protozoa. A cluster analysis of the matrix of Jaccard's coefficients for all diatom samples from all lakes showed that virtually all samples from any given lake consistently clustered together. This indicates that, with respect to species occurrence, distinct and compositionally stable diatom assemblages formed on the substrates in fewer than 21 days. Analysis of all protozoan samples from all lakes did not show such clustering, however, and the correspondence of clusters for protozoan and diatom communities for the 14 lakes was not particularly good. This suggests that the link between the two groups at the species level is not particularly strong during the early phases of artificial substrate colonization.     

Distributions and Biomass of Benthic Ciliates,Foraminifera and Amoeboid Protists in Marine,Brackish, and Freshwater Sediments

The quantitative importance of ciliates, foraminifers, and amoebae was investigated in marine, brackish, and freshwater sediments from 15 littoral stations. Total protozoan communities were usually dominated by ciliates in term of abundance, while amoebae often dominated in terms of biomass. Applying the biomass‐metabolic rate equation, ciliates, amoebae, and foraminifera were estimated to contribute 66% of the total abundance and 33% of the biomass, but up to 55% of the combined metabolic rate to the micro‐ and meiobenthos in the 15 sediments. Statistical analyses using ciliate data demonstrated: (1) species composition and community structures represented significant differences between freshwater and marine/brackish sediments, and subsequently between temperate and arctic sampling sites; (2) the occurrence of dominant ciliates and their allocation to feeding types indicated that herbivory was the most common feeding strategy in these sediments; (3) multivariate analyses showed all of the tested environmental factors (temperature, salinity, silt/clay, carbon, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a) to be important to varying degrees, but especially the combination of salinity, temperature, and silt/clay. Multiple factor effects or comprehensive influences might be important in regulating the distribution of protozoa in sediments. The importance of protozoa in sediment systems and the potential ecological significance of cysts are discussed.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of virioplankton and bacterioplankton in a Brackish Environment (Lake of Ganzirri,Italy)

Temporal and spatial changes of viral and bacterial abundance were examined in relation to environmental factors and hydrography at five stations between May 2000 and July 2001 in the brackish lake of Ganzirri (Sicily, Italy). Virioplankton abundance ranged from 5.26 × 10⁴ to 7.54 × 10⁸VLP ml^–1 (on average 1.38 × 10⁸particles ml^–1) and was significantly higher at the three eutrophic stations located in the lake of Ganzirri (Stations 1, 2, and 3) than in the channel connecting the lake with the Straits of Messina. The virus-to-bacterium abundance ratio (VBR range, 0.4–117; average:14) showed the highest values in channel connecting the lake of Ganzirri with the meromictic lake of Faro. VBR values <1.0 were found in summer 2000 in relation with peculiar hydrographic constraints. Virioplankton distribution was dependent on salinity, and on dilution of the oligotrophic waters flowing from the Straits. Virioplankton was closely related with bacterioplankton indicating a close coupling between viruses and host cell abundance.     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiensis)对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度10^6cells L^-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp．）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp．2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandriumsp．）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

Analysis of the community structure of planktonic ciliated protozoa relative to trophic state in Florida lakes

The planktonic ciliate populations of 30 Florida lakes constituting a broad trophic gradient were examined to determine the response of protozoan community structure to increasing eutrophication. Both ciliate abundance and biomass were strongly related to lake trophic state. Comparison of the Florida data base with a comparable north temperate lake group indicated that subtropical lakes generally possess higher ciliate abundance and biomass at a given trophic state than temperate lakes. However the equations derived for each data base were not significantly different. Community diversity and species richness increased with increasing lake productivity. Highly acidic lakes displayed significantly reduced diversity and numbers of species when contrasted with nonacidic oligotrophic lakes. Small-bodied (< 30 um) ciliates dominated all lakes but were proportionally less important in oligotrophic lakes. Presence-absence data produced three assemblages: an ubiquitous association of primarily small ciliate taxa, a group of large ciliates mainly restricted to eutrophic-hypereutrophic lakes, and a very large ciliate,Stentor niger, which dominated the protozoan communities of acidic oligotrophic lakes.