濒危植物银杉种子特征的研究

同一株银杉的不同珠果的出种量没有明显差异,说明就同一植株而言,其有性生殖是同步,球果的发育程度比较接近。银杉种子的平均重量０．００１９７ｇ,仅为乔木树种种子平均重量的６％。种子中空粒比例达１６．２４％,反映出较高的种子败育率,饱满的种子中有生活力者仅占５３．５％,银杉种子的吸水过程有３个明显的阶段,０－１ｈ是急剧吸水阶段,１－９ｈ吸水基本停滞９ｈ到１４ｄ吸水果又呈递增趋势。在同样贮藏条件下,播种环     

Picea koraiensis人工林结实规律的研究

Picea koraiensin Nakai的♀球花(球果)多着生在树冠顶端数轮生枝上, 从稍部往下第3-5(8)轮枝上的♀球花(球果)能给予全树冠结实量的80％以上的信息, 第3-5(8)轮枝称信号枝。查数信号枝上的♀球花(球果)能预报全株产量。 半面树冠和全面树冠上的♀球花(球果)数量紧密相关, 得方程y=0.0275+1.8541 x, 测x值预报y(全树冠结实量)值。 同龄的Picea koraiensis人工林胸径越大, 结实株数％及单株结实量越多。预报林分的结实量以平均标准本法, 简便易行, 较准确。     

兴安落叶松的结实及其与短枝年龄结构的关系

继1989年以后,1991年大兴安岭林区兴安落叶松又出现一次结实,结实率平均为63.8％,且结实的林木多出现在过火的林地上。胸径28cm以上的林木结实率可达到80％以上,而且结实量多的林木绝大部分(85％以上)是树冠稀疏的。球果多集中于树冠的中部。短枝年龄结构格局对结实具有重要影响。短枝的数量以1、2年生最多,但结实的短枝主要属于3—7年生的短枝,一次种子丰收年,需要消耗大量的短枝数量,花芽中大部分为雄花,直接用于形成球果的雌花,一般尚不足20％。开花结实成熟年龄短枝的存蓄率愈高,其结实的潜力也愈大,出现种子年的可能性也愈大。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉结实特性的研究

秦岭冷杉 (Abieschensiensis) 是松科冷杉属常绿乔木, 为我国特有珍稀濒危植物。该文在秦岭冷杉分布最为集中的秦岭地区分高、低 2个海拔高度采集当年球果和种子, 通过野外观察、室内实验和对比分析, 研究秦岭冷杉的结实特征以及球果和种子的基本性状, 并探讨这些特征在不同海拔高度的差异。结果表明, 与冷杉属其它树种相比, 秦岭冷杉球果和种子较大、单果种子数较多, 但空粒多、饱满度低。自然状况下饱满度为 12.0 %, 人工目视分选后饱满度 2 1.6 %, 风选后可达到 38.1%, 其余种子大部分为空粒、涩粒, 有少量虫粒。随海拔高度增加, 秦岭冷杉天然群体成龄个体中结实母树比例降低, 结实量减少。秦岭冷杉总体结实母树比例为 5 5 %, 低海拔处结实母树比例较高, 为 76 %, 高海拔结实母树比例为 34%。秦岭冷杉单株母树的平均结实量为 113个, 结实量小于 10 0个的母树占 6 4.5 %, 其中 5 0 %的母树结实量在 5 0~ 10 0个, 结实量在 10 0~ 2 0 0个的占 16.1%, 2 0 0个以上的占 19.4 %。 2 0 0个以上球果的个体均生长在低海拔区间, 高海拔处结实量多在 10 0个以下。方差分析表明, 两个海拔高度间球果和种子特征差异是显著的, 绝大部分球果和种子性状指标的平均值在低海拔处大于高海拔处。因此, 从结实特性以及球果和种子的特征来看, 低海拔处秦岭冷杉生殖生长好于高海拔处。     

华山松球果对食种子动物的防御特征

动植物协同演化过程中,植物为抵御捕食者的侵害,保证自身的生存和繁衍,会演化出不同方式的防御机制。本研究调查了星鸦对藏东南地区华山松弯曲球果上不同部位种子取食的差异性,并检测了华山松球果凹凸面种子的形态特征(长度、宽度、厚度、种壳厚度)和成分(粗水分、70 ℃干物质、粗脂肪、灰分、蛋白质、粗纤维)含量。结果表明: 华山松球果凹凸两面种子的部分形态特征和种子成分具有显著差异,其中,凸面种子种壳厚度(1.11±0.12 mm)比凹面种子(1.07±0.15 mm)厚,但种仁重占比凸面(24.0%)比凹面(25.4%)小。而凸面种子空壳率(11.2%)和种子成分中粗脂肪含量(47.0%)显著低于凹面种子(分别是15.8%和50.5%)。华山松弯曲球果对食种子动物取食造成错误性暗示,尽可能保护优质种子不被取食,因此球果弯曲是华山松对食种子动物的防御特征。     

红松结实量与松果可利用量对松鼠和花鼠贮食行为的影响

植物通过每隔几年产生大量种子的丰年策略提高贮食动物传播种子效率,但人为采摘活动降低了种子的可利用量,从而影响贮食动物行为及种群动态。为研究红松球果采摘如何通过降低松果可利用量而影响贮食动物行为,我们基于黑龙江凉水自然保护区2003-2012年红松结实量和采摘量的变化,比较分析了结实大小年间松鼠贮点大小、贮点深度、贮食密度和贮藏量、松鼠花鼠种群以及2010年和2011年花鼠洞穴贮藏量的差异。结果显示：结实大年松鼠的平均贮点大小显著高于小年,大贮点比例增加,贮食密度和贮藏量也明显高于结实小年,但随着结实量的增大,球果采摘量增加,使松果可利用量减少,由此结实大年2011年松鼠贮食密度并未随结实量增加而增加,反而低于2003年和2008年,松鼠遇见率也没有在该结实大年有所增长。而花鼠种群和洞穴松籽贮藏量在结实大年和小年间没有显著差异。研究表明红松球果采摘对松果可利用量和松鼠贮食行为有较大影响,应合理确定大年的采摘量以保证贮食动物的食物丰度,维系红松生态系统健康。     

红松天然更新对动物的依赖性—一个排除动物影响的球果发芽实验

红松球果成熟后不能自行散出种子,需要依赖动物将种子从球果中取出再传播出去。为了检验红松种子能否直接在落地球果中发芽、成苗。在球果成熟期采集球果,将球果封闭在铁丝笼中,在排除动物干扰的情况下放置在林地上。2年后回收了10个球果,其中9个可看到少量种子发芽。对5个球果中115粒发育正常种子的逐个检查表明发芽率为11％。53％种子腐烂,另外35％的种子虽未腐烂也已失去发芽能力。发芽后形成的幼苗均为残缺或畸形苗。实验结果支持没有动物帮助,红松不能进行天然更新的结论及有关动物可视为红松林生态系统中的关键种或关键种组的意见。     

1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系生长和结实性状的评价

为进一步优化1.5代杉木种子园的质量,通过对福建漳平杉木种子园内21个杉木无性系生长和球果特征的调查,分析不同无性系生长和结实性状的差异及其相互关系,采用层次分析法对不同无性系的生长性状和结实性状进行综合评价。结果表明:1.5代杉木种子园不同无性系之间的生长和结实性状存在明显差异;不同无性系的结实量、球果体积、球果鲜重与其种子产量显著相关,生长性状与结实量、结实量与种子发芽率的相关性不显著。根据不同无性系生长性状和结实性状的综合评价结果,有6个无性系具有生长快且结实量高的特性,可作为重建1.5代杉木种子园的材料。     

原始老龄林内兴安落叶松种子命运的试验研究

兴安落叶松土壤种子库的支出主要有３个方面：种子萌发、动物取食和生活力丧失。兴安落叶松种子在６月份迅速萌发,占全年总萌发量的９０％。７月中下旬,土壤已经不存在有生活力的种子。在生长季初期,鼠类对种子取食率仅１％,到生长季中后期接近２０％。然而,此时幼苗发生基本结束,被食种子大部分为生活力很弱或丧失生活力者。红背Ｐｉｎｇ是主要的食种子者。落叶松在时间上逃避了鼠类取食种子。一般,鼠类仅就地取食１０％的落     

动物与红松天然更新关系的研究综述

红松球果成熟后,种子自身不能脱落到达适宜的萌发地,因而无法自身完成天然更新而要依赖动物帮助传播种子。捕食红松种子的动物包括啮齿类、鸟类和一些大型兽类。其中,松鼠、星雅和普通币鸟具有分散贮藏的行为,以前两者为重要。这些动物从球果中取出种子,吃掉一部分后,靠颊囊或舌下囊搬运至贮藏地,将种子埋藏在地被物下准备冬、春食物缺乏时再重新捕食。搬运的距离远达数百米至几公里。分散贮藏的贮点数量很大。每个贮点有一至数粒种子。贮点小生境比较适合红松种子的萌发,因此大量的未被重新发现和捕食的贮点的种子在20个月后可能萌发。虽然动物贮藏的生境适合幼苗的萌发,但是不一定适合幼苗的继续生长。由于动物的捕食和贮藏行为,阔叶红松林内红松种子运转途径在4个层次（树上、地面、地被物下和洞穴）进行,最后只有少数种子萌发为幼苗。幼苗的生长过程同样受到动物的捕食和破坏。由于红松结实的丰欠年度变化,动物种群也随之变动。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。