茉莉花JsPAL基因及其启动子克隆与表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)为茉莉花(Jasminum sambac)花香物质苯丙烷类合成的限速酶。为了解茉莉花花香形成的分子机理,以双瓣茉莉花瓣为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术相结合的方法,克隆获得茉莉花苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的全长cDNA(GenBank:KM406501.1),命名为JsPAL,其全长cDNA为2 220 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为2 140 bp,编码712个氨基酸,含有lyase_I_like超家族蛋白保守域、活性位点及多肽结合位点。采用染色体步移技术,获得该基因的启动子序列。JsPAL基因上游调控序列为1 201 bp,其含有开花相关元件(CCAATBOX1)、PAL相关元件(BOXLCOREDCPAL、PALBOXPPC、PALBOXLPC、TATABOXOSPAL)以及花特异苯丙烷类相关元件(MYBPLANT)等与花香形成相关的重要顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,在不同组织和花瓣发育过程中,JsPAL基因在茉莉花的花蕾、花瓣中表达量较高,并且在花瓣开放过程中的22:00前表达量较高,而后呈下调趋势。     

红冬孢酵母苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因pal在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达

以红冬孢酵母总RNA为模板反转录获得其苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因pal,测序与已公布蛋白序列进行比对,相似度为99％.并以含有T7强启动子的pET - 28a(+)为载体构建重组质粒pET - 28a(+)- pal,通过异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导实现苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)在大肠杆菌中的表达.对诱导条件进行初步优化后,重组茵PAL比酶活可达到42.99 U/g.转化实验中肉桂酸的转化率为48.52％,L-苯丙氨酸生成量为1.73 g/L.结果表明,红冬孢酵母pal基因通过表达载体pET - 28a(+)在E.coli中获得了高效表达.     

两个紧密连锁的小麦苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的分离与鉴定

利用一个小麦苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因PCR片段为探针,从小麦核DNA基因库中筛选出一个阳性噬菌体克隆,该克隆含有两个高度同源、紧密连锁、转录方向相同的小麦苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因PAL1与PAL2,它们之间的核酸序列同源性。为93％,相距约7kb,利用PAL1特异片段进行Southern分析,表明该基因在小麦基因组中具有多个拷贝。Northern杂交表明,经秆锈菌接种诱导,苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因在一对小麦抗-感近等基因系中差异表达：抗病等基因系中国春-Sr11携带与接种菌无毒性基因P11相对应的抗病基因Sr11,在接种4d后开始诱导表达,8d后表达量更高;而缺少抗病基因的感病系中国春-sr11接种6d后才开始表达,8d后的表达量与抗病系中6d时相当。用秆锈菌诱导物和几丁质寡聚物处理小麦悬浮细胞,均可在2h内激活苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因表达,但真菌诱导物在早期的诱导活性显著高于几丁质寡聚物。从转录水平证实了小麦苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因在秆锈菌诱导的抗性反应中具有重要作用。     

砀山酥梨果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

为了研究梨石细胞形成与木质素合成的关系,以砀山酥梨果实为材料,通过基于同源性的RT—PCR方法,克隆木质素合成途径中的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）基因。同时利用基因数据库资料对克隆的PAL序列进行比较分析。结果表明,从砀山酥梨果实中克隆的PAL基因eDNA片段长度为585bp,推断其编码195个氨基酸序列。该序列包含与其它植物PAL相同的活性催化位点,经序列分析和同源性比对,该氨基酸序列与其它植物PAL氨基酸序列的同源性在90％以上。系统进化树分析表明,砀山酥梨PAL氨基酸序列与蔷薇科的甜樱桃PAL氨基酸序列聚类关系最近。     

水稻胚乳特异性启动子的克隆及序列分析

目的:克隆获得水稻胚乳特异表达启动子pGluB-1。方法:采用PCR方法从水稻"台粳9号"基因组DNA中扩增出pGluB-1启动子序列,并克隆至pMD20-T载体上,酶切鉴定后进行测序并对测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果:获得大小为1 353bp的pGluB-1启动子序列,该序列与已报道序列的同源性为97%。启动子功能预测及顺式作用元件分析表晨所克隆的启动子序列含有ACGT基序、AACA基序、GCN4基序和醇溶蛋白框等胚乳特异表达必需的调控元件,其序列差异可能是由于不同品种个体差异及多态性的影响。结论:成功克隆出pGluB-1启动子,为实现外源目的基因在水稻胚乳中特异性表达奠定了实验基础。     

泛肽交联酶(E2)通过苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因启动子参与水稻对紫外光的防护

迄今为止,诱导苯丙类化合物和黄酮类化合物合成并造成类黄酮的积累被认为是植物抵御紫外光的惟一主要的途径.苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是苯丙类化合物合成的关键酶.通过体内足印试验表明,在pal-1基因启动子中有一段序列CTCCAAC从CCCCTTC可以作为顺式元件参与紫外信号的传递.为了克隆与其相对应的反式因子,我们使用了酵母单杂交体系进行筛选.在鱼饵质粒中,我们将3个拷贝的顺式元件序列串联并与酵母异细胞血红素C(CYC)基本启动子连接.将鱼饵质粒和水稻cDNA表达质粒库共同转化到同一酵母中,通过筛选鉴定,克隆到一些编码泛肽交联酶(E2)基因.氨基酸同源性分析表明,该酶E2(RE2)与其他物种的泛肽交联酶具有很高的同源性.水稻泛肽交联酶受紫外光诱导加速合成.当RE2与水稻核蛋白进行交联反应后能与pal-1基因中顺式元件CTCCAACAACCCCTTC专一结合.从这些结果可以推测水稻泛肽交联酶RE2可能通过苯丙类化合物的合成代谢参与对紫外光的防护.     

泛肽交联酶（E2）通过苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因启动子参与水稻对紫外光的防护

迄今为止,诱导苯丙类化合物和黄酮类化合物合成并造成类黄酮的积累被认为是植物抵御紫外光的惟一主要的途径。苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是苯丙类化合物合成的关键酶。通过体内足印试验表明,在pal-1基因启动子中有一段序列CTCCAACAACCCCCTTC可以作为顺式元件参与紫外信号的传递。为了克隆与其相对应的反式因子,我们使用了酵母单杂交体系进行筛选。在鱼饵质粒中,我们将3个拷贝的顺式元件序列串联并与酵母异细胞血红素C(CYC)基本启动子连接。将鱼饵质粒和水稻cDNA表达质粒库共同转化到同一酵母中,通过筛选鉴定,克隆到一些编码泛肽交联酶(E2)基因。氨基酸同源性分析表明,该酶E2(RE2)与其他物种的泛肽交联酶具有很高的同源性。水稻泛肽交联酶受紫外光诱导加速合成。当RE2与水稻核蛋白进行交联反应后能与pal-1基因中顺式元件CTCCAACAACCCCTTC专一结合。从这些结果可以推测水稻泛肽交联酶RE2可能通过苯丙类化合物的合成代谢参与对紫外光的防护。     

甘薯苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因IbPAL的克隆与表达分析

本研究基于甘薯(Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.)与绿原酸合成代谢相关的转录组数据克隆了苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因Ib PAL,通过蛋白序列比对、系统进化分析、二级和三维蛋白结构预测、跨膜结构域以及启动子分析,对该基因的氨基酸序列和启动子序列的结构特征进行了解析;通过qRT-PCR技术分析该基因在不同甘薯品种的根、茎、茎尖和叶中的表达情况,并对其进行亚细胞定位验证。结果显示,Ib PAL的CDS序列全长2130 bp,编码709个氨基酸。其氨基酸序列与已知物种的氨基酸序列同源性在80%以上。Ib PAL蛋白以α螺旋和随机卷曲为主,具有1个可能的跨膜螺旋区。该基因启动子中包含多个顺式作用元件。表达模式分析结果表明,Ib PAL主要在茎和茎尖中表达,其在甘薯品种‘EC16’4个组织器官中的表达量均显著高于其他品种。亚细胞定位结果显示该基因在细胞膜和细胞核上均可以表达。     

小桐子低温诱导型启动子JcDnaJ20p的克隆及烟草转化功能鉴定

低温转录组数据显示,DnaJ20是小桐子低温诱导基因。为鉴定该基因启动子的低温诱导活性,基于PCR技术从小桐子叶片基因组DNA中克隆到DnaJ20基因(JcDna20)启动子序列,命名为JcDnaJ20p,利用重组技术构建了JcDnaJ20p启动子驱动GUS标记基因的植物双元表达载体pCambia1381Z-JcDnaJ20p-GUS,并通过农杆菌介导转化烟草进行功能解析。结果表明,克隆的小桐子DnaJ20基因启动子序列长度2023 bp,序列分析显示该启动子中具有真核生物典型的核心启动子区元件TATAbox和CAAT-box,另外,还鉴定到激素如脱落酸、赤霉素响应元件与植物抗逆性相关如低温、干旱胁迫响应元件。以转化空质粒pCambia1381Z-GUS与35S启动子驱动pCambia1381Z-35S-GUS的烟草为对照,对转化pCambia1381Z-JcDnaJ20p-GUS的烟草叶片分别进行15、4℃低温处理24 h,通过GUS组织化学染色表明,JcDnaJ20p在低温处理下能够提高GUS基因的表达量,具有低温诱导启动子活性。     

苹果果实β-半乳糖苷酶基因启动子的克隆与功能分析

根据已发表的苹果基因组序列设计特异引物,克隆得到苹果品种‘嘎拉’中β-半乳糖苷酶基因(Md-gal)的启动子。序列分析表明,该启动子除含有大多数高等植物启动子具有的保守元件外,还含有大量光响应元件和与激素相关的顺式作用元件,主要有赤霉素响应元件(GARE-motif和P-box)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)应答元件(CGTCA-motif和TGACG-motif)和生长素响应元件(TGA-element);构建5个不同长度Md-gal启动子和GUS基因融合的瞬时表达载体,并进行苹果果实和烟草叶片转化试验,结果显示,5个启动子均具有启动子活性,在Md-gal启动子序列中激活与抑制调节元件并存,正调控元件位于-1206~-754bp区域,负调控元件位于-754~-597bp区域;对Md-gal启动子进行激素响应分析结果显示,激素处理可对其产生诱导作用,且MeJA处理后GUS活性最高。研究表明,Md-gal启动子具有真核基因启动子的基本结构特征和正负调控特性,可响应外源激素处理,可能在苹果果实生长发育和成熟软化方面具有一定的作用。     

百合鳞茎苯丙氨酸解氨酶提取条件的优化

研究兰州百合(Lilium davidii var. unicolor)鳞茎内PAL的最佳提取条件结果表明：pH 8.8的硼砂缓冲液为最适缓冲液;百合鳞茎的PAL不耐酸碱,更不耐酸;最适反应温度为40℃;随着水浴时间延长和水浴温度提高,PAL活性逐渐降低,但40℃水浴30 min后,酶活性仍保留47%;最适底物浓度为0.032 mol·L^-1;磨样时加入PVP 0.5 g,能够明显提高PAL活性。     

Promoter Activity of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene of Pharbitis nil in Arabidopsis

Promoter activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene of Pharbitis nil was examined by introducing a PAL:GUS construct into Arabidopsis. GUS staining was observed in vascular bundles of hypocotyl and cotyledons, endodermal cells of the primary root, hydathodes, stigma and pollens of mature flower, abscission zones of petals and sepals and inner layer of seed coat. Light induced GUS expression in cotyledons and the upper part of hypocotyl in which anthocyanin was accumulated. Wounding also induced GUS expression. Endogenous PAL activity increased earlier than the GUS activity directed by the PAL promoter.     

Expression and Properties of the Highly Alkalophilic Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase of Thermophilic Rubrobacter xylanophilus

The sequence of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC: 4.3.1.24) of the thermophilic and radiotolerant bacterium Rubrobacter xylanophilus (RxPAL) was identified by screening the genomes of bacteria for members of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase family. A synthetic gene encoding the RxPAL protein was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli TOP 10 in a soluble form with an N-terminal His₆-tag and the recombinant RxPAL protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The activity assay of RxPAL with l-phenylalanine at various pH values exhibited a local maximum at pH 8.5 and a global maximum at pH 11.5. Circular dichroism (CD) studies showed that RxPAL is associated with an extensive α-helical character (far UV CD) and two distinctive near-UV CD peaks. These structural characteristics were well preserved up to pH 11.0. The extremely high pH optimum of RxPAL can be rationalized by a three-dimensional homology model indicating possible disulfide bridges, extensive salt-bridge formation and an excess of negative electrostatic potential on the surface. Due to these properties, RxPAL may be a candidate as biocatalyst in synthetic biotransformations leading to unnatural l- or d-amino acids or as therapeutic enzyme in treatment of phenylketonuria or leukemia.     

Changes in phenylpropanoid metabolites associated with homology-dependent silencing of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and its somatic reversion in tobacco

Gene silencing of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in transgenic tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) is manifested phenotypically by reduced growth, altered leaf morphology, and reduced levels of phenylpropanoid compounds. Here we report the rare event of somatic reversion from silencing to PAL over-expression in tobacco harboring the bean PAL2 gene. This phenomenon allows the comparison of the effects of PAL under- and over-expression in the same plant. A comparison of gene silenced and revertant tissues reveals striking differences in lignin content and monomer composition, and both qualitative and quantitative differences in soluble and cell wall bound phenylpropanoid compounds in the recovered sector.     

Differential inductions of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase during wounding,salicylic acid treatment,and salinity stress in safflower,Carthamus tinctorius

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) serves as a reference dicot for investigation of defence mechanisms in Asteraceae due to abundant secondary metabolites and high resistance/tolerance to environmental stresses. In plants, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways are considered as two central defence signalling cascades in stress conditions. Here, we describe the isolation of two major genes in these pathways, CtPAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and CtCHS (chalcone synthase) in safflower along with monitoring their expression profiles in different stress circumstances. The aa (amino acid) sequence of isolated region of CtPAL possesses the maximum identity up to 96% to its orthologue in Cynara scolymus, while that of CtCHS retains the highest identity to its orthologue in Callistephus chinensis up to 96%. Experiments for gene expression profiling of CtPAL and CtCHS were performed after the treatment of seedlings with 0.1 and 1 mM SA (salicylic acid), wounding and salinity stress. The results of semi-quantitative RT–PCR revealed that both CtPAL and CtCHS genes are further responsive to higher concentration of SA with dissimilar patterns. Regarding wounding stress, CtPAL gets slightly induced upon injury at 3 hat (hours after treatment) (hat), whereas CtCHS gets greatly induced at 3 hat and levels off gradually afterward. Upon salinity stress, CtPAL displays a similar expression pattern by getting slightly induced at 3 hat, but CtCHS exhibits a biphasic expression profile with two prominent peaks at 3 and 24 hat. These results substantiate the involvement of phenylpropanoid and particularly flavonoid pathways in safflower during wounding and especially salinity stress.     

Inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by cinnamic acid derivatives and related compounds

Thirty-five derivatives of cinnamic acid and related compounds were tested for inhibition against phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) derived from sweet potato, pea and yeast. Caffeic and gallic acids showed inhibition against PAL originating from higher plants, but not against yeast PAL. In contrast, yeast PAL was specifically inhibited by p-hydroxycinnamic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. The results suggest that caffeic and gallic acids may act as regulatory substances in phenylpropanoid metabolism in higher plants. Inhibition experiments with synthetic cinnamic acid derivatives have revealed that the presence of a hydrophobic aromatic ring, α,β-double bond and carboxyl group is essential for inhibitory activity. 2-Naphthoic acid which fulfills these structural requirements showed a strong inhibition. The size and shape of the active site is discussed from structure-activity relationships of cinnamic acid derivatives. o-Chlorocinnamic acid, one of the strongest inhibitors found in this study showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of the roots of rice seedlings.     

The effect of phenylalanine on biosynthesis of protoberberine alkaloids in the cell culture of low meadow-rue

The addition of 7 mM phenylalanine to the nutrient medium for low meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus L.) cell culturing on the 7th or 8th day doubled berberine secretion into medium. Simultaneously, the content of phenolic compounds increased in the cells and medium. Investigation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) activities showed that exogenous Phe activated PAL by 35% and inactivated TAL by 20%. When the crude extract was separated on DEAE-Sephacel column, two proteins were isolated. One of them displayed both PAL and TAL activities, whereas another protein displayed only PAL activity. This activity disappeared after cell culturing longer than 20 days and also under the effect of Phe at a concentration reducing alkaloid biosynthesis. Phe addition to medium also increased the content of protein in both the cells and culture medium. The proportion of low-molecular proteins in the medium increased. Testing antimicrobial activity of the medium showed that it was determined by berberine and to a lesser degree by palmatine. Protein fraction also demonstrated antimicrobial activity. An improved antimicrobial activity after Phe adding to medium resulted from alkaloid and protein accumulation. The conclusion was made that one of the mechanisms of Phe action was the control of alkaloid biosynthesis with the involvement of the enzyme system of the early steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway, which, in its turn, is one of the stages in stress-induced plant response to pathogen action.     

Differential regulation and tissue-specific distribution of enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathways in developing parsley seedlings

Characteristic enzymes of general phenylpropanoid metabolism (phenylalanine ammonialyase) and of the flavonoid-glycoside and furanocoumarin branch pathways (chalcone synthase and S-adenosyl-l-methionine: bergaptol O-methyltransferase, respectively) were localized immuno-histochemically in cross-sections of various aerial parts of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) at different stages of seedling development. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase occurred predominantly in epidermal and oil-duct epithelial cells, but was also detectable in other tissue parts. The two pathway-specific enzymes were localized in the epidermis (chalcone synthase) and in oil ducts (bergaptol O-methyl-transferase). High chalcone-synthase concentrations occurred very early in leaf development and then declined. High levels of the methyltransferase were present at all times investigated. The temporal and spatial at all times investigated. The temporal and spatial distribution of all three enzymes is in agreement with the time courses and sites of accumulation of the biosynthetic end products.Abbreviations BMT S-adenosyl-l-methionine: bergaptol O-methyltransferase - CHS chalcone synthase - PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase