珊瑚礁白化研究进展

珊瑚礁白化是由于珊瑚失去体内共生的虫黄藻和（或）共生的虫黄藻失去体内色素而导致五彩缤纷的珊瑚礁变白的生态现象。近年来，频繁发生的珊瑚礁白化导致了珊瑚礁生态系统严重退化，并已经影响到全球珊瑚礁生态系统的平衡，受到了人们的高度重视。研究认为：（1）大范围珊瑚礁白化主要是全球环境变化引起的，尤其是全球变暖和紫外辐射增强；（2）导致珊瑚礁白化的机制主要在于细胞机制和光抑制机制；（3）珊瑚礁白化后的恢复与白化程度有关，大范围白化的珊瑚礁完全恢复需要几年到几十年；（4）珊瑚礁白化的后果在于降低珊瑚繁殖能力、减缓珊瑚礁生长、改变礁栖生物的群落结构，导致大面积珊瑚死亡和改变珊瑚礁生态类型，如变为海藻型等；（5）与珊瑚共生的D系群虫黄藻更适应高温环境，珊瑚礁有可能通过D系群逐渐取代C系群的方式适应全球环境变化。     

造礁石珊瑚与其共生藻(Symbiodinium)共生研究进展

对造礁石珊瑚与其共生藻共生研究现状及其在全球变化下的适应能力进行较全面的综述.造礁石珊瑚与遗传和生理功能独特的共生藻组成内共生关系是成功演化的范例.近年来对珊瑚共生体的分子系统学研究表明共生藻遗传多样性极为丰富,当前认为共生藻属至少包括8个(A-H)各自包含亚系群的世系或系群.珊瑚-共生藻共生功能体对诸如全球变化引起的海水温度上升等环境变化十分敏感.由于珊瑚以及珊瑚礁面临气候变化的严峻挑战,对珊瑚与其共生藻共生关系和共生功体适应能力的研究将是未来重要的研究领域之一.     

大型海藻在珊瑚礁退化过程中的作用

随着全球范围珊瑚礁的退化,大型海藻在珊瑚礁区的覆盖度呈增多的趋势。大型海藻的大量生长,妨碍了珊瑚的生长、繁殖、恢复等过程。概括起来,大型海藻对珊瑚生长、繁殖及恢复过程所产生的不利影响主要包括:(1)大型海藻通过与珊瑚竞争空间和光照而影响珊瑚生长;(2)大型海藻与珊瑚直接接触时,通过摩擦作用及释放化感物质而影响珊瑚生长;(3)大型海藻的大量生长打破了珊瑚与海藻的竞争平衡,珊瑚为应对大型海藻的入侵而把用于生长和繁殖的能量转移到组织修复与防御上,进而造成珊瑚繁殖能量的减少;(4)大型海藻通过影响珊瑚幼虫的附着及附着后的存活率,而阻碍珊瑚群落的发展;(5)海藻还能通过富集沉积物、释放病原体及扰乱珊瑚共生微生物的生长等而间接影响珊瑚生长。明确的竞争机制有利于研究海藻与珊瑚的相互作用过程。在总结前人对海藻与珊瑚的竞争机制研究的基础上,把两者的竞争机制划分成物理机制、化学机制、微生物机制三大类,物理机制是研究得比较透彻的竞争机制,而化学机制与微生物机制则需要更深入的研究,是当前研究的热点。目前,我国对珊瑚礁中底栖海藻与珊瑚的相互作用研究甚少;鉴于此,对底栖海藻功能群的划分类型以及三大类型底栖海藻对珊瑚的作用特点做了简要介绍,并对珊瑚礁退化的现状和退化珊瑚礁区内海藻的表现做了概述。在此基础上,再综述国外关于大型海藻对珊瑚的影响研究进展,指出我国应该加强对南海珊瑚礁区大型海藻的种类分布及丰富度等的调查,评价大型海藻对南海珊瑚礁的影响现状;并结合生理学、分子生物学技术和生态学研究手段,在细胞与分子水平上探索海藻对珊瑚的影响机制,以期为珊瑚礁生态系统的保护提供参考。     

珊瑚及共生藻在白化过程中的适应机制研究进展

珊瑚礁生态系统具有非常重要的生态学功能。但是随着全球气候变暖和CO2浓度的升高,珊瑚白化事件越来越频繁,珊瑚礁生态系统面临严重的危机。影响珊瑚白化的重要因子主要有海水温度的异常（过高或过低）,太阳辐射与紫外线辐射,海水盐度的偏离,珊瑚疾病,海洋污染,长棘海星的爆发,人类的过度捕鱼和全球CO2浓度升高等。其中,海洋表面水体温度（SST）的异常升高为珊瑚白化的主要因素。珊瑚主要是通过珊瑚与共生藻的生理适应机制以及更换共生藻基因型机制两种方式来适应环境胁迫的。生理适应机制主要通过叶黄素循环、珊瑚色素荧光（热）、活性氧清除系统（自由基）、分泌紫外线吸收物质MAAs（紫外光）、产生热休克蛋白HspS（热）来实现的。珊瑚共生藻基因型更换适应机制是指珊瑚的适应性白化假说。珊瑚的适应性白化假说还有很多争议,还需要更多的实验证据提供支持。未来的研究重点将在珊瑚白化过程中共生藻-珊瑚共生功能体作为整体性的研究,尤其是珊瑚宿主在白化过程中对共生功能体作出贡献的研究。     

全球变化背景下内蒙古草原土壤微生物多样性维持机制研究进展

全球变化对人类环境的影响是近几十年世界广泛关注的热点之一。内蒙古草原不仅是我国重要的牲畜和饲料生产基地, 而且有着不可替代的生态系统功能。土壤微生物是地球上多样性最高的生物类群, 在驱动碳氮循环等多种生态系统过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。由于研究技术的限制和群落结构复杂等原因, 土壤微生物生态学研究还处于描述性阶段, 理论研究还很缺乏。鉴于此, 利用分子生物学技术尤其是新一代测序技术, 从理论层面上系统地研究全球变化背景下我国北方草地微生物多样性的维持机制具有重要意义。本文在比较各种环境变化对土壤微生物群落的相对影响的基础上, 分析全球变化对微生物多样性影响的物理化学和生态学机制, 并对未来内蒙古草原微生物多样性的重点研究领域进行了展望, 包括: (1)加强全球变化多因素综合研究; (2)加强微生物多样性维持的生态学机制的研究; (3)加强地上与地下多样性关联机制的研究; (4)加强全球大尺度多生态系统的整合研究。     

海洋酸化对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响研究进展

目前,大气CO2浓度的升高已导致海水pH值比工业革命前下降了约0.1,海水碳酸盐平衡体系随之变化,进而影响珊瑚礁生态系统的健康。近年来的研究表明海洋酸化导致造礁石珊瑚幼体补充和群落恢复更加困难,造礁石珊瑚和其它造礁生物(Reef-building organisms)钙化率降低甚至溶解,乃至影响珊瑚礁鱼类的生命活动。虽然海洋酸化对造礁石珊瑚光合作用的影响不显著,但珊瑚-虫黄藻共生体系会受到一定影响。建议选择典型海区进行长期系统监测,结合室内与原位模拟试验,从个体、种群、群落到系统不同层面,运用生理学和分子生物学技术,结合生态学研究手段,综合研究珊瑚的相应响应,以期深入认识海洋酸化对珊瑚礁生态系统健康(例如珊瑚白化)的影响及其效应。     

珊瑚病原微生物鉴定及其分子诊断技术进展

珊瑚礁生态系统是热带海洋最突出、最具代表性的生态系统,具有极高的生态价值和经济价值,然而由珊瑚疾病引起的珊瑚礁退化已经成为珊瑚礁生态系统的主要威胁之一。许多微生物(主要包括细菌、真菌、病毒)被认为与珊瑚疾病发生密切相关,确定珊瑚疾病的病原并建立其快速诊断的方法是开展珊瑚疾病流行病学调查和制定防控措施的必由之路。本文主要综述珊瑚疾病的病原微生物及其分子诊断技术的研究进展。     

运用PCR-RFLP方法研究三亚鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚共生藻的组成

造礁石珊瑚共生藻的系统分类研究对于理解珊瑚礁生态系统对全球变化的响应具有十分重要的意义.本研究利用PCR技术扩增核糖体基因人亚基片段以及限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)的方法,对海南三亚鹿回头岸礁的8科14属22种造礁石珊瑚的共生藻组成进行了研究.结果表明鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚共生藻以C系群为优势系群,偶尔发现D系群与鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocilolpora damieornis)和黄癣蜂巢珊瑚(Favia favus)共生:另外丑鹿角珊瑚(Acropora horrida)和丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)可以同时与C系群和D系群共生.共生多型性的发现暗示珊瑚与共生藻的共生关系具有灵活性.研究结果同样显示共生藻的核糖体基因人片段的DNA多态性偏低.未来应该结合其他的分子标记对鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚共生藻的DNA多态性进行更深入的研究.     

植物-微生物互惠共生: 演化机制与生态功能

植物-微生物互惠共生是一种特殊的合作形式, 在整个生命和陆地生态系统的演化历史中起着至关重要的作用。在全球环境变化背景下, 植物和微生物间的互惠共生对生态系统功能的维持具有重要意义。尽管合作/互惠共生如此重要, 在生物学中却存在着对它的历史偏见与忽视。特别地, 尽管互惠共生的理论与建模发展已有较长的历史, 但不同学科分支间仍存在着多种不同的观点。本综述从两个看似对立的视角概述植物-微生物互惠共生的概念框架, 即微生物学家关心的微观机制和生态系统生态学家关注的宏观影响。宏观模型通常从一组过于简单的假设出发, 便于理论分析。但微观机制是开展定量预测的基础, 因此新一代基于过程的宏观模型需嵌入微观机制, 这对预测全球变化下的生态系统响应至关重要。此外, 希望本文也可以吸引更多学者关注合作/互惠的重要作用, 并将这一概念应用于解决其他生态学和社会学问题。     

珊瑚共生体中“细菌-虫黄藻-宿主”三角关系的通讯交流

“细菌-虫黄藻-珊瑚”是生态系统中一对经典的三角关系,其中包含着复杂的物质流、信息流和能量流,三者的平衡与稳定是维护珊瑚礁生态系统健康的重要保障。过去20年里针对共生体交互关系进行了大量研究,并取得了一些重要成果,明确了“细菌-虫黄藻-宿主”三者之间的物质代谢、营养交换以及与环境的交互关系。然而,基于共生系统的复杂性,一些现象背后的机制仍然未被充分揭示,尤其是共生体之间的通讯交流。信号分子介导的相互作用是珊瑚共生体稳态维持和高效运转的内在驱动力。本文以珊瑚共生体系中化学信号为重点,尝试梳理最新的研究进展,包括细菌与细菌、细菌与珊瑚、细菌与虫黄藻以及虫黄藻与珊瑚之间的通讯方式,重点关注了群体感应信号(QS)、二甲基巯基丙酸盐(DMSP)、糖类信号、脂类信号以及非编码RNA。选择性例举了QS信号介导的微生物协作和竞争、DMSP调节下的细菌和宿主的相互作用,以及环境胁迫下珊瑚和虫黄藻对非编码RNA的响应过程,强调了它们在共生体中的作用模式和生态意义。并对今后的研究重点和可能方向进行了提炼,包括研究维度的扩充、新技术-新方法的应用以及生态模型的构建等,旨在提升对三角关系互作方式的认识,增进对珊瑚共生体的理解,探索基于通讯语言的操纵方式为珊瑚礁生态系统的恢复和保护提供新思路。     

The Changing Health of Coral Reefs

Throughout their entire global range coral reefs are in decline. Coral bleaching, macroalgal overgrowth and coral diseases — responses signaling the declining health of coral reefs — have occurred with increasing frequency and intensity in recent decades. Decreased calcification may also be affecting coral reefs over longer time scales. Declines in coral reef health have been attributed to various natural and anthropogenic processes, but assignment of causality has proved problematic. Coral bleaching has been observed during extreme climate events such as El Niño; furthermore, there are indications that exposure to UV radiation, air, infectious microbes, and elevated temperature plays a role in the dramatic increase of coral bleaching since the mid-1970s. Macroalgal overgrowth is usually ascribed to eutrophi-cation and coral diseases to weakening of the coral host resistance by anthropogenic pollution. An issue precluding a strict anthropogenic cause of coral reef decline is that both overgrowth and coral diseases are known to occur, although less frequently, on reefs remote from human development. While its causes are still being unraveled, the overall decline in coral reef health sends an unambiguous signal that the coral reef system is losing its ability to withstand sudden or persistent environmental changes.     

Review of coral reef ecosystem remote sensing

Coral reef communities face unprecedented pressures at local, regional and global scales as a consequence of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. Remote sensing, from satellites or aircraft, is possibly the only means to measure the effects of such stresses at appropriately large spatial scales. In the past 30 years, remote sensing of coral reefs has made rapid progress. However, the current technology is still not mature enough to monitor complicated coral reef ecosystems. Compared with foreign research in this field, our work lags far behind. There are still deficiencies in many aspects, such as basic data collection, theoretical research and platform construction. In our nation, it is even unclear how coral reefs disperse and where they may be unhealthy. In this paper, general characteristics of coral reef ecosystems and spectral features of different reef benthos have been summarized, based initially on a review of relevant literature in recent years. Based on the spectral separability of different reef types or benthos, remote sensing can be used to monitor two aspects of coral reefs: (1) Measurement of the ecological properties of reefs. (2) Health assessment of the coral reef ecosystem. In the first part, optical remote sensing methods are widely used to map reef geomorphology and habitats or biotopes. The investigation of geomorphologic zonation has proven to be one of the most successful applications, as different geomorphologic zones are associated with characteristic benthic community structures and occur at spatial scales of tens to hundreds of meters, they are amenable to remote detection by moderate to high resolution sensors. With more and more attention on the ecological problems of coral reefs, a number of studies have used high resolution sensors to map reef communities. The number of classes distinguishable depends on many factors, including the platforms, resolution (spectral, spatial and temporal resolution) and environmental conditions (water depth, water clarity, surface roughness, etc.). Compared with deep water color remote sensing, or terrestrial remote sensing, three techniques for the measurement of reef ecological properties are examined in this paper: (1) Coral reef classification system using remote sensing. (2) Techniques of sea surface correction and water column correction. (3) Techniques of coral reef information extraction from images. In terms of the complexity of coral reef ecosystems, the current techniques still need further improvement or optimization. In the health assessment of coral reef ecosystems, there are two ways to carry out the monitoring using remote sensing: (1) Monitoring the pigment or symbiotic zooxanthellae contents in corals. (2) Measuring the environmental properties of reefs. The first way is theoretically feasible, but difficult to achieve in practice. Currently, most reef health assessments are carried out by measuring environmental parameters, including sea surface temperature, solar radiation, ultraviolet radiation, water color, wind speed and direction, rainfall, ocean acidification, sea level, etc., of which sea surface temperature has been routinely measured by NOAA to monitor coral bleaching. In addition to the contents above, this article puts forward five main prospects for development in the future: (1) Establishment of a coral reef classification system using remote sensing. (2) Satellite launch for monitoring coral reefs. (3) Theoretical and methodological development. (4) Establishment of a spectral database for different reef benthos. (5) Integrated application of multi-source remote sensing data. It is hoped that the information provided here will be a reference for subsequent similar studies.     

Symbiodiniaceae-bacteria interactions: rethinking metabolite exchange in reef-building corals as multi-partner metabolic networks

The intimate relationship between scleractinian corals and their associated microorganisms is fundamental to healthy coral reef ecosystems. Coral-associated microbes (Symbiodiniaceae and other protists, bacteria, archaea, fungi and viruses) support coral health and resilience through metabolite transfer, inter-partner signalling, and genetic exchange. However, much of our understanding of the coral holobiont relationship has come from studies that have investigated either coral-Symbiodiniaceae or coral-bacteria interactions in isolation, while relatively little research has focused on other ecological and metabolic interactions potentially occurring within the coral multi-partner symbiotic network. Recent evidences of intimate coupling between phytoplankton and bacteria have demonstrated that obligate resource exchange between partners fundamentally drives their ecological success. Here, we posit that similar associations with bacterial consortia regulate Symbiodiniaceae productivity and are in turn central to the health of corals. Indeed, we propose that this bacteria-Symbiodiniaceae-coral relationship underpins the coral holobiont's nutrition, stress tolerance and potentially influences the future survival of coral reef ecosystems under changing environmental conditions. Resolving Symbiodiniaceae-bacteria associations is therefore a logical next step towards understanding the complex multi-partner interactions occurring in the coral holobiont.     

《生物多样性公约》下我国珊瑚礁养护履约进程与改善建议

珊瑚礁生态系统是《生物多样性公约》(下称《公约》)的重点保护对象。自1998年珊瑚礁出现大规模白化现象以来, 珊瑚礁养护议题一直受到《公约》缔约方大会的关注。本文通过梳理我国珊瑚礁养护管理的法律法规和相关履约措施, 结合海南、广西、广东三省的珊瑚礁资源变化状况, 评价我国在履约方面的表现并识别存在的主要差距。研究发现, 总体上我国积极采取了多种措施进行珊瑚礁的养护和管理, 活珊瑚覆盖度和种类数量有一定程度的恢复, 但仍存在相关立法分散、综合性治理方案缺乏、气候变化适应不足、跨部门协调机制不完善、海洋保护区管理有效性不足、资金缺乏且当地社区参与度低、珊瑚礁监测标准和规范简单且不统一、监测数据不足以进行有效评估、国际合作程度低、公众参与度不高等问题。建议我国结合履约要求, 与《公约》的目标和精神基本保持一致, 并考虑正在讨论的《2020后全球生物多样性保护框架》, 进一步完善珊瑚礁养护立法、行动计划和气候变化适应方案, 加强综合管理和协调机制建设, 提升海洋保护区的管理实效性, 改进珊瑚礁监测和数据采集, 提升国际合作, 进一步提高公众参与度, 从而不断提升履约能力, 构建更加完善的珊瑚礁养护体系。     

Human,Oceanographic and Habitat Drivers of Central and Western Pacific Coral Reef Fish Assemblages

Coral reefs around US- and US-affiliated Pacific islands and atolls span wide oceanographic gradients and levels of human impact. Here we examine the relative influence of these factors on coral reef fish biomass, using data from a consistent large-scale ecosystem monitoring program conducted by scientific divers over the course of >2,000 hours of underwater observation at 1,934 sites, across ~40 islands and atolls. Consistent with previous smaller-scale studies, our results show sharp declines in reef fish biomass at relatively low human population density, followed by more gradual declines as human population density increased further. Adjusting for other factors, the highest levels of oceanic productivity among our study locations were associated with more than double the biomass of reef fishes (including ~4 times the biomass of planktivores and piscivores) compared to islands with lowest oceanic productivity. Our results emphasize that coral reef areas do not all have equal ability to sustain large reef fish stocks, and that what is natural varies significantly amongst locations. Comparisons of biomass estimates derived from visual surveys with predicted biomass in the absence of humans indicated that total reef fish biomass was depleted by 61% to 69% at populated islands in the Mariana Archipelago; by 20% to 78% in the Main Hawaiian islands; and by 21% to 56% in American Samoa.     

Coral and sandstone reef-habitats in north-western Sri Lanka: patterns in the distribution of coral communities

Coral and sandstone reefs cover a significant part ofSri Lanka‘s continental shelf and contain incomparison unique reef structures. Despite this, reefsin this region of the northern Indian Ocean havereceived little research attention. In an attempt tobetter understand these ecosystems and their innatecharacter, this study describes the variety of reeftypes and habitats that are found in this area. Thestudy concentrated on four major reef areas: the BarReef Marine Sanctuary (BRMS), Kandakuliya Reefs,Talawila Reef, and Mampuri Reef. These reefs showedapparent differences in habitat structure in terms ofthe proportion coral cover, coral species compositionand structural complexity. Two reef types were presentwithin the continental shelf of BRMS: coral andsandstone patch-reefs. Acropora was the mostdominant coral genera however in total 118madreporarian species and 50 coral genera wererecorded in the sanctuary. Distinct habitats wereidentified within reef types including shallow reefflat, shallow patch reef, deep reef flat and Porites dome habitats for the coral-reef patcheswhile the sandstone-reef patches were divided intostructured and flat sandstone reef habitats.Kandakuliya Reef south of BRMS was by large dominatedby coral rubble. Talawila Reef and Mampuri Reef showedunique structures with the former being dominated bymassive corals and the latter mainly containingsandstone structures. In addition to factors such asbio-erosion, sedimentation, hydrodynamics, andrecruitment or colonisation processes, some reefs wereclearly under significant direct human impact whichappeared to play a dominant role in habitatstructuring. However, type and degree of humandisturbance varied among the reefs. Habitat alterationat Kandakuliya Reef was the result of intense fishingusing destructive fishing methods. Talawila Reef andMampuri Reef was also influenced by fishing activitiesthough reef structure seemed less affected. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Motivations,success, and cost of coral reef restoration

Coral reef restoration is an increasingly important part of tropical marine conservation. Information about what motivates coral reef restoration as well as its success and cost is not well understood but is needed to inform restoration decisions. We systematically review and synthesize data from mostly scientific studies published in peer‐reviewed and gray literature on the motivations for coral reef restoration, the variables measured, outcomes reported, the cost per hectare of the restoration project, the survival of restored corals, the duration of the project, and its overall spatial extent depending on the restoration technique employed. The main motivation to restore coral reefs for the projects assessed was to further our ecological knowledge and improve restoration techniques, with coral growth, productivity, and survival being the main variables measured. The median project cost was 400,000 US$/ha (2010 US$), ranging from 6,000 US$/ha for the nursery phase of coral gardening to 4,000,000 US$/ha for substrate addition to build an artificial reef. Restoration projects were mostly of short duration (1–2 years) and over small spatial extents (0.01 ha or 108 m²). Median reported survival of restored corals was 60.9%. Future research to survey practitioners who do not publish their discoveries would complement this work. Our findings and database provide critical data to inform future research in coral reef restoration.     

Benthic structure and cryptic mortality in a Caribbean mesophotic coral reef bank system, the Hind Bank Marine Conservation District, U.S. Virgin Islands

Coral reef banks may form an important component of mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) in the Caribbean, but remain poorly explored relative to shallower reefs and mesophotic habitats on slopes and walls. Consequently, the processes structuring mesophotic coral reef communities are not well understood, particularly the role of disturbance. A large and regionally important mesophotic system, the Hind Bank Marine Conservation District (MCD), St. Thomas, USVI, was systematically surveyed. Data were used to construct a comprehensive benthic habitat map for the MCD, describe the abiotic and biotic components of the benthos among habitats, and investigate patterns of coral health among habitats. Two-thirds of the MCD (23.6 km²) was found to be dense coral reef (Coral Cover = 24.1%) dominated by the Montastraea annularis species complex. Coral reef ecosystems were topographically complex, but could be classified into distinct habitat types, including high coral banks (35.8% of the MCD) and two large novel coral reef habitat types corresponding to an extremely flat basin (18%) and a highly rugose hillock basin (6.5%), containing thousands of coral knolls (2–10 m high). An extreme disease event with undescribed signs of mortality occurred on 47% of coral reefs and reached a high prevalence in affected areas (42.4% ± 6.3 SE, N = 26). The disease was significantly clustered in the basin habitats of the western MCD (global Moran’s I = 0.32, P < 0.01). Observations of the spatial pattern suggested that the driver was specific to the basin habitats and may have been caused by a coherent abiotic event.     

热带珊瑚礁区海参的生境选择与生态作用

珊瑚礁生态系统是一个高生产力、高生物多样性的特殊海洋生态系统,具有为生物提供栖息地、参与生物地球化学循环、防浪护岸、指示水体污染程度等生态功能。珊瑚礁生态系统的突出特点是其生境异质性很高,各种各样的生境斑块为种类繁多、习性各异的游泳和底栖生物提供栖息场所,这些礁栖生物通过参与各项生态过程而形成各种特定的功能群,共同完成重要的生态功能。在热带珊瑚礁生态系统中,海参是大型底栖动物区系的重要一员。种类繁多的海参具有各自不同的生境选择特征,通过摄食、运动等行为活动发挥着改良底质、促进有机物矿化和营养盐再生等生态作用。近几年来,全球热带海参受人类过度捕捞和珊瑚礁退化的影响而面临资源衰退、物种多样性丧失等问题,深入认识其生态学功能、加强热带海参资源保护迫在眉睫。综述了国内外热带珊瑚礁海参的基础生态学研究进展：海参对珊瑚礁生境斑块呈现显著的偏好选择特征以及种间差异和季节变动,不同生境斑块的食物质量、底质类型和水动力条件是影响海参生境偏好的重要因素;海参通过生物扰动可以改变珊瑚礁生境沉积物的含水量、渗透性、颗粒组成、再矿化率、无机营养物质释放速率以及孔隙水的化学梯度,并增加沉积物中的溶氧浓度、促进溶解...