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对造礁石珊瑚与其共生藻共生研究现状及其在全球变化下的适应能力进行较全面的综述.造礁石珊瑚与遗传和生理功能独特的共生藻组成内共生关系是成功演化的范例.近年来对珊瑚共生体的分子系统学研究表明共生藻遗传多样性极为丰富,当前认为共生藻属至少包括8个(A-H)各自包含亚系群的世系或系群.珊瑚-共生藻共生功能体对诸如全球变化引起的海水温度上升等环境变化十分敏感.由于珊瑚以及珊瑚礁面临气候变化的严峻挑战,对珊瑚与其共生藻共生关系和共生功体适应能力的研究将是未来重要的研究领域之一. 相似文献
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运用PCR-RFLP方法研究三亚鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚共生藻的组成 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
造礁石珊瑚共生藻的系统分类研究对于理解珊瑚礁生态系统对全球变化的响应具有十分重要的意义.本研究利用PCR技术扩增核糖体基因人亚基片段以及限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)的方法,对海南三亚鹿回头岸礁的8科14属22种造礁石珊瑚的共生藻组成进行了研究.结果表明鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚共生藻以C系群为优势系群,偶尔发现D系群与鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocilolpora damieornis)和黄癣蜂巢珊瑚(Favia favus)共生:另外丑鹿角珊瑚(Acropora horrida)和丛生盔形珊瑚(Galaxea fascicularis)可以同时与C系群和D系群共生.共生多型性的发现暗示珊瑚与共生藻的共生关系具有灵活性.研究结果同样显示共生藻的核糖体基因人片段的DNA多态性偏低.未来应该结合其他的分子标记对鹿回头岸礁造礁石珊瑚共生藻的DNA多态性进行更深入的研究. 相似文献
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对三亚海域常见风信子鹿角珊瑚(Acropora hyacinthus)和疣状杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora verrucosa)健康与白化状态的反射率进行分析。结果表明: 健康状态下风信子鹿角珊瑚与疣状杯形珊瑚反射率波形相似, 在575 nm、605 nm、650 nm 处均出现特征波峰; 白化状态下风信子鹿角珊瑚与疣状杯形珊瑚反射率高于健康状态珊瑚反射率, 波形较平缓,其中白化风信子鹿角珊瑚反射率在675 nm 处出现显著波谷, 为叶绿素对光吸收导致。大型多元统计软件PRIMER 6对健康与白化状态珊瑚反射率进行Bray-Curtis 相似聚类(CLUSTER)分析, 显示在80%相似水平上可以对健康与白化状态珊瑚反射率进行区分。一阶导数表明, 风信子鹿角珊瑚敏感波段为490 nm-570 nm, 疣状杯形珊瑚敏感波段为550 nm-575 nm, 不同种类珊瑚敏感波段具有差异性。 相似文献
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珊瑚礁白化是由于珊瑚失去体内共生的虫黄藻和(或)共生的虫黄藻失去体内色素而导致五彩缤纷的珊瑚礁变白的生态现象。近年来,频繁发生的珊瑚礁白化导致了珊瑚礁生态系统严重退化,并已经影响到全球珊瑚礁生态系统的平衡,受到了人们的高度重视。研究认为:(1)大范围珊瑚礁白化主要是全球环境变化引起的,尤其是全球变暖和紫外辐射增强;(2)导致珊瑚礁白化的机制主要在于细胞机制和光抑制机制;(3)珊瑚礁白化后的恢复与白化程度有关,大范围白化的珊瑚礁完全恢复需要几年到几十年;(4)珊瑚礁白化的后果在于降低珊瑚繁殖能力、减缓珊瑚礁生长、改变礁栖生物的群落结构,导致大面积珊瑚死亡和改变珊瑚礁生态类型,如变为海藻型等;(5)与珊瑚共生的D系群虫黄藻更适应高温环境,珊瑚礁有可能通过D系群逐渐取代C系群的方式适应全球环境变化。 相似文献
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造礁石珊瑚对低温的耐受能力及响应模式 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过实验室生态模拟,研究了低温胁迫下三亚湾5种造礁石珊瑚(十字牡丹珊瑚、佳丽鹿角珊瑚、花鹿角珊瑚、强壮鹿角珊瑚、澄黄滨珊瑚)的耐受性,分析了造礁石珊瑚对低温的响应模式.结果表明:造礁石珊瑚耐受低温能力与其骨骼类型有关,枝状珊瑚最先死亡,块状珊瑚的耐受能力明显高于枝状珊瑚;14 ℃持续3 d是三亚湾枝状造礁石珊瑚的致死低温;14 ℃持续3 d为块状澄黄滨珊瑚的致白化低温;12 ℃持续10 d为叶片状十字牡丹珊瑚的致死温度;块状澄黄滨珊瑚受到低温胁迫时表面形成粘膜,阻止了珊瑚进一步排出共生虫黄藻. 耐高温的珊瑚对低温也表现出较强的耐受能力,珊瑚对低温胁迫的响应模式与对高温的响应模式基本一致, 即珊瑚首先不伸展触手,紧接着不断释放粘液并排出共生藻,最后白化、死亡. 相似文献
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目的:探究强光及高温诱发白化的中国绿水螅共生细菌多样性的特征。方法:以光照强度2000 Lux和温度25℃条件为对照,分别在强光胁迫(6000 Lux,25℃)、高温胁迫(2000 Lux,33℃)以及强光和高温联合胁迫(6000 Lux,33℃)等3种条件下进行诱导中国绿水螅白化的实验。白化实验进行到21天后,采用对单个水螅细胞中的共生藻进行计数的方法检测绿水螅白化的程度,同时通过16S r DNA高通量测序的方法分析绿水螅共生细菌多样性及丰度变化。结果:在强光胁迫、高温胁迫及强光和高温联合胁迫下绿水螅体内共生藻数量均显著减少(P<0.05)。强光胁迫下绿水螅共生细菌中蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)的丰度上升,而在强光和高温联合胁迫下绿水螅共生细菌中不但蓝细菌门的丰度上升,绿硫菌门(Chlorobi)的丰度也明显提高。此外,KEGG富集分析结果表明发生白化的绿水螅共生细菌与亚油酸、类胡萝卜素及甜菜红色素等抗氧化剂的合成和代谢相关。结论:蓝细菌和绿硫菌的光合作用产物有可能被水螅宿主所利用、以弥补水螅宿主由于共生藻的减少带来的营养缺乏;强光和高温胁迫下绿水螅出现白化现象后共... 相似文献
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高原鼠兔低氧适应分子机制的研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是生活在青藏高原海拔3000-5000m地区的特有物种,具有极强的低温、低氧耐受能力。近十几年来,许多国内外学者从整体水平及分子水平对高原鼠兔的低氧适应机制进行了大量研究,认为该动物是研究低氧适应的理想动物模型。本文对高原鼠兔的低氧适应机制从血液学特征、肺血管的结构和功能及分子生物学研究等方面作一系统阐述,旨在阐明高原土生动物在高寒缺氧环境中生存的适应机制,这对人类适应高原及高原疾病的防治有着重要的指导意义。 相似文献
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骨骼肌可塑性强,可根据内源或外源刺激调整其代谢与收缩特性,改变肌纤维类型.低氧是导致骨骼肌代谢适应性变化及骨骼肌萎缩的一大诱因,也是影响肌纤维类型组成的重要因素.在高原低氧与病理性低氧条件下,人类与动物的骨骼肌纤维组成均可发生类型转换及调节因子的表达变化,从而提高骨骼肌的低氧适应能力.在归纳、总结前人研究的基础上,本文... 相似文献
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冷驯化能大大提高植物的抗寒性。研究测定了引进日本桃叶珊瑚(Auccuba japonica Thunb.cv.Variegata)苗木在不同越冬条件下的抗寒性指标及在低温锻炼前后的半致死温度,并通过双向电泳分离与抗寒性有关的特异蛋白。结果表明,日本桃叶珊瑚能安全地越冬(最低气温为-18℃),日本桃叶珊瑚叶片抗冻的细胞结构特征在于其叶肉细胞排列疏松,间隙大,有利于防止细胞内结冰;经过4℃冷驯化的植株低温半致死温度为-21℃,而未经冷驯化的植株低温半致死温度为-7.5℃;双向电泳分析发现至少有3个常温下存在而低温下消失的蛋白多肽,分子量分别为A15kD、B14kD、C56kD、D26kD。依据分子量和等电点初步分析,A与组蛋白H2A相似,B与组蛋白H2B相似;另B与Rubisco小亚基分子量相近,C与Rubisco大亚基分子量相近,前一种情况可能与有关抗寒基因的表达有关,后一种情况可能与低温下的光合作用减弱有关。 相似文献
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Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are key reef-building primary producers that are known to induce the metamorphosis and recruitment of many species of coral larvae. Reef biofilms (particularly microorganisms associated with CCA) are also important as settlement cues for a variety of marine invertebrates, including corals. If rising sea surface temperatures (SSTs) affect CCA and/or their associated biofilms, this may in turn affect recruitment on coral reefs. Herein, we report that the CCA Neogoniolithon fosliei, and its associated microbial communities do not tolerate SSTs of 32 °C, only 2–4 °C above the mean maximum annual SST. After 7 days at 32 °C, the CCA exhibited clear signs of stress, including bleaching, a reduction in maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and a large shift in microbial community structure. This shift at 32 °C involved an increase in Bacteroidetes and a reduction in Alphaproteobacteria, including the loss of the primary strain (with high-sequence similarity to a described coral symbiont). A recovery in Fv/Fm was observed in CCA exposed to 31 °C following 7 days of recovery (at 27 °C); however, CCA exposed to 32 °C did not recover during this time as evidenced by the rapid growth of endolithic green algae. A 50% reduction in the ability of N. fosliei to induce coral larval metamorphosis at 32 °C accompanied the changes in microbiology, pigmentation and photophysiology of the CCA. This is the first experimental evidence to demonstrate how thermal stress influences microbial associations on CCA with subsequent downstream impacts on coral recruitment, which is critical for reef regeneration and recovery from climate-related mortality events. 相似文献
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The cnidarian‐dinoflagellate mutualism is integral to the survival of the coral‐reef ecosystem. Despite the enormous ecological and economic importance of corals, their cellular and molecular biology and the ways in which they respond to environmental change are still poorly understood. We have been developing a proxy system for examining the coral mutualism in which the dinoflagellate symbiont Symbiodinium is introduced into a clonal population of the host Aiptasia, a small sea anemone closely related to corals. To further develop the tools for this system, we generated five clonal, axenic strains of Symbiodinium and verified the lack of contaminants by growth on rich medium, microscopic examination, and PCR analysis. These strains were assigned to clades A (two strains), B, E, and F based on their chloroplast 23S rDNA sequences. Growth studies in liquid cultures showed that the clade B strain and one of the clade A strains were able to grow photoautotrophically (in light with no fixed carbon), mixotrophically (in light with fixed carbon), or heterotrophically (in dark with fixed carbon). The clade E strain, thought to be free‐living, was able to grow photoautotrophically but not heterotrophically. Infection of an aposymbiotic Aiptasia host with the axenic strains showed consistent patterns of specificity, with only the clade B and one of the clade A strains able to successfully establish symbiosis. Overall, the Aiptasia‐Symbiodinium association represents an important model system for dissecting aspects of the physiology and cellular and molecular biology of cnidarian‐dinoflagellate mutualism and exploring issues that bear directly on coral bleaching. 相似文献
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Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Hawaiian waters show a trend of increasing temperature over the past several decades that are consistent with observations in other coral reef areas of the world. The first documented large‐scale coral bleaching occurred in the Hawaii region during late summer of 1996, with a second in 2002. The bleaching events in Hawaii were triggered by a prolonged regional positive oceanic sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly greater than 1°C that developed offshore during the time of annual summer temperature maximum. High solar energy input and low winds further elevated inshore water temperature by 1–2°C in reef areas with restricted water circulation (bays, reef flats and lagoons) and in areas where mesoscale eddies often retain water masses close to shore for prolonged periods of time. Data and observations taken during these events illustrate problems in predicting the phenomena of large‐scale bleaching. Forecasts and hind‐casts of these events are based largely on offshore oceanic SST records, which are only a first approximation of inshore reef conditions. The observed oceanic warming trend is the ultimate cause of the increase in the frequency and severity of bleaching events. However, coral reefs occur in shallow inshore areas where conditions are influenced by winds, orographic cloud cover, complex bathymetry, waves and inshore currents. These factors alter local temperature, irradiance, water motion and other physical and biological variables known to influence bleaching. 相似文献
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Elizabeth R. Selig Kenneth S. Casey John F. Bruno 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2010,19(3):397-411
Aim Coral reefs are widely considered to be particularly vulnerable to changes in ocean temperatures, yet we understand little about the broad‐scale spatio‐temporal patterns that may cause coral mortality from bleaching and disease. Our study aimed to characterize these ocean temperature patterns at biologically relevant scales. Location Global, with a focus on coral reefs. Methods We created a 4‐km resolution, 21‐year global ocean temperature anomaly (deviations from long‐term means) database to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of temperature anomalies related to both coral bleaching and disease. Then we tested how patterns varied in several key metrics of disturbance severity, including anomaly frequency, magnitude, duration and size. Results Our analyses found both global variation in temperature anomalies and fine‐grained spatial variability in the frequency, duration and magnitude of temperature anomalies. However, we discovered that even during major climatic events with strong spatial signatures, like the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, areas that had high numbers of anomalies varied between years. In addition, we found that 48% of bleaching‐related anomalies and 44% of disease‐related anomalies were less than 50 km2, much smaller than the resolution of most models used to forecast climate changes. Main conclusions The fine‐scale variability in temperature anomalies has several key implications for understanding spatial patterns in coral bleaching‐ and disease‐related anomalies as well as for designing protected areas to conserve coral reefs in a changing climate. Spatial heterogeneity in temperature anomalies suggests that certain reefs could be targeted for protection because they exhibit differences in thermal stress. However, temporal variability in anomalies could complicate efforts to protect reefs, because high anomalies in one year are not necessarily predictive of future patterns of stress. Together, our results suggest that temperature anomalies related to coral bleaching and disease are likely to be highly heterogeneous and could produce more localized impacts of climate change. 相似文献
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Sun W. Kim Eugenia M. Sampayo Brigitte Sommer Carrie A. Sims Maria del C. Gmez‐Cabrera Steve J. Dalton Maria Beger Hamish A. Malcolm Renata Ferrari Nicola Fraser Will F. Figueira Stephen D. A. Smith Scott F. Heron Andrew H. Baird Maria Byrne C. Mark Eakin Robert Edgar Terry P. Hughes Nicole Kyriacou Gang Liu Paloma A. Matis William J. Skirving John M. Pandolfi 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(11):3918-3931
Environmental anomalies that trigger adverse physiological responses and mortality are occurring with increasing frequency due to climate change. At species' range peripheries, environmental anomalies are particularly concerning because species often exist at their environmental tolerance limits and may not be able to migrate to escape unfavourable conditions. Here, we investigated the bleaching response and mortality of 14 coral genera across high‐latitude eastern Australia during a global heat stress event in 2016. We evaluated whether the severity of assemblage‐scale and genus‐level bleaching responses was associated with cumulative heat stress and/or local environmental history, including long‐term mean temperatures during the hottest month of each year (SSTLTMAX), and annual fluctuations in water temperature (SSTVAR) and solar irradiance (PARZVAR). The most severely‐bleached genera included species that were either endemic to the region (Pocillopora aliciae) or rare in the tropics (e.g. Porites heronensis). Pocillopora spp., in particular, showed high rates of immediate mortality. Bleaching severity of Pocillopora was high where SSTLTMAX was low or PARZVAR was high, whereas bleaching severity of Porites was directly associated with cumulative heat stress. While many tropical Acropora species are extremely vulnerable to bleaching, the Acropora species common at high latitudes, such as A. glauca and A. solitaryensis, showed little incidence of bleaching and immediate mortality. Two other regionally‐abundant genera, Goniastrea and Turbinaria, were also largely unaffected by the thermal anomaly. The severity of assemblage‐scale bleaching responses was poorly explained by the environmental parameters we examined. Instead, the severity of assemblage‐scale bleaching was associated with local differences in species abundance and taxon‐specific bleaching responses. The marked taxonomic disparity in bleaching severity, coupled with high mortality of high‐latitude endemics, point to climate‐driven simplification of assemblage structures and progressive homogenisation of reef functions at these high‐latitude locations. 相似文献