水分胁迫对燕麦穗颖渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响

以抗旱性不同的燕麦品种‘蒙燕1号’(抗旱性强)和‘坝莜3号’(水分敏感)为试验材料,采用盆栽方式研究了抽穗期和灌浆期水分胁迫对燕麦穗颖渗透调节和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫处理均显著促进了不同抗旱性品种穗颖渗透调节物质(游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白)含量增加,并以抗旱品种累积水平高于水敏感品种,且两种渗透调节物质对抽穗期胁迫的反应比灌浆期胁迫更敏感。(2)两时期的水分胁迫处理均能降低不同抗旱性品种穗颖SOD和POD活性,抗旱品种的保护酶活性要高于水敏感品种,抗旱品种的SOD活性降低幅度明显低于水敏感品种,而POD活性降低幅度在两品种间差异不明显。(3)水分胁迫导致2个品种穗颖丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率显著增加,细胞膜结构受到严重伤害,且水敏感品种受害程度大于抗旱品种。(4)水分胁迫使2个品种单株籽粒产量下降,且在中度胁迫和重度胁迫下,抗旱品种的减产幅度要低于同期水敏感品种;水分胁迫下,水敏感品种‘坝莜3号’减产4.54%~30.29%,抗旱品种‘蒙燕1号’减产6.69%~23.54%。可见,抗旱性强的燕麦品种在受到水分胁迫的条件下能通过增强穗颖渗透调节和抗膜质过氧化能力、减弱穗颖细胞质膜损伤程度来适应干旱胁迫,最大限度减少水分胁迫对穗颖的伤害,有利于稳产。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜植株氮化合物含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)在营养液栽培中,对盐胁迫下耐盐性不同的两品种黄瓜幼苗体内硝态氮、铵态氮、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响。结果表明,外源Spd显著减小了盐胁迫引起的铵态氮、Pro含量的升高幅度和NR活性、硝态氮含量的降低幅度,且对盐敏感型黄瓜品种影响幅度较大。表明Spd可明显减缓盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗氮素营养代谢的影响。     

干旱胁迫对不同玉米自交系苗期渗透调节的影响

以5个抗旱性不同的玉米骨干自交系黄早四、掖478、郑58、旱21、齐319为试验材料,对持续水分胁迫下玉米幼苗的叶片相对含水量、渗透调节能力(OA)、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加重,叶片相对含水量呈现下降的趋势,渗透调节能力和可溶性糖含量呈现先上升后又下降的趋势,脯氨酸含量呈现持续上升的趋势;在持续干旱条件下,不同自交系各个指标的变化幅度不同,说明不同种质资源对干旱胁迫的响应方式不同,渗透调节能力也有差异。在水分胁迫的前7d中,渗透调节能力逐渐增加,第7天时达到最大值,OA从大到小的排列顺序为齐319郑58掖478旱21黄早四;但此后,除旱21外,其余4个自交系的OA都随之下降。旱21和齐319以可溶性糖和脯氨酸为主要的渗透调节因子,黄早四则以脯氨酸为主要的渗透调节物质。     

盐胁迫下小麦苗叶片吡咯-5-羧酸还原酶活性和游离脯氨酸积累

受NaCl、KCl或MsCl_2胁迫的小麦幼苗,当外部溶液的渗透势由—160 kPa下降到—900 kPa时,叶片吡咯—5—羧酸还原酶(PSC)活性增高;渗透势由—900 kPa降低到—1500kPa,酶活性下降;胁迫 1d和 2d的幼苗,还原酶活性显著增加;3～6d酶活性无大变化。游离脯氨酸含量随溶液渗透势下降和培养时间的延长而提高。胁迫解除后酶活性和脯氨酸含量均降低。受NcCl胁迫义在ABA影响下的幼苗,P5C还原酶活性和脯氨酸含量高于仅受NaCl胁迫的幼苗。     

''德抗961''小麦耐盐生理特性研究

以常规高产小麦品种山农215953为对照,在室内200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,对小麦品种德抗961的耐盐生理特性从水分状况维持和抗氧化保护系统两方面进行了研究.结果显示,盐胁迫条件下,德抗961较对照山农215953可保持较低的膜脂过氧化程度、较好的膜完整性以及较高的SOD、CAT、POD等抗氧化酶活性,从而保持细胞膜的有序性和稳定性;同时,德抗961通过主动积累如游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、蛋白质以及甘氨酸甜菜碱等渗透调节物质,降低渗透势,提高渗透调节能力,从而保持相对良好的叶片水分状况.表明德抗961的渗透调节能力强及相对较高的抗氧化水平可能是其耐盐性强的主要生理因素.     

不同生育期花生渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性对土壤水分的响应

通过防雨棚池栽试验,以不同花生品种为试材,研究了不同生育时期非充分灌溉对花生品种各生育期叶片膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,苗期和花针期灌水,叶片抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质和丙二醛(MDA)含量均有不同程度的降低.随生育期推进和土壤水分降低,其活性升高,但升幅因品种、抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质类型有异,两品种叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白质(Pr)、游离氨基酸(AA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量均以对水分最为敏感的花针期升幅较大,且花育27号的SOD、CAT、Pr和AA的升幅大于花育20号;结荚期灌水后,各抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质未表现降低.两品种全生育期灌水处理与苗期灌水处理间的抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质和MDA含量差异均不显著.水分胁迫初期,抗氧化酶活性升高,但随胁迫时间延长其活性明显降低;而渗透调节物质和MDA含量显著高于各生育期灌水处理.POD活性变化对灌水处理响应较弱,SOD和CAT是花生适应土壤水逆境的主要保护酶.灌水处理对花生叶片抗氧化及渗透调节能力表现为花针期＞结荚期＞苗期,各渗透物质调节能力依次表现为脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质＞可溶性糖＞游离氨基酸.     

水分胁迫对白刺幼苗生物量和渗透调节物质积累的影响

以PEG-6000模拟不同程度的水分胁迫对白刺幼苗进行处理,研究了其植株干重及其K 、Na 、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量变化.结果表明,15%PEG胁迫下白刺幼苗的生物量最高,丙二醛含量最低,且二者与对照的差异均显著;随着水分胁迫程度的增强,K 含量逐渐降低并与对照差异显著,Na 含量先减少后增加而其总积累量无显著变化;游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随着水分胁迫程度的增强而显著增加.因此,轻度水分胁迫有利于白刺幼苗的生长,有机溶质游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖是白刺适应干旱环境的主要渗透调节物质.     

水分和氯化钙胁迫对麦冬抗逆性生理指标的影响

为研究麦冬在水分胁迫和盐分胁迫条件下一些抗逆性生理指标的变化,本文以盆栽后以正常浇水处理为对照,设置了不同程度人工水分胁迫和钙离子胁迫处理研究可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量的变化情况.结果显示,轻度水分胁迫使可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量减低.但随着时间的推移,胁迫程度加剧,可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量开始回升,而MDA含量无显著变化.表明水分胁迫下.麦冬可积累可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸等渗透调节物质,从而改善自身水分状况,保护细胞膜及生理代谢过程,膜脂过氧化程度减轻.钙盐胁迫也可使可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量升高.     

渗透胁迫下小麦根系渗透调节与根冠淀粉水解的研究

用不同浓度的PEG—600对抗旱性不同的小麦幼苗进行渗透胁迫处理,研究了小麦幼苗根系的淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量、渗透势、渗透调节能力和根冠淀粉的水解状况。结果表明,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性强的小麦品种昌乐5号和北农2号根系渗透势和饱和渗透势的降低程度大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种鲁麦5号和921842,并且抗旱性强的小麦品种根系的渗透调节能力大于抗旱性弱的小麦品种。随着渗透胁迫程度的加重．各品种小麦根冠淀粉粒均有不同程度的减少。而抗旱性强的品种根冠淀粉粒的减少程度小于抗旱性弱的品种;抗旱性强的小麦品种根系淀粉酶活性显著高于抗旱性弱的小麦品种,但是,随着渗透胁迫程度的加重,抗旱性弱的品种淀粉酶活性增加的幅度远高于抗旱性强的品种。可溶性糖含量的变化趋势与淀粉酶活性的变化趋势一致．即渗透胁迫下根冠淀粉水解程度大的小麦品种,可溶性糖的含量高。但根冠淀粉水解在根系的渗透调节以及在小麦适应水分胁迫中的作用还有待于进一步探讨。     

营养液缺钙或缺钾对糜子幼苗抗旱性的影响

糜子幼苗生长于完全、缺钙、缺钾、缺钙并缺钾４种营养液中。水分胁迫下,各种幼苗相对含水量均下降,造性增强。其中,单缺钾及缺钙并缺钾时相对合水量比完全及单缺钙时下降较大,单缺钙时透性更易增强。水分胁迫下,完全营养苗游离脯氨酸含量明显高于对照,而其它３种苗的游离脯氨酸含量与其对照之间差异不显著。水分胁迫４８ｈ,缺钾苗和缺钙并缺钾苗叶肉细胞有质壁分离现象,叶绿体受到一定程度的损伤,单缺钾时超微结构损伤尤甚。另外,钙调蛋白抑制剂实验表明,干旱胁迫引起的幼苗体内游离脯氨酸含量的增加可能与钙调蛋白无关。     

Carbon balance and water relations of sorghum exposed to salt and water stress

The daily (24 hour) changes in carbon balance, water loss, and leaf area of whole sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, cv BTX616) were measured under controlled environment conditions typical of warm, humid, sunny days. Plants were either (a) irrigated frequently with nutrient solution (osmotic potential −0.08 kilojoules per kilogram = −0.8 bar), (b) not irrigated for 15 days, (c) irrigated frequently with moderately saline nutrient (80 millimoles NaCl + 20 millimoles CaCl₂·2H₂O per kilogram water, osmotic potential −0.56 kilojoules per kilogram), or (d) preirrigated with saline nutrient and then not irrigated for 22 days.

Under frequent irrigation, salt reduced leaf expansion and carbon gain, but water use efficiency was increased since the water loss rate was reduced more than the carbon gain. Water stress developed more slowly in the salinized plants and they were able to adjust osmotically by a greater amount. Leaf expansion and carbon gain continued down to lower leaf water potentials.

Some additional metabolic cost associated with salt stress was detected, but under water stress this was balanced by the reduced cost of storing photosynthate rather than converting it to new biomass. Reirrigation produced a burst of respiration associated with renewed synthesis of biomass from stored photosynthate.

It is concluded that although irrigation of sorghum with moderately saline water inhibits plant growth in comparison with irrigation with nonsaline water, it also inhibits water loss and allows a greater degree of osmotic adjustment, so that the plants are able to continue growing longer and reach lower leaf water potentials between irrigations.

     

Seasonal progressions of tissue and cell water relations parameters in evergreen and deciduous perennials

Abstract. Tissue and cell water relations parameters were followed for Heteromeles arbutifolia, Cercis occidentalis and Aesculus californica , in an environment exhibiting seasonally increasing drought. The extensive seasonal osmotic adjustment of evergreen H. arbutifolia and the moderate adjustment in C. occidentalis closely matched their respective seasonal decreases in minimum daily water potential. Summer deciduous A. californica exhibited only small drops in osmotic potential and water potential. Experiments with irrigated plants indicated that drought was not required for the osmotic adjustment of H. arbutifolia and C. occidentalis. However, in H. arbutifolia drought treatment enhanced osmotic adjustment. In irrigated H. arbutifolia , osmotic adjustment was mainly the result of an accumulation of osmotica. In drought-stressed plants, the same change in osmotic potential resulted from a combination of accumulation of osmotica and a decrease in symplast volume.     

施肥和覆膜垄沟种植对旱地小麦产量及水氮利用的影响

通过大田试验研究了施肥和覆膜垄沟种植对旱地冬小麦群体动态、产量构成及水氮利用的影响。结果表明,覆膜垄沟种植和追肥处理可显著提高旱地冬小麦穗数,追肥处理可减少后期无效分蘖;覆膜垄沟种植和追肥处理产量分别比农户模式提高了11.73%和13.91%,穗数和穗粒数是其产量提高的关键因素;覆膜垄沟种植方式可减少土壤水分损耗,水分利用率为11.60 kg · hm^-2 · mm^-1,显著高于其他处理;追肥处理能有效促进小麦生育中后期对氮素的吸收利用,在基施氮量165 kg/hm²上再追肥30 kg/hm²,地上部分吸氮总量增加15.45 kg/hm²,追肥氮的利用率显著高于底肥氮利用率,为51.5%。     

Changes at panicle emergence in the water relations of a wetland and a dryland Japonica rice cultivar under wetland conditions

The diurnal and seasonal changes in plant water relations of two Japonica rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, Nipponbare and Tachiminori, were studied under flooded conditions at Kyoto University. The dryland cv. Tachiminori maintained higher predawn and midday leaf osmotic potentials relative to the wetland cv. Nipponbare during the vegetative stage, but the ranking was reversed after flowering. The relationship between leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential showed that prior to panicle emergence Nipponbare was able to adjust osmotically to maintain turgor, whereas after heading there was little turgor maintenance. Tachiminori showed little difference in osmotic adjustment before and after panicle emergence. Fertilizer treatment during panicle development also helped to maintain the degree of osmotic adjustment in both cultivars.     

不同施肥水平对旱地冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

1987—1988年,研究了旱地施肥对冬小麦(Triticum aestivum cv．Shanhe No．6)水分利用效率的影响,初步探讨了“以肥调水”的生理机制。施肥不仅提高了旱地土壤含水量,更重要的是提高了土壤水势和土壤水的有效性,从而增加了有效水分利用。施肥增大旱地冬小麦绿叶面积,延缓叶片衰老,从而降低土壤蒸发,增加蒸腾用水潜势和光合潜势,但净同化率不一定提高。施肥增加旱地冬小麦总的水分利用(ET,即蒸散量)和蒸腾(T)用水,增加地上部生物产量,提高了经济产量和水分利用效率。施肥使冬小麦同时具有耗水和节水以抵御干旱的能力,对植株具有调节作用,使之更好地适应干旱环境。     

低水势下冬小麦胚芽鞘长度与叶片的渗透调节能力及大田产量关系的研究

本文以７个抗旱性不同的冬小麦品种（系）为材料,研究了低水势下芽鞘长度与大田干旱条件下叶片的渗透调节能力及大田产量的关系。结果表明：低水势下芽鞘长度与叶片的渗透调节能力及产量有极为密切的关系。为冬小麦抗旱鉴定及抗旱个体筛选提供了一个良好的指标。     

天机营养对春小麦抗旱适应性的影响

本文研究了无机营养对春小麦一些抗旱适应性的影响,主要包括：渗透调节的大小和变化过程、可溶性糖的积累、脯氨酸的积累、叶片导度的变化、离体叶片的失水速率、叶面积和耗水量的变化、根系生长和根／植冠值,并且分析了各个处理植株的水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的变异。认为,在干旱条件下,无机营养对于春小麦不同器官、不同生理功能,并不都具有一致的作用。有的利于提高植株的抗旱性,有的可以改变一些适应性产生的时间和发展过程,有的则不利于植株的抗旱性。通过综合分析,提出旱地施肥使作物增产的主要原因是,营养元素满足了作物生长所需,促进了根系发育,利于吸收水分、维持水分平衡和正常生理功能,但对作物自身的耐旱性并没有产生显著影响。     

Carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency of six crops grown under wet and dryland conditions

Mustard (Sinapis alba L.), Argentine canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Westar), Polish canola (Brassica campestris L. cv. Tobin), pea (Pisum sativum L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum L. cv. Kyle) and soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Fielder) were grown at Outlook, Saskatchewan, Canada, under irrigated and dryland conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and water-use efficiency (W), defined as grams of above ground dry matter produced per kilogram water used, were negatively correlated in the six field-grown crops. In irrigated plants Δ remained relatively constant (20–21‰) throughout the growing season. However, in dryland plants, Δ declined in response to the progressive depletion of stored soil water (Polish canola, 20-2-18-8‰; mustard, 19.9–18 5‰; pea, 19.9–17 2‰ durum wheat, 19.7–16.4‰; Argentine canola, 19.4–17.6‰; soft wheat, 19.0–17.4‰). Although there were genetic differences in Δ among the species, water availability was the major factor controlling Δ.     

土壤水分和氮磷营养对小麦根系生理特性的调节作用

研究结果表明：在土壤相对含水量(SRWC)为40％～70％范围内,随着水分亏缺加重,小麦根系生长受到限制,根系比表面积(RA)、根水势(RΨw)明显降低,根呼吸(RP)作用加强,根长(RL)变短,根系干物重(RDW)减少;随着土壤水分趋于良好,RΨw明显增加,Rp作用显著降低,SRWC在54％～57％时RA最高,RDW在SRWC为55％～62％之间时最大,而SRWC在55％上下时RL达最长,表明土壤水分趋于轻度干旱有利根系下扎和RA的提高,土壤水分趋于良好有利于根量增长。氮磷营养对根系生理特性具有明显作用。磷营养可显著提高RA,RΨw,RL,RDW,降低Rp,在较为严重干旱条件下,磷对RA,RP,RΨw,RL的调节效果更好。氮素营养对小麦根系生理特性的调节效果与磷相比具有明显的差别。土壤严重干旱,氮引起RΨw的明显下降,为负效应;轻度干旱氮对RΨw无明显作用;在水分良好条件下,氮对RΨw具有显著的正向调节效果。氮营养可使Rp作用明显加强。随着SRWC的提高,增施氮肥可导致RDW的显著增加。小麦RL对氮的反应不敏感。磷除作为一种营养物质促进作物根系生长发育外,在水分胁迫条件下,磷可明显改善植株体内的水分关系,增强对干旱缺水环境的适应能力,提高作物抗旱性。     

Evaluation of water stress control with polyethylene glycols by analysis of guttation

The water relations of pepper plants (Capsicum frutescens L.) under conditions conducive to guttation were studied to evaluate the control of plant water stress with polyethylene glycols. The addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 to the nutrient solution resulted in water relations similar to those expected in soil at the same water potentials. Specifically, xylem pressure potential in the root and leaf became more negative during a 24-hour treatment period, while osmotic potential of the root xylem sap remained constant. The decrease in pressure potential was closely correlated with the decrease in osmotic potential of the nutrient solution. In contrast, the addition of polyethylene glycol 400 to the nutrient medium resulted in a reduction of osmotic potential in the root xylem sap; this osmotic adjustment in the xylem was large enough to establish an osmotic gradient for entry of water and cause guttation at a nutrient solution osmotic potential of −4.8 bars. Pressure potential in the root and leaf xylem became negative only at nutrient solution osmotic potentials lower than −4.8 bars. About half of the xylem osmotic adjustment in the presence of polyethylene glycol 400 was caused by increased accumulation of K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in the root xylem. These studies indicate that larger polyethylene glycol molecules such as polyethylene glycol 6000 are more useful for simulating soil water stress than smaller molecules such as polyethylene glycol 400.