水分胁迫下冬小麦芽鞘长度与抗旱性的关系及其遗传特性的研究

研究结果表明：抗旱性不同的小麦品种低水势下芽鞘长差异显著,抗旱性强的品种芽鞘长度高二抗旱性弱的品种。分析了低水势下芽鞘长度与大田干旱条件下产量的相关性,发现低水势下芽鞘长度与旱田产量,抗旱系数的相关性达显著或极显著水平。对低水势下牙鞘长度的遗传率进行了测定,证明了该指标的广义遗传率及狭义遗传率都很高,可以用这一指标在抗旱育种早代材料中进行抗旱个体选择。认为,低水势下芽鞘长度是抗旱鉴定与抗旱育种个体     

水分胁迫下冬小麦芽鞘长度与抗旱性的关系及其遗传特性的研究

研究结果表明：抗旱性不同的小麦品种低水势下芽鞘长差异显著,抗旱性强的品种芽鞘长度高于抗旱性弱的品种。分析了低水势下芽鞘长度与大田干旱条件下产量的相关性,发现低水势下芽鞘长度与旱田产量,抗旱系数的相产 达显著或极显著水平。对低水势下芽鞘长度的遗传率进行了测定,证明该指标的广义遗传率及狭义遗传率都很高,可以用这一指标在进育种早代材料中进行抗旱个体选择。认为,低水势下芽鞘长是抗旱鉴定与抗育种个体选择的良     

渗透胁迫对不同抗旱性小麦品种胚芽鞘生长的影响

20％PEG－6000作渗透介质,室内模拟干旱条件下,不同抗旱性小麦品种萌发期的胚芽鞘长度与品种的抗旱性基本一致。据此认为,低水势下穿鞘长度是冬小麦抗旱鉴定及抗旱个体选择的良好指标。     

冬麦叶片的渗透调节能力与产量及抗旱性的关系

试验结果表明,在干旱胁迫下冬小麦从拔节到乳糖的五个生育期中,以孕穗期和灌浆期的渗透调节能力较强。五个生育期三个处理水平的总平均渗透调节能力为：秦麦３号〉昌乐５号〉山农５８７〉济南１３〉烟农１５〉鲁麦５号。六个冬小麦品种最终产量的高低与五个生育期及其平均渗透调节能力的强弱一致。最终产量相对值与渗透调节能力相关分析达极显著水平。叶片渗透调节能力的大小与其抗旱性强弱一致。     

植物的渗透调节与其它生理过程的关系及其在作物改良中的应用

水分胁迫下,植物细胞中溶质主动积累,渗透势降低,从而产生渗透调节（oxmoticadjustment,OA）现象。渗透调节的主要功能在于维持膨压,继而影响其它一些生理生化过程[30,41]。本文讨论植物在水分胁迫下产生渗透调节的生理基础,渗透调节的意义及其在作物改良中的应用前景。互渗透调节的意义1．互渗透调节与抗旱性的关系在水分胁迫下,小麦的渗调能力与抗旱性成正相关。这是Morgan在1977年的试验结果。Flower等‘”‘也观察到抗旱的高粱品种比不抗旱品种能在更低的叶水势下使膨压得到维持。从理论上讲,渗调能力高有利于植物抗旱,但由…     

水分胁迫条件下抗旱性不同小麦品种芽鞘生长的动态分析

提要　在３０％ＰＥＧ－６０００室内模拟干旱条件下,对抗旱性不同的４个小麦品种萌发期的胚芽鞘长度进行了测定,用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程对芽鞘生长进行了模拟。对曲线参数的分析表明,水分胁迫下芽鞘生长的最快速度下降,生长最快的时间提前,最终导致芽鞘长度缩短。抗旱性强的品种生长速度下降小于抗旱性弱的品种,因而前者芽鞘最终长度长于后者。渗透调节能力强是抗旱性强的品种芽鞘较长的重要原因。     

抗旱性不同的小麦叶片的渗透调节与水分状况的关系

两年的试验结果表明：在土壤水分胁迫下抗旱性强的小麦品种叶片的相对含水量和水势均高于抗旱性弱的品种;渗透势与水势为线性关系,水势每变动一个单位,渗透势变动0.71- 0.93个单位;渗透势与相对含水量的对数化关系为两条直线组成的一条折线,第一条直线渗透势的下降完全由渗透调节引起;第二条直线渗透势下降主要是细胞失水浓缩的结果。渗透调节能力为：秦麦3号>昌乐5号>山农587>济南13>烟农15>鲁麦5号。     

抗旱性不同的小麦叶片的渗透调节与水分状况的关系

两年的试验结果表明:在土壤水分胁迫下抗旱性强的小麦品种叶片的相对含水量和水势均高于抗旱性弱的品种;渗透势与水势为线性关系,水势每变动一个单位,渗透势变动0.71—0.93个单位;渗透势与相对含水量的对数化关系为两条直线组成的一条折线,第一条直线渗透势的下降完全由渗透调节引起;第二条直线渗透势下降主要是细胞失水浓缩的结果。渗透调节能力为:秦麦3号>昌乐5号>山农587>济南13>烟农15>鲁麦5号。     

干旱胁迫下沙棘叶片细胞膜透性与渗透调节物质研究

研究了在干旱胁迫下沙棘幼林苗木渗透调节能力与沙棘耐旱性的关系。结果表明：长期轻度及中度干旱胁迫下渗透调节物质中可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、Pro在干旱中、后期累积显著增加而降低渗透势,使沙棘具备较强的渗透调节能力而表现为低水势耐旱特性;K^ 在干旱下无显著累积。渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、Pro）的共同作用,使长期轻度、中度干旱下沙棘叶片可溶性蛋白降解少,细胞膜透性和MDA含量增加缓慢,重度二进下也能在一定时间内保持稳定,这些物质是构成沙棘强耐旱性的内在基础。     

玉米不同生育时期的抗旱性

玉米不同生育时期对水分胁迫的反应不同。苗期抗旱较强与该时期植株小、蒸腾量少、根量较多以及渗透调节幅度较大有关。生育过程中,水势下降增大,渗透调节幅度减小,干旱对玉米的不利影响增大。孕穗期和开花期对水分亏缺最敏感,此时期缺水,花粒败育率明显增加,产量降低。抗旱品种受旱时均具有较大的叶面积指数(LAI)和干物重,且水势下降小、渗透调节较强。     

Improvement in drought tolerance in bread wheat is related to an improvement in osmolyte production,antioxidant enzyme activities,and gaseous exchange

Water deficit stress negatively affects wheat growth, physiology, and yield. In lab and hydroponic experiments, osmotic stress levels (control, −2, −4, −6 and −8 Bars) created by PEG-6000, caused a significant decline in germination, mean germination time, root, shoot, and coleoptile length in both wheat genotypes examined. Germination was inhibited more in Wafaq-2001 than in Chakwal-50. Wafaq-2001 showed a higher susceptibility index based on root and shoot dry weight than did Chakwal-50. Wheat plants exhibited osmotic adjustment through the accumulation of proline, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and free amino acids, and increased antioxidation activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde. Increasing water deficit stress caused a linear decline in chlorophyll contents, leaf membrane stability, and relative water content in all wheat plants, with Wafaq-2001 showing a more severe negative impact on these parameters with increasing stress levels. The results suggest the possibility of utilizing some of these parameters as quantitative indicators of water stress tolerance in plants. Gas exchange measurements (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance), leaf osmotic potential, water potential, and yield attributes decreased more abruptly with increasing water deficit, whereas leaf cuticular wax content increased in both genotypes, with more severe impacts on Wagaq-2001. More reduction in biochemical, physiological, and yield attributes was observed in Wafaq-2001 than was observed in Chakwal-50. Based on these results, we can conclude that Chakwal-50 is a more drought-tolerant genotype, and has excellent potential for future use in breeding programs to improve wheat drought tolerance.     

转GhDREB小麦株系‘G鲁麦23’抗旱性分析

以T6代转抗旱相关基因GhDREB小麦株系‘G鲁麦23’及其受体对照‘鲁麦23’为材料,通过PEG-6000人工模拟干旱胁迫处理观察小麦萌发期胚芽鞘长度、胚根数、胚根长度,采用大田不同水分处理试验研究其不同生育时期的生理生化、形态指标与抗旱指数,以明确转基因材料的抗旱性.结果表明:(1)在种子萌发期20%(W/V)PEG-6000干旱胁迫条件下,‘G鲁麦23’及其受体对照‘鲁麦23’的胚芽鞘长度、胚根长度和胚根数均比非胁迫时降低,且‘G鲁麦23’的降幅较小但均显著高于受体对照;(2)与对照鲁麦23相比,‘G鲁麦23’具有较高的叶片相对含水量和可溶性蛋白含量;(3)随干旱胁迫程度的增强‘G鲁麦23’与‘鲁麦23’株高均有不同程度的降低,但G鲁麦23株高始终高于‘鲁麦23’;在不浇水条件下,‘G鲁麦23’穗叶距显著长于‘鲁麦23’;而3种水分处理下‘G鲁麦23’与‘鲁麦23’穗长几乎没有变化;(4)‘G鲁麦23’在不浇水和浇1次水条件下分别比对照增产11.68%和9.05%,其抗旱指数为1.22,属较强抗旱等级,表现出比‘鲁麦23’更强的抗旱、节水性能.     

The Use of Coleoptile Responses to Water Stress to Differentiate Wheat Genotypes for Osmoregulation, Growth and Yield

Differences in osmoregulation between genotypes of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) were identified by measuring responses of coleoptilesto water stress. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes on germinationpads. Water stress was applied when coleoptiles were 1 cm longby either adding polyethylene glycol 6000 (20% w/w) or by removingthe lids of the dishes and allowing the pads to dry by evaporationfor a period of 2 d, or from the beginning of germination byvarying the amount of water in the germination pads. Measurementsof the water and osmotic potentials of shoots and roots (usingthermocouple psychrometers) were used to estimate turgor pressures.Wheat genotypes showed the same segregation for shoot and rootlengths and turgor pressures as they had done in previous studiesfor flag-leaf osmoregulation and yield. It was concluded thatobservations of the responses of coleoptile length to waterstress could be used in plant-breeding applications to identifydifferences in osmoregulation between genotypes of wheat. Triticum aestivum, osmoregulation, turgor maintenance, coleoptile growth, root, selection criterion     

小麦叶片光合作用与其渗透调节能力的关系

在缓慢干旱条件下,小麦叶片渗透调节能力在一定范围内随胁迫程度的加剧而增加,而在快速干旱下,渗透调节能力丧失。小麦叶片通过渗透调节使光合速率和气孔导度对水分胁迫的敏感性降低,叶片维持较高的电子传递能力、RuBP羧化酶活性和叶绿体光合能量转换系统活性,并推迟了小麦叶片光合速率受气孔因素限制向叶肉细胞光合活性限制转变的时间。     

Different mechanisms of adaptation to cyclic water stress in two South Australian bread wheat cultivars

In the South Australian wheat belt, cyclic drought is a frequent event represented by intermittent periods of rainfall which can occur around anthesis and post-anthesis in wheat. Three South Australian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Excalibur, Kukri, and RAC875, were evaluated in one greenhouse and two growth-room experiments. In the first growth-room experiment, where plants were subjected to severe cyclic water-limiting conditions, RAC875 and Excalibur (drought-tolerant) showed significantly higher grain yield under cyclic water availability compared to Kukri (drought-susceptible), producing 44% and 18% more grain compared to Kukri, respectively. In the second growth-room experiment, where plants were subjected to a milder drought stress, the differences between cultivars were less pronounced, with only RAC875 showing significantly higher grain yield under the cyclic water treatment. Grain number per spike and the percentage of aborted tillers were the major components that affected yield under cyclic water stress. Excalibur and RAC875 adopted different morpho-physiological traits and mechanisms to reduce water stress. Excalibur was most responsive to cyclic water availability and showed the highest level of osmotic adjustment (OA), high stomatal conductance, lowest ABA content, and rapid recovery from stress under cyclic water stress. RAC875 was more conservative and restrained, with moderate OA, high leaf waxiness, high chlorophyll content, and slower recovery from stress. Within this germplasm, the capacity for osmotic adjustment was the main physiological attribute associated with tolerance under cyclic water stress which enabled plants to recover from water deficit.     

Comparison of old and new wheat cultivars in Iran by measuring germination related traits,osmotic tolerance and ISSR diversity

A primary concern of modern plant breeding is that genetic diversity has decreased during the past century. This study set out to explore changes in genetic variation during 84 years of breeding by investigating the germination-related traits, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting and osmotic stress tolerance of 30 Iranian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Seeds were planted under control and osmotic stress (?2, ?4 and ?6 bar) in three replications. The ISSR experiment was carried out using 32 different primers. Genotypes were divided into two groups (old and new) each containing 15 members. The results of ANOVA showed that highly significant differences existed among genotypes and among growth conditions. The results showed that during breeding in some traits such as coleoptile length and seedling vigor index, a significant decrease has been occurred. New cultivars had a mean coleoptile length of 33 mm, shorter than that of old cultivars (42 mm) under osmotic stress of ?6 bar. Genetic variance of root length, shoot length and seedling vigor index for old cultivars were 1.59, 1.93 and 45,763, respectively, significantly higher than those for new cultivars (0.55, 1.08 and 27,996, respectively). This difference was also verified by ISSR results as the polymorphism information content was 0.28 in old cultivars, higher than that of new cultivars (0.26). These results prove this claim that during breeding, genetic diversity has decreased for many germination-related traits and breeders are better to pay more attention to genetic diversity.     

Exploitation of synthetic-derived wheats through osmotic stress responses for drought tolerance improvement

The development of drought tolerant wheat cultivars has been slow due to lack of understanding the diagnostic physiological parameters associated with improved productivity under water stress. We evaluated responses to PEG induced osmotic stress under hydroponics in D-genome synthetic derived and bread wheat germplasm with the main aim to unravel and identify some promising attributes having role in stress tolerances. Genotypes used in this study differed in their morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes. Tolerant genotypes exhibited the ability to ameliorate harmful effects of PEG induced osmotic stress through better osmotic adjustment achieved through substantial relative water content (RWC), lowered osmotic potential, relatively stable root length having maximum water extraction capacity, significant increase in osmoprotectant concentration and relatively enhanced antioxidant activities. The results clearly revealed the importance of synthetic derivatives over check cultivars and conventional wheats in terms of osmotic stress responses. Interestingly, synthetic-derived advanced lines with Aegilops tauschii in its parentage including AWL-02, AWL-04 and AWL-07 proved superior over the best rainfed check cultivar (Wa-01). It was concluded that synthetic-derived wheats has great potential to improve a range of stress adaptive traits. It could, therefore, be recommended to be a useful strategy for allowing modern bread wheat to become adapted to a wider range of environments in future climate change scenarios.     

Relationship between grain yield, osmotic adjustment and benzoxazinone content in Triticum aestivum L. cultivars

Fifteen wheat genotypes were grown under water deficit to ascertain the role of osmotic adjustment (OA) and the concentration of benzoxazinones in sustaining grain yield. A positive correlation between osmotic adjustment capacity and yield was observed in wheat genotypes cultivated under field conditions. The weight gain of plants exposed to drought was in agreement with the OA values (R(2) = 0.93). However, when wheat plants were infested by cereal aphids, this correlation was not found. The benzoxazinones 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxa-zin-3-one (DIBOA) and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4 benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) are defensive secondary metabolites present in wheat and others cereals. The content of these compounds varied in wheat genotypes and increased with drought and aphid infestation. A positive correlation between weight gain of irrigated-infested plants and drought-infested plants and the contents of benzoxazinones was observed. These results suggest that plants with better OA capacity and high benzoxazinone content should have better field yields.