内蒙古地区不同景观植被地带蝗总科生态区系的区域性分异

为了阐明内蒙古地区不同景观植被地带蝗总科生态区系（Acridoidea ecofaunas）的生态地理学特征,本文依据长期野外考察和文献积累数据,分别对寒温型明亮针叶林带（F1）、中温型夏绿阔叶林带（F2）、森林草原带（FS）、典型草原带（TS）、荒漠草原带（DS）、暖温型草原化荒漠亚带（SD）和典型荒漠亚带（TD）等7个不同类型植被地带（或亚带）内蝗总科区系结构组成、生态生存条件（植被、气候、土壤等）及其区系形成的生态学机理进行了分析,综合比较了各植被地带（或亚带）的蝗虫物种多样性、区系地理成分的区域性分异及其与地带间不同植被的相关性。结论指出,由于多数蝗种具有以禾本科（Gramineae）和菊科（Compositae）植物为主要食料的食性特征,而典型草原带的植被群落恰以“多年生丛生禾草及根茎禾草”为建群优势层片,其形成的丰富食物资源、多样的栖息场所、充足的日光辐射和较长的生长期以及有利于产卵孵化的土壤条件等,为蝗虫提供了最为多样的时间、空间和营养生态位（niches）,故蝗虫长期受自然选择的压力,在适应协同进化的历史过程中,形成了它们在典型草原带内具有最高的物种多样性。相比之下,在具有极端生态生存条件的内蒙古东部针叶林带和西部典型荒漠亚带内,分别因其低温高湿和高温低湿的两类不同极端气候特征的生态作用,形成了蝗虫在这两个植被地带内生存分布的生态阻限,故其拥有的物种多样性水平最低,其区系结构的组成种类也截然不同。     

青海省芨芨草草原的群落特征及其分布规律

芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)是一种旱生植物,广泛分布于欧亚草原和荒漠地区。它是一种生态可塑性很强的植物,可分布于草原、荒漠草原等植被带内。以其为优势种可以形成盐生草甸、草原、荒漠草原等多种植被类型。青海省共和盆地、青海湖盆地和柴达木盆地东部等地大面积分布有芨芨草群落,并和本区分布的其他草原类型形成基带植被。无论是其生境条件、生物生态学特性、群落的组成及分布规律均具有草原性质,应划归草原植被类型较为合适。     

华北植物地区的北界：兼述分区的原则和方法

华北植物区系的北界即是东亚森林植物区系与欧亚草原与荒荒植物区系的东界。本文主要是尽可能准确地划分其界线的位置和讨论有关植物区系分区的原则和方法。根据植物区系和植被有机联系的原则,植物区系成分和它们中的建群种、优势种、特征种和特有种的分布及其与环境条件的关系,这条界线被确定为如图1表示。在最东部,华北与东北植物区系界线是从开原向南到岫岩,然后向东至中、朝国界的浑江口。从开原向西南延伸2000余公里至兰州。在这条界限以此为以针茅为优势种的蒙古草原南界,其以南为以白羊草为优势种的暖温带草原并结合有东亚森林植物区系的草、灌丛。     

Numerical Characteristics of Pollen Assemblages of Surface Samples from the West Kunlun Mountains

A total of 31 suface sediment samples were collected from West Kunlun Mountain in south Xinjiang Autonomous Region in northwest China. These samples are from seven types of vegetation: Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey. forest, Sabina Spach. woodland, sub-alpine steppe, alpine meadow, desert vegetion, cushion-vegetation and vegetation adjancent to glaciers. Pollen percentages and pollen concentrations were calculated in all samples. The dominant pollen types in the region are Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, Picea, Ephedra, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, Compositae etc. In order to reveal the relationship between pollen composition and the vegetation type from which the soil sample was collected, principal component analysis and group average cluster analysis were employed on the pollen data. The results revealed that the major vegetation types in this region could be distinguished by pollen composition: a. Samples from desert vegetation were dominated by pollen of Chenopodiaceae (about 60195%). The percentages of all other pollen types were low. b. Picea forest samples were rich in Picea pollen (about 20%) Sabina forest had more Sabina pollen grains than other vegetation types (about 5%, others <1%). Pollen percentages of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra were comparatively higher (each about 20%) in these samples from the two types of vegetations. C. Pollen percentages of Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae were high in both sub-alpine steppe and alpine meadow. But steppe containal more Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae (steppe 33.75% and 32.30%, meadow 15.57% and 19.48% in average), less Cyperaceae and Gramineae (steppe 2.58% and 7.60%, meadow 22.35% and 12.93% in average) than meadow. d. Samples from cushion-vegetation and vegetation adjacent to glaciers were mainly composed of pollen grains transported from other sites. It was not easy to distinguish them from other vegetation types. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis distinguish samples from Picea forest, Sabina woodland, sub-alpine steppe, alpine meadow and desert vegetation. Therefore we think it will be possible to apply the module to reconstruct past vegetation in this region and other similar regions. Regression analysis was also applied to reveal the relationships between pollen and plant percentages of Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae and Gramineae. The results indicated that a linear relationship existed between pollen and plant percentages for Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Cyperaeeae.     

A study on the vegetation in the east side of Helan Mountain

This paper analyzed the vegetation data obtained from a field survey conducted in the East Side of Helan Mountain, China, to reveal the features of mountainous vegetation growing in a transitional zone between the steppe and desert regions. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to the process of analysis, to clarify the spatial variation of floristic composition of the vegetation in the lower mountain range.The preliminary results obtained from the analysis are: (1) There are 53 vegetation formations existing in the area, following the China's criteria of vegetation classification system. (2) Those vegetation types compose a vertical vegetation spectrum in the East Side of Helan Mountain due to the climatic gradient caused by elevation variation. The spectrum consists of 4 zones. They are, from the foot up to the peak in turn, mountain steppe zone, mountain open forest and steppe zone, mountain coniferous forest zone, and alpine bush and meadow zone. The mountain coniferous forest zone can be further divided into two subzones: Pine forest subzone and Spruce forest subzone. (3) Most of the vegetation types show clear xeromorphic features due to the base zone of the vertical vegetation spectrum lying in the arid region of China. (4) The distribution of vegetation types and flora is sensitive and susceptible to the moisture condition that the vertical vegetation spectrum has quite different expressions between northern and southern exposures. (5) Floristic composition of the vegetation shows a northern temperate feature. The families that are rich in species in the area include Gramineae, Compositae, Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae, Rosaceae and others, most of which are abundant in herbaceous species. (6) The variation of the ecological conditions from the north to the south also leads to the differentiation of vegetation and its floristic composition in the area. (7) The broad-leaved forest can not form a forest zone in the vertical vegetation spectrum. This may be a special characteristic of the spectrum sitting on a transitional zone between the steppe and desert regions.     

兰州地区植被的历史演替

文章揭示了兰州地区植被的历史演替过程。结果表明：该地区从早更新世以来,有5种植被型：（1）草原,主要分布于黄土丘陵沟壑区和河谷地带;（2）森林和森林草原,主要分布于较高的山地;（3）其它还有疏林草原和荒漠植被。     

基于生态系统服务的中亚水土热资源匹配度时空变化特征

水土热资源匹配程度与生态系统的稳定及其可持续性密切相关。本研究通过引入与人类福祉相关的生态系统服务的概念,利用基于遥感数据的植被净初级生产力(NPP)指标法构建了中亚地区水土热资源匹配度指数,采用趋势分析和Hurst指数方法,分析了中亚水土热资源匹配度的时空变化特征,并探讨其与气候因子及水分利用效率的相关性。结果表明: 中亚地区水土热资源匹配度总体偏低(9.3),且在不同生物群区具有明显的空间差异性,总体表现为高山森林区>高山草甸区>典型草原区>荒漠草原区>湖区>荒漠区。2000—2015年间,中亚地区各生物群区的水土热资源匹配度与区域总体水土热资源匹配度均表现为波动下降,但变幅小、持续性较差。气温和降水在空间分布上的巨大差异性及错位性是中亚水土热资源匹配度总体偏低的主要原因,降水对中亚水土热资源匹配度的影响强于气温,中亚水土热资源匹配度与水分利用效率之间也有较强的相关性。     

小叶、中间和柠条三种锦鸡儿的分布式样及其生态适应

确定了小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿3种植物的分布式样:小叶锦鸡儿为蒙古高原东部-F松辽平原西部-华北山地分布种,中间锦鸡儿为东戈壁-鄂尔多斯高原-黄土高原北部分布种,柠条锦鸡儿为南阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯分布种。小叶锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原典型草原带和森林草原带以及华北山地落叶阔叶林带,在草原带高平原上可形成灌丛化草原的景观,在草原带的沙地上可形成以小叶锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;中间锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原的荒漠化草原及草原化荒漠带、鄂尔多斯高原的典型草原和荒漠化草原带的沙地及梁地上、黄土高原北部的黄土丘坡上,常形成以中间锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;柠条锦鸡儿则适应分布于草原化荒漠和典型荒漠带的固定和半固定沙地上。近缘的3种锦鸡儿的地带性分布从东至西或从北向南形成明显的有规律的地理替代分布格局。     

The edge of two worlds: A new review and synthesis on Eurasian forest‐steppes

Aims

Eurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest‐steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest‐steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up‐to‐date definition of forest‐steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest‐steppe regions, (d) explore forest‐steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest‐steppe prospects under predicted climate change.

Location

Eurasia (29°–56°N, 16°–139°E).

Results and Conclusions

Forest‐steppes are natural or near‐natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co‐existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi‐humid to semi‐arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest–grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure‐related mountain forest‐steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine‐scale forest–grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest‐steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest‐steppes are not simple two‐phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest‐steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest‐steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest‐steppes.     

天山北坡植物土壤生态化学计量特征的垂直地带性

生态化学计量工作专注于植物与土壤的元素比例关系及其环境解释等问题上,还需要分析在连续环境梯度上元素比例关系的变化规律以进一步加深已有的认识。受水热梯度的影响,植被与土壤在天山北坡均存在明显的垂直地带性,这为探讨植物土壤生态化学计量特征的垂直带谱提供了有利条件。在天山中段北坡海拔1000—3840m范围内,按海拔梯度对植物和土壤分别采样,测定其C、N、P含量。结果表明:(1)随海拔的升高,植物C、N、P含量及其计量比变化规律各不相同,C含量随海拔变化保持不变,仅山地针叶林显著低于亚高山灌丛草甸、高山垫状植被和山前灌木(P0.05);N含量、C∶P、N∶P随海拔先升高后降低,山地针叶林和亚高山灌丛草甸显著高于山地荒漠草原、山地草原、高山垫状植被(P0.05);P含量、C∶N则是随海拔先降低后升高,高山垫状植被显著高于其他植被类型,山地荒漠草原、山前灌木和高山草甸显著高于山地草原、针叶林和亚高山灌丛草甸(P0.05)。(2)从生活型角度,乔木、灌木和草本C、N含量、C∶N差异不显著,灌木P含量、C∶P、N∶P显著高于草本(P0.05);乔木和灌木更受P限制,草本更受N限制。(3)随海拔的升高,土壤C、N、P含量、C∶P、N∶P均先升高后降低,其中山地针叶林和亚高山灌丛草甸均显著高于山地荒漠草原和山地草原(P0.05),土壤C∶N表现为一直降低,山地荒漠草原显著高于其他植被类型(P0.05)。(4)植物C、N、P及计量比与土壤相关性分析中,仅植物C∶P与土壤C∶P相关性显著,且植物C、N、P含量与土壤相关系数小于植物C∶P、N∶P与土壤相关系数。在垂直地带性上,土壤主要通过生态化学计量比影响植物的生长。     

中国针茅属植物的地理分布

本文论述了中国针茅属植物的地理分布、生态特点及其与植被分布的关系。中国针茅属有32种1亚种及4变种,据该属各个种所处环境中的气候和土壤等因素的变化,不同种的分布也各异。属的分布区的类型属于吴征镒(1979)的中国植物区系分区的泛北极植物区中的6个植物亚区,即亚洲荒漠植物亚区,欧、亚森林植物亚区,青藏高原植物亚区,中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区,欧、亚草原植物亚区及中国-日本森林植物亚区。     

应用Le Bissonnais 法研究黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

植被类型直接影响土壤特性,对土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性有重要影响,水稳性团聚体是反映黄土高原土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标。本文选择黄土丘陵区延河流域作为研究区域,应用Le Bissonnais(LB)法和Yoder法测定了森林、森林草原两种植被类型下土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,对比分析了LB法3种处理的结果,并计算土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和可蚀性因子K值。结果表明：在LB法3种湿润处理下,预湿后扰动处理（WS）对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体以<0.2 mm为主;快速湿润处理（FW）对团聚体的破坏程度次之;慢速湿润处理(SW)对团聚体的破坏程度最小,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体主要以>2 mm团聚体为主;说明黄土丘陵区延河流域土壤团聚体破坏的主要机制是气爆作用（消散作用）和机械扰动。LB法的3种处理结果中预湿后扰动的测定结果与传统的湿筛法（Yoder法）更接近。LB法包含Yoder法的基本原理,能够全面、准确的测定土壤团聚体结构,适宜作为黄土丘陵区土壤团聚体测定方法。森林植被类型的土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）大于森林草原植被类型,而且SW>FW>WS,但可蚀性因子K值却是森林植被类型小于森林草原植被类型。土壤水稳性团聚体由小颗粒向大颗粒转变,土壤结构趋于稳定。不同植被类型下土壤有机质含量不同,土壤团聚体形成过程及土壤团聚度也有差异,因而造成土壤可蚀性和土壤抗蚀性能不同。     

贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性

土壤微生物多样性在海拔梯度的分布格局研究近年来受到和植物动物一样的重视程度,但是干旱风沙区微生物多样性在海拔梯度上的多样性分布规律尚未揭示。本研究以处于干旱风沙区的贺兰山不同海拔的六个典型植被带（荒漠草原带、山地旱生灌丛带、温性针叶林带、针阔混交林带、寒温性针叶林带和亚高山草甸带）土壤为研究对象,利用Biolog微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸甲酯法(FAMEs)系统研究微生物多样性群落特征以及在不同植被带分布规律。结果表明：土壤微生物功能多样性随海拔增加发生变化,且微生物群落结构存在显著差异。Biolog分析显示土壤微生物群落代谢活性依次是：亚高山草甸>寒温性针叶林>针阔混交林>温性针叶林>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原,随海拔的升高土壤微生物群落物种丰富度指数（H）和均匀度指数（E）总体上均表现出增大的趋势,差异显著（P＜0.05）;FAMEs分析表明不同海拔的微生物区系发生了一定程度的变化,寒温性针叶林土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸生物标记的数量和种类均最高,且细菌、真菌特征脂肪酸相对含量也最高;土壤微生物群落结构多样性次序是：寒温性针叶林带>针阔混交林带>温性针叶林带>亚高山草甸>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原。本研究结果表明贺兰山海拔梯度的微生物多样性分布规律不同于已有的植物多样性“中部膨胀”研究结果,这说明在高海拔地区有更多的适合该生境的微生物存在,这对维持干旱风沙区的生态系统功能稳定性具有重要意义。     

三北防护林体系建设工程区森林水源涵养格局变化研究

三北防护林体系水源涵养功能是三北地区生态环境状况的重要指示器,然而,三北防护林体系水源涵养研究仍较缺乏。动态评估三北防护林体系建设工程区(三北工程区)森林水源涵养功能及其影响因素,对科学认识、保护和调控三北防护林体系森林水源涵养,制定三北工程植被建设与保护决策具有重要意义。以三北工程区森林为研究对象,通过收集和分析相关数据,在植被分区的基础上,分析三北工程区森林水源涵养时空格局与变化特征,对比研究各区不同森林类型水源涵养功能差异,揭示各区森林水源涵养功能与地形及森林状况与质量的定量关系。结果表明:(1)三北工程区森林水源涵养功能持续增强,单位面积水源涵养量从1990年的73.92mm增加到2015年的75.14mm,空间格局呈东高西低、南高北低态势。(2)森林水源涵养功能在植被分区和森林类型间差异显著,森林植被区是三北工程区森林水源涵养的主体;针阔混交林是三北工程区水源涵养功能最强的森林类型。(3)三北工程区森林水源涵养受其地形、状况与质量的影响显著,除个别植被区外,各区森林水源涵养量随坡度、覆盖度和NPP增加而增大,随生物量增加而降低,这是区域植被适应及滥砍滥伐、毁林开垦、植被建设与保护等人为干扰共同作用的结果。因此,可通过调整与优化林分结构,调控区域森林水源涵养功能。     

A Preliminary investigation on the Vegetational and Climatic Changes Since 11, 000 Years in Qinghai Lake An Analysis Based on Palynology in Core QH85-14C

Qinghai Lake is the largest inland saline lake in China. it is situated in the northeastern part of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau. This paper is based on the information of the sporo-pollen assemblages of 47 samples from the drill core and surface samples. The general treads of vegetational and climatic changes since 11,000 years B. P. may be subdivided in ascending order as follows: In the first stage which corresponds to zone Ⅰ of the sporo-pollen assemlage, the vegetation during the past of 11,000–10,000 years was represented by a temperate shrub, semi-shrub and steppe, consisting of Chenopodiaceae. Artemisia, Nitraria, Ephedra and Gramineae were predominant. At the same time, some subalpine conifers, Pinus, Picea and Betula, would grow by the side of rivers and lakes, the climate was warmer and wetter than that of the Late Pleistocene. Due to the rising temperature in this zone, the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary might be estimated at about 11,000 years B. P.. The vegetation of the first stage belonges to temperate steppe with a few trees: In the second stage (ZoneⅡ of pollen), the vegetation was characterized by a temperate forest steppe during this period of 10,000 to 8,000 years B. P. Forest area apparently increased and some broadleaf deciduous and need leaf evergretn trees, such as Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Picea, grew by lakes and on mountains. At this time, the climate was warmer and wetter than that of the first stage. In the third stage (Zone Ⅲ) between B,000 and 3,500 years B. P, The vegetation was composed of a temperate mixed broad-leaf deciduous and needle-leaf evtrgreen forest. The needle-leaf evergreen forest consisting of Picea, Pinus, Abies, Betula grew in temperate zone mountains. The climate was relatively warm and wet. The fouth stage (zone IV), the vegetation was dominated by shrub semishrub, dwarf semishrubs, steppe and semi-arbors. Some trees consisting of Betula, Picea, and Pinus decreased in number in the lake regions. Some subalpine cold temperature evergreen trees, such as Abies and picea disappeared from the lake region. This indicated that the climate was warmer and drier during the past 3500–1500 years B. P. than the third zone. In the fifth stage (pollen zone V), the vegetation comprised steppe and desert from 1500 years ago to the present time. Some arborealtrus such as Betula and Pinus were less increased about 500 years B. P. at this time the temperate and wet slightly, rose up. From the above analysis, it is clear that the Qinghai lake region has been confronted with the vegetational and climatic changes since ll,000 years B. P. Therefore, the palynoflora of the Qinghai lake has its significance in Geography and vegetational history.     

用气象卫星对东亚季风区的生态过渡带的遥感监测研究

用极轨气象卫星的归一化植被指数(NDVI)对中国东亚季风区的生态过渡带(样带)进行遥感监测研究。研究结果表明,在过渡带内的各个生态区的NDVI与东亚季风进退的关系极为密切。在正常季风年NDVI有正常分布;在异常季风年,NDVI呈反常分布;把遥感过渡带内季风气候的变化简化为遥感生态区植被指数的变化。分析了在过渡带内主要生态区,即荒漠草原、干草原、草甸草原、农耕区、森林区ND-VI的变化规律,以及旬NDVI与旬降水量之间的关系。在过渡带内每年NDVI随时间变化的曲线形状可以作为每年季风气候变化特征的量度。     

利用孢粉记录定量重建大尺度古植被格局

 古植被定量重建是过去全球变化研究的重点之一, 生物群区化(Biomisation)方法以特征植物功能型来定义生物群区, 通过一种标准化数量方法计算孢粉谱的相似得分, 以此把孢粉谱转变为生物群区类型, 是进行古植被定量重建的一种有效方法。该文在前人综述文章的基础上, 简述了生物群区化方法定量重建古植被格局的发展历史、具体步骤及存在问题, 重点描述了以此方法为基础重建的全新世中期(MH)和末次盛冰期(LGM)的全球古植被分布格局, 以及中国的古植被定量重建工作和古植被格局变化。目前的研究表明, 全新世中期北极森林界线在某些地区有轻微的北移迹象, 北部的温带森林带通常向北远距离迁移, 欧洲的温带落叶林也大范围向地中海地区(向南)和向北扩展, 在北美内陆, 草原侵入到森林生物群区, 但中亚地区却没有此现象, 中国大陆的森林生物群区扩张, 典型撒哈尔植被(如干草原、干旱疏林灌丛和热带干旱森林)进入撒哈拉地区, 而非洲热带雨林却呈减少趋势; 末次盛冰期苔原和草原扩张, 在欧亚大陆北部逐渐混合, 北半球的森林生物群区向南迁移, 北方常绿森林(泰加林)和温带落叶林呈碎片状, 而欧洲和东亚的草原却大范围扩张, 非洲的热带湿润森林(比如热带雨林和热带季雨林)有所减少, 在北美洲的西南地区, 荒漠和草原被开阔针叶疏林所取代。     

荒漠草原人工灌丛化对蒸散发及其组分的影响——以盐池县为例

我国西北防沙治沙工程中大量的种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)会导致荒漠草原发生灌丛化现象,研究人工灌丛化对荒漠草原蒸散发的影响,不仅能够揭示半干旱区人为活动对生态系统水循环的影响机理,还可以指导区域生态治理实践。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原为例,基于植被的生理生态参数和荒漠草原水热条件,采用生物地球化学模型(Biome Bio-Geochemical Cycles,Biome-BGC)和地球呼吸系统模拟模型(Breathing Earth System Simulator,BESS)结合的方法,模拟荒漠草原生态系统人工灌丛引入前后蒸散发及其组分的变化,定量研究荒漠草原人工灌丛化对区域生态水文循环中蒸散发的影响。结果表明,人工灌丛的引入使植被结构及特征发生了变化,叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)年最大值由0.20增加为0.67,改变了植被年内与年际变化特征。荒漠草原人工灌丛化后,生态系统年均蒸散发由251.74 mm增加到了281.42 mm;人工灌丛化对生长季的蒸散发增强明显,8月蒸散发峰值时,日均蒸散发由1.27 mm/d增加到1.56 mm/d。灌丛化过程使生态系统蒸腾量平均增加了1.35倍,蒸发量增加了1.06倍,改变了生态系统蒸散发的组分结构,导致蒸发比例降低、蒸腾比例增高。由此可知,荒漠草原在防沙治沙和生态治理中大量种植灌木的现象,加大了区域生态系统的蒸散发,并改变了水分耗散结构,从而对生态系统地气水汽交换有较大影响,研究结论对荒漠草原生态治理及未来的植被重建有一定的借鉴意义。     

论滇南西双版纳的森林植被分类

本文基于多年研究成果的总结,对西双版纳森林植被的分类、主要植被类型及其特征进行了系统归纳,并讨论了它们与世界类似热带森林植被的关系。以群落的生态外貌与结构、种类组成和生境特征相结合作为植被分类的原则和依据,可以将西双版纳的热带森林植被分类为热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带季雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林四个主要的植被型,包括有至少二十个群系。热带雨林包括热带季节雨林和热带山地(低山)雨林二个植被亚型。热带季节雨林具有与赤道低地热带雨林几乎一样的群落结构和生态外貌特征,是亚洲热带雨林的一个类型,但由于发生在季风热带北缘纬度和海拔的极限条件下,受到季节性干旱和热量不足的影响,在其林冠层中有一定比例的落叶树种存在,大高位芽植物和附生植物较逊色而藤本植物和在叶级谱上的小叶型植物更丰富,这些特征又有别于赤道低地的热带雨林。热带山地雨林是热带雨林的山地亚型,是该地区热带山地较湿润生境的一种森林类型,它在植物区系组成和生态外貌特征上类似于热带亚洲的低山雨林,隶属于广义热带雨林植被型下的低山雨林亚型。热带季节性湿润林分布在石灰岩山坡中、上部,在群落外貌上类似热带山地常绿阔叶林但在植物区系组成上与后者不同,它是石灰岩山地垂直带上的一种植被类型。热带季雨林是分布在该地区开阔河谷盆地及河岸受季风影响强烈的生境的一种热带落叶森林,是介于热带雨林与萨王纳之间的植被类型。热带山地常绿阔叶林(季风常绿阔叶林)是西双版纳的主要山地植被类型,它分布在热带季节雨林带之上偏干的山地生境。它在植物区系组成上不同于该地区的热带季节雨林,在生态外貌特征上亦不同于热带山地雨林,是发育在受地区性季风气候强烈影响的热带山地的一种森林植被类型。     

滇中小百草岭多变石栎林植物区系的初步研究

多变石栎林是小百草岭地区亚热带山地植被垂直带上最具特征性的植被类型 ,也是该地区州级自然保护区境内面积最大、保存最为完整、最有保护价值的植被类型。通过该植被类型中 116种常见种和优势种的群落结构和植物区系分析表明 :仅有中国特有分布种和中国-喜马拉雅分布种能贯穿于该植被类型的整个群落结构之中 ,植物区系成分以热带亚洲、中国 -喜马拉雅和中国特有类型为主 ,表明它隶属东亚植物区 ,中国 -喜马拉雅森林植物亚区 ,云南高原地区 ,云南高原亚地区 (IIIE13a)的一个具体区系单元的基本特征 ;其中的中国特有种又以小百草岭与周边的滇西北、川、黔、藏地区 (主要为横断山地区 )所共有的种占优势 ,从而也表明了小百草岭种子植物区系与横断山植物区系的联系相对紧密 ;通过与周边地区相同植被类型的比较 ,显示其地处滇中高原北缘的地理位置及受金沙江干热河谷气候影响使得该植被类型垂直分布海拔较高 ,更偏“干”的特点。