三氧化二砷脂质体透过载瘤大鼠血脑屏障的实验研究

目的：观察三氧化二砷（As2O3）脂质体通过载瘤大鼠血脑屏障（BBB）的效果。方法：超声薄膜分散法制备三氧化二砷脂质体,建立药物标准曲线,检测包封率;立体定向技术建立C6／Wistar大鼠脑胶质瘤模型;取Wistar雄性载瘤大鼠84只,随机分为三氧化二砷脂质体组和三氧化二砷组,分别经静脉注射三氧化二砷脂质体和三氧化二砷注射液,给药后0．5h、1h、2h、4h、8h、16h、24h取大鼠脑组织冻存,应用双道原子荧光法检测载瘤大鼠脑组织中的砷含量。结果：制备稳定的三氧化二砷脂质体,包封率分别为92、2％,92．2％,92．3％;As2O3脂质体组及As2O3给药后7个时间点鼠脑组织中砷含量（μg／L）分别为：341．09±18．18,523、98±27．36,475．19±15、52,467.02±22．46,471．52±24．38,382.30±13．26,282．47±19．71;99.93±17.10,148.07±26、21,101.78±17．54,89．09±19．41,74.39±13．85,50．44±15.31,51．52±19．23。比较给三氧化二砷组及给三氧化二砷脂质体组载瘤大鼠脑组织中砷含量有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：三氧化二砷脂质体对血脑屏障的透过性明显优于单纯砷剂。     

氨溴索对粘液型铜绿假单胞茵生物膜藻酸盐作用的体外研究

目的探讨氨溴索对铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株形成的生物膜（biofilm,BF）主要成分藻酸盐的干预作用,研究其对藻酸盐合成过程中起重要作用的基因表达和合成过程中限速酶活性的影响,以及其对藻酸盐降解的影响。方法建立铜绿似单胞菌临床分离株BF体外模型,培养7d后得到成熟BF。将BF内的细菌振荡下来后,用疏酸-苯酚法检测氨溴索对藻酸盐含量的影响;RT-PCR检测藻酸盐合成过程中重要基因algD、algU、algR和mucA的mRNA表达;分光光度计检测合成过程中限速酶——GDP-甘露糖脱氢酶（guanosine diphospho-D-mannose dehydrogenase,GMD）的活性,并检测藻酸盐的降解情况。结果在氨溴索3．75mg／ml作用下,藻酸盐含量（mg／g）由86．4024±0．8588下降到59．9199±0．5803（F=66．2,P〈0．01）;其合成重要基因algD、algU、algR和mucA的mRNA的表达分别由1．2994±0．0173、1．0488±0．0457、0．9888±0．0267和0．8731±0．0336变化为1．0253±0．0265、0．9594±0．0106、0．8536±0．0179和1．0770±0．0503（F=91．9,41．1,88．4和56,9,P均〈0．05）;其合成限速酶GMD活性由0．0989±0．0055下降到0．0558±0．0016（F=121．2,P〈0．01）;藻酸盐的降解量（△mg／g）由1．4122±0．0073变化为1．4175±0．0019（F=21．81,P〉0．05）。1．875mg／ml氨溴索作用下,有同样的趋势但效应不如高浓度明显。结论氨溴索可以降低铜绿假单胞菌BF藻酸盐的含量,影响藻酸盐合成过程中重要基因algD、algU、algR和mucA的mRNA的表达,降低藻酸盐合成限速酶GMD活性,但对藻酸盐的降解无影响。     

新型奶牛乳房炎多联苗的研制及免疫力试验

目的：筛选出毒力较强的金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌作为制苗菌株,制成多联菌苗,预防及治疗奶牛乳房炎。方法：通过菌株的分离、纯化、鉴定试验及毒力试验获得毒力较强的菌株,制成金黄色葡萄球菌类毒素及菌体蛋白、大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌灭活菌苗,合理配伍制成多联菌苗,进行安全、异常毒性及免疫力试验。结果：所选金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、无乳链球菌的最小致死量分别是3．0×10^8／ml、1．5×10^8／ml、9．0×10^8／ml,多联苗安全、异常毒性试验合格,对免疫组小白鼠保护率为83．3％。结论：该多联菌苗具有安全、无毒、高效的特点,可以用来预防及治疗奶牛乳房炎。     

Ad-GFP-nm23-H1体内外抑制人高转移肺巨细胞癌株95D生长和转移作用的研究

目的 观察Ad-GFP-nm23-Hl抑制人高转移肺巨细胞癌株95D细胞生长和转移的作用,为后期nm23-Hl基因和腺病毒载体用于95D及其他肿瘤的基因治疗提供一定的理论和方法.方法 应用MTT法及Transwell小室法分别检测95D细胞经Ad-GFP-nm23-Hl作用后的细胞体外增殖活性、黏附能力以及侵袭力的变化.同时应用人高转移肺巨细胞癌株95D裸鼠移植瘤模型,研究Ad-GFP-nm23-Hl对此移植瘤生长的抑制作用.结果 10~8PFU/ml、10~9PFU/ml、10~(10)PFU/ml处理组,可以明显抑制95D细胞的增殖、黏附和侵袭能力,其抑制作用呈剂量-效应关系.10~9PFU/ml 的Ad-GFP-nm23-Hl对移植瘤的抑瘤率为38.23%,较对照组差异显著.结论 Ad-GFP-nm23-Hl对人高转移肺巨细胞癌株95D细胞的生长和转移以及95D实体瘤具有抑制作用.     

喉鳞癌患者血清中内皮抑素水平对喉鳞癌诊断价值的研究

目的：探讨喉鳞癌患者血清中内皮抑素水平的变化,及其与肿瘤临床分期及预后的关系。方法：（1）对50例喉鳞癌患者、30例喉息肉患者和30例健康人用ELISA方法检测血清中内皮抑素水平;（2）对喉鳞癌组不同临床分期的血清中内皮抑素的水平进行比较。结果：（1）喉鳞癌组血清中内皮抑素水平（51．45±19．83ng／mL）,显著高于喉息肉组（34．56±12．4ng／mL）和正常对照组（33．12±13．04ng／mL）,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。喉息肉组与正常对照组之间差别无显著性（P〉0．05）。（2）Ⅱ期喉鳞癌患者血清内皮抑素的水平（66．22±10．89ng／mL）高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者内皮抑素水平（39．31±14．42ng／mL,47．98±22．01ng／mL）,差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期之间内皮抑素水平差别无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：内皮抑素含量水平可以作为喉鳞癌的诊断及顸后判断的重要指标之一。     

Daxx过表达对氧化应激诱导的肝肿瘤细胞凋亡的影响

死亡结构域相关蛋白Daxx可以敏化多种肿瘤细胞的凋亡过程,但对于肝肿瘤细胞株HepG2的影响未见报道．为了研究Daxx增加肝HepG2细胞对药物敏感性的影响及机制,为开发药物新的药理作用提供理论依据,分别转染pEGFP-C1和pEGFP-C1-Daxx这两个载体到HepG2细胞．实验分组如下：（1）正常对照组（未转染细胞组）;（2）pEGFP-C1空载体转染组（HepG2/GFP细胞）;（3）pEGFP-C1-Daxx表达载体转染组（nepG2/GFP-Daxx细胞）．筛选稳定细胞株,用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测mRNA的表达;用过氧化氢孵育24h诱导细胞凋亡,采用MTT法和流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot检测蛋白质的表达．经G418筛选稳定的细胞运用RT-PCR技术分析其mRNA,结果显示,转染绿色荧光蛋白Daxx表达载体的细胞Daxx的mRNA明显上调：用荧光显微镜观察到Daxx蛋白主要定位于细胞核．用过氧化氢诱导HepG2细胞凋亡,观察到过氧化氢呈浓度依赖性地抑制HepG2细胞活性．正常对照细胞、HepG2／GFP、HepG2／GFP-Daxx 3组细胞的IC50值分别是0．72、0．76、0．49mmol／L．并且运用流式细胞仪检测到HepG2／GFP-Daxx组细胞凋亡率明显高于转染空载体质粒组与未转染组（（42．9±8．42）vs（27．3±6．38）or（28．5±4．71））．提示HepG2/GFP-Daxx细胞对过氧化氢的反应性较未转染细胞和HepG2/GFP敏感．还运用Western-blot检测到活化的caspase3在Daxx转染组细胞表达最强,达到（204．66±19．68）％,而未转染和HepG2/GFP组细胞分别是（100±3．1）％、（107．39±20．1）％,进一步说明了Daxx可以增加HepG2细胞对于过氧化氢的敏感性．同时,观察到过氧化氢处理24h后,Daxx转染组细胞磷酸化的JNK表达明显高于空载体转染组和未转染细胞组．上述结果表明：a．Daxx可以增加肝HepG2细胞对过氧化氢诱导的细胞凋亡敏感性;b．Daxx蛋白敏化过氧化氢诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡可能与协同增加JNK活性有关．     

sHLA-G在子痫前期患者的表达及意义

目的：检测子痫前期患者sHLA—G水平,探讨母血sHLA—G的水平和妊娠高血压疾病的关系。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法检测20例正常孕妇晚期和20例子痫前期患者血清sHLA—G水平。结果：在正常妊娠组sHLA—G血清中的水平为10．72±3.40ng／mL;子痫前期组为9.46±1.5．10ng／mL。子痫前期组sHLA—G水平明显低于正常妊娠晚期组,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论：sHLA-G可能与子痫前期患者的发病有关系。     

冷冻对山羊精子转染外源DNA和体外制备转基因胚胎的影响

本实验将鲜精和冻精分别与地高锌标记的线形化的pEGFP-N,质粒孵育转染,用原位杂交方法检测转染效率;PCR和Southern Blotting检测精子与外源DNA的整合效率;与成熟卵母细胞体外受精,PCR检测阳性胚胎比率,用透射电镜技术、碘化丙锭和羟化荧光素双探针技术和单细胞电泳（Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis,SCGE）技术,观察精子冷冻前后的超微结构、精子质膜完整性和精子核DNA损伤的变化,研究冷冻对山羊（Caprahircus）精子转染内化外源DNA和体外制备转基因胚胎的影响及机理。结果表明,冻精显著提高了转染外源DNA的效率（81．60％±16．59％VS32．95％±2．93％,t=4．873,P=0．003;41．80％±6．26％vs27．89％±8．64％,t=2．634,P=0．039）。PCR和Southern Blotting检测表明外源DNA已经整合到精子基因组上。用冻精与成熟卵母细胞体外受精,体外受精穿透率和卵裂率显著低于鲜精组（24．19％±3．15％vs58．86％±3．73％,t=7．131,P〈0．001;11．83％±2．37％vs29．71±3．47％,t=4．302,P〈0．001）,但体外生产的胚胎PCR阳性率比鲜精组显著提高（45．45％±10．87％VS24．44％±6．06％,t=1．750,P=0．013）。超微结构观察和双荧光探针检测都发现冷冻-解冻精子质膜完整性降低（8．34％±4．21％VS65．67％±6．46％,t=12．492,P〈0．001）,SCGE显示冷冻极显著增加了精子彗尾长度和彗星细胞比例（42．67μm±4．56μmvs21．14／Lm±2．36μm,t=5．644,P=0．005;60．00％±4．00％vs17．37％±2．57％;t=15．787,P〈0．001）。冷冻-解冻可以提高山羊精子转染外源DNA的效率,冷冻破坏精子质膜完整性,解除质膜的阻碍作用,是提高外源DNA转染效率的一个主要原因[动物学报54（6）：1089-1097,2008]。     

欧洲小叶椴的胚培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称欧洲小叶椴（Tilia cordata Mill．）。 2材料类别成熟胚。 3培养条件（1）／3动培养基：MS＋6-BA2．0mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋NAA0．1;（2）增殖培养基：MS＋6．BA1．0＋NAA0．1;（3）壮苗生根培养基：1／2MS＋IBA1．0＋NAA0．3。以上培养基均加入0．55％琼脂和20g·L^-1。蔗精,pH5．8-6．0。培养温度为（25±2）℃;光照培养时间12h·d^-1,光照强度40．50μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

尼氟灭酸通过钙库钙释放引起豚鼠耳蜗螺旋动脉平滑肌细胞超极化(英文)

本研究旨在观察氯离子通道阻断剂尼氟灭酸（niflumic acid,NFA）引起豚鼠耳蜗螺旋动脉平滑肌细胞产生超极化的机制。以豚鼠为实验动物,运用细胞内微电极和全细胞膜片钳记录技术,观察NFA和其它药物对急性分离的耳蜗螺旋动脉平滑肌细胞的作用。结果显示：NFA、indanyloxyacetic acid94（LAh-94）和diSOdium4,4’-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2’-disulfonate（DIDS）可使低静息膜电位的细胞产生超极化,但对高静息膜电位的细胞无明显作用。低静息膜电位细胞的平均静息电位为（-42．47±1．38）mV（n=24）,100μmol／LNFA、10μmol／LIAA-94和200μmol／LDIDS分别使细胞超极化至（13．7±4．3）mV=9,P〈0．01）,（11．4±4．2）mV（n=7,P〈0．01）和（12．3±3．7）mV（n=8,P〈0．01）,这种氯离子通道阻断剂引起细胞超极化反应的效应呈浓度依赖性。NFA引起的超极化和外向电流几乎完全被100nmol／L iberiotoxin、100nmol／L charybdotoxin、10mmol／L tetraethylammonium、50μmol／LBAPTA—AM、10μmol／Lryanodine和0．1-10mmol／Lcaffeine阻断,但不能被100μmol／Lnifedipine、100μmol／LCdCI,和无Ca^2＋灌流外液阻断。结果捉示：氯离_了通道的阻断剂NFA可通过平滑肌细胞内钙库的钙释放增加细胞内钙,进而激活钙依赖的钾通道,产生耳蜗螺旋动脉平滑肌细胞的超极化反应。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.