基于Flp重组酶介导的盒式交换HPRT位点定点转基因研究

以电穿孔转染法将构建的交换质粒pF-HPRT-F3和Flp表达载体pCMV-Flp共转染已在基因组HPRT位点整合有交换盒F-Neo-F3结构的ES细胞F18,经HAT筛选得到HAT抗性ES细胞克隆;G418敏感性试验和基因组Southern杂交表明,所分析的12个HAT抗性克隆中有3个克隆发生了预期的盒式交换重组,转基因定点整合的相对效率为25%.这一结果表明,Flp重组酶是可以在HPRT位点有效地介导盒式交换反应的,我们提出的利用Flp重组酶介导的盒式交换反应建立基于HPRT位点的转基因定点整合体系的策略是可行的.     

低钾型周期性麻痹相关的Cchl1a3基因R528H敲入小鼠模型的构建

目的：构建低钾型周期性麻痹相关的Cchl1a3基因R528H敲入小鼠模型。方法将 Cchl1a3-knock-in打靶载体电转染ES细胞,经过G418和Ganciclovoir筛选阳性ES细胞克隆并用PCR和DNA测序法鉴定。将阳性ES克隆注射到小鼠囊胚,获得嵌合体小鼠。通过杂交获得的杂合子小鼠与FLP小鼠交配繁育获得去neo杂合子小鼠,并用PCR和DNA测序进行鉴定。将去neo杂合子小鼠交配得到纯合子后代,进行生长发育等方面的观察。结果打靶载体成功转染ES细胞,PCR和DNA测序法证实9个ES细胞克隆发生正确的同源重组。通过显微注射获得7只嵌合体小鼠。将嵌合体小鼠交配繁育的杂合子小鼠和FLP小鼠交配获得9只去neo杂合子小鼠,最终得到15只去neo纯合子小鼠。该小鼠在发育至性成熟阶段,精神、饮食及活动状态良好,但是在4个月龄时逐渐出现脱毛,皮肤破溃甚至死亡。结论成功构建Cchl1a3基因 R528H 突变的纯合子小鼠,为研究人类CACNA1S基因功能和阐明低钾型周期性麻痹发生的分子机制奠定了基础。     

小鼠锌指蛋白基因ZF-12基因剔除的ES细胞系的建立

利用小鼠锌指蛋白ZF－12基因组DNA片段,构建了针对小鼠ZF－12基因座的替换型打靶载体pSSC-TV-10.5。经限制性核酸内切酶酶切及部分测序鉴定其结构正确后,通过电穿孔将线性化打靶载体导入ES人,经G418／GANC双药筛选和分子鉴定,获得4个ZF－12^ /-基因的ES细胞杂合子克隆,其生长状态良好,为进一步建立ZF－12基因剔除的小鼠动物模型创造了条件。     

DNA重组酶FLP原核表达与多步法纯化及其活性检测

DNA重组酶FLP存在于酵母2μ质粒上,能识别34bp的FRT位点,并根据2个FRT位点的相对方向完成位点间DNA序列的交换、重组、删除与逆转,在现代分子生物学理论研究与基因工程技术开发中具有广泛应用。构建了在原核大肠杆菌中高效表达FLP重组酶的表达载体pQE32-flpe并建立起相应的原核高效表达体系,在原核细菌大肠杆菌M15菌株中实现FLP酶蛋白的高效表达,同时建立了相应的纯化方法。纯化时先用硫酸铵沉淀法富集FLP酶蛋白,经透析脱盐后再用镍离子鳌合微柱(0.5~1.0mL)亲合层析梯度洗脱的方法获得纯化的FLP酶蛋白。通过构建含有2个方向相同的FRT序列位点的质粒pUC18-FRT-gfp-FRT和含有1个FRT位点的表达载体pET30a-FRT,并分别以其为底物来检测FLP重组酶的删除、交换与重组功能的活性。结果表明,该方法不仅能有效表达FLP酶蛋白,并能行之有效地纯化FLP酶蛋白,以及检测纯化的FLP酶蛋白对DNA序列的删除、重组与交换功能。该方法简单易行并能获得有活性的FLP酶蛋白,为深入研究其机理以及研发相应的DNA重组技术提供重要参考。     

人t-PA突变体cDNA打靶敲入小鼠ES细胞β-酪蛋白位点的研究

应用克隆的基因组序列作为同源臂 ,构建了小鼠 β 酪蛋白基因定位敲入打靶载体。短臂长 2 7kb ,包括小鼠 β 酪蛋白基因 5′端侧翼区、第 1外显子、第 1内含子、部分第 2外显子。长臂包括小鼠 β 酪蛋白基因部分第 2内含子、第 3～ 7外显子、第 3～ 6内含子、部分第 7内含子 ,长 3 4kb。人t PA突变体cDNA在第 2外显子中与小鼠 β 酪蛋白信号肽序列融合。正筛选标记neo放置在 β 酪蛋白基因第 2内含子中部 ,负筛选标记tk位于短臂外侧。ES细胞株TC 1在滋养层上培养扩增。处理ES细胞使其密度达到 2× 10 7个 /mL后 ,将 4 5 μg线性化的打靶载体DNA与 1mL细胞混匀后电击。转染的细胞在含G4 18和Gancyclovir的选择培养基中培养 ,7d后挑取 192个抗性克隆 ,扩增、提取基因组DNA ,EcoRⅠ酶切后 ,用打靶载体 5′端内侧探针进行Southern杂交 ,野生型出现 9 8kb ,而中靶的 β 酪蛋白基因由于敲入的人t PA突变体携带一个EcoRⅠ位点 ,中靶等位基因出现 6 6kb。从 78株ES细胞株中获得 1株发生正确同源重组的中靶ES细胞。     

小鼠胚胎干细胞p16INK4a基因外显子1α打靶研究

在活体水平上 ,小鼠p16 INK4a基因是否具有抑制肿瘤发生和发展的功能是一个悬而未决的问题。利用筛选基因组文库得到的小鼠p16 INK4a基因组DNA片段 ,构建了针对小鼠p16 INK4a 基因外显子 1α的基因打靶载体 ,其短臂为1.5kbEco81Ⅰ AccⅡ片段 ,长臂为 5 .9kbXbaⅠ XhoⅠ片段。打靶载体经线性化和纯化后通过电穿孔转导小鼠R1ES细胞 ,获得 37个G418和Gancyclovir双药抗性克隆。用Southern杂交法对双药抗性克隆进行鉴定 ,获得一个敲除了p16 INK4a基因外显子 1α的阳性ES细胞克隆。     

线粒体钾通道Kcna3基因敲除小鼠初步制备

目的 为观察线粒体钾通道在缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌损伤中的作用,探讨其和心衰的关系,制备基因敲除小鼠模型以探讨钾通道单分子作用.方法 用BAC载体制备同源重组载体,对129小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES)打靶筛选后,显微注射至C57 BL/6J小鼠囊胚获得嵌合小鼠.经尾基因组DNA PCR鉴定和测序,鉴别杂合子小鼠.结果 在40只灰色小鼠中初步鉴定出Kcna3+/-基因型F1小鼠8只.结论 在国内首先用ES同源重组基因打靶方法,成功育成Kcna3基因敲除鼠杂合子,为下一步获得纯合子鼠奠定了基础.对进一步用钾离子通道病模型研究心肌保护病理生理机制和药物筛选具重要意义.     

小鼠胚胎干细胞p16^INK4a基因外显子1a打靶研究

在活体水平上,小鼠p16^INK4a基因是否具有抑制肿瘤发生和发展的功能是一个悬而未决的问题。利用筛选基因组文库得到的小鼠p16^INK4a基因组DNA片段,构建了针对小鼠p16^INK4a基因外显子1a的基因打靶载体,其短臂为1.5kbEco81 I/AccⅡ片段,长壁为5.9kb Xba I/Xho I片段。打靶载体经线性化和纯化后通过电穿孔转导小鼠R1 ES细胞,获得37个G418和Gancyclovir双药抗性克隆。用Southern杂交法对双药抗性克隆进行鉴定,获得一个敲除了p16^INK4a基因外显子1a的阳性ES细胞克隆。     

基于Cre重组酶体系的鸡卵清蛋白基因打靶载体的构建

利用胚胎干细胞基因打靶技术制备转基因鸡是研制鸡输卵管反应器的最佳技术路线。为建立基于Cre/loxp系统的鸡卵清蛋白基因(Ovalbumingene,OV)位点的双交换打靶载体系统,本研究克隆了鸡的OV基因7.8kb片段,并与克隆的内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)、人工合成的含有Cre重组酶识别位点变异体交换盒m2/loxp71EGFPloxp66,一起构建了含有Hsvtk负筛选标记的针对鸡卵清蛋白基因位点的敲入型共表达基因打靶载体pSSCm2/71EGFP66IRESOV7.8;以猪β干扰素基因(βInterferon,IFNβ)为目的基因构建了穿梭载体pMDm2/66MCSIFNMCSLoxp71,经过限制酶酶切及部分测序鉴定,所构建载体结构正确。进一步将它们共转化组成性表达Cre的细菌BM25.8,验证了loxp突变位点对重组反应的有效性     

Effect of DNA polymerase inhibitors on DNA repair in intact and permeable human fibroblasts: evidence that DNA polymerases delta and beta are involved in DNA repair synthesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

The involvement of DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and delta in DNA repair synthesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was investigated in human fibroblasts (HF). The effects of anti-(DNA polymerase alpha) monoclonal antibody, (p-n-butylphenyl)deoxyguanosine triphosphate (BuPdGTP), dideoxythymidine triphosphate (ddTTP), and aphidicolin on MNNG-induced DNA repair synthesis were investigated to dissect the roles of the different DNA polymerases. A subcellular system (permeable cells), in which DNA repair synthesis and DNA replication were differentiated by CsCl gradient centrifugation of BrdUMP density-labeled DNA, was used to examine the effects of the polymerase inhibitors. Another approach investigated the effects of several of these inhibitors on MNNG-induced DNA repair synthesis in intact cells by measuring the amount of [3H]thymidine incorporated into repaired DNA as determined by autoradiography and quantitation with an automated video image analysis system. In permeable cells, MNNG-induced DNA repair synthesis was inhibited 56% by 50 micrograms of aphidicolin/mL, 6% by 10 microM BuPdGTP, 13% by anti-(DNA polymerase alpha) monoclonal antibodies, and 29% by ddTTP. In intact cells, MNNG-induced DNA repair synthesis was inhibited 57% by 50 micrograms of aphidicolin/mL and was not significantly inhibited by microinjecting anti-(DNA polymerase alpha) antibodies into HF nuclei. These results indicate that both DNA polymerases delta and beta are involved in repairing DNA damage caused by MNNG.     

大球母贝精子介导外源基因转移研究

将大球母贝（Ｐｉｎｃｔａｄａ ｍａｘｉｍａ Ｊａｍｅｓｏｎ）精子与“全鱼”ＧＨ基因重组体ｐＣＡｇｃＧＨ和ｐＣＡｇｃＧＨｃ的线性ＤＮＡ混合,温育３０ｍｉｎ,经６次、２＾７、１０ｋＶ脉冲电处理后,与卵子受精,得到若干贝苗。从贝苗中提取ＤＮＡ,经ＰＣＲ扩增和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ分子杂交表明,部分受体带有外源基因,当与精子温育的外源基因浓度分别为２μｇ／ｍＬ,６μｇ／ｍＬ及１８μｇ／ｍＬ时,相应贝苗     

Thymidine incorporation into Rhizobium meliloti.

Thymidine is rapidly catabolized to thymine, beta-aminoisobutyric acid, and carbon dioxide by Rhizobium meliloti cells. The incorporation of labelled thymidine into the DNA of R. meliloti cells can be enhanced by the addition of low concentrations (10-20 micrograms/mL) of deoxyadenosine or other nucleosides (adenosine, uridine, guanosine). However, at high concentrations ( greater than 50 micrograms/mL) these compounds inhibit thymidine incorporation. Conditions to obtain highly radioactive DNA of Rhizobium are described.     

Purification of an equine apotransferrin variant (thyromedin) essential for thyroid hormone dependent growth of GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells in chemically defined culture

Pituitary tumor cells require thyroid hormones for growth in vivo [Sorrentino, J. M., Kirkland, W. L., & Sirbasku, D. A. (1976) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 56, 1155-1158]. In vitro, GH1 rat pituitary tumor cells were studied in a serum-free defined medium (PCM-10) formulated with Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's media (1:1, v/v) supplemented with 2.2 g/L sodium bicarbonate, 15 mM 4-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (pH 7.2), 10 micrograms/mL human transferrin, 50 microM ethanolamine, 10 micrograms/mL insulin, 10 ng/mL selenous acid, 0.1 nM 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 500 micrograms/mL bovine serum albumin and in the same medium without T3 (PCM-0). The cells only grew in PCM-10 when low concentrations of horse serum were added. Attempts to replace the serum factor requirement with known growth factors and adhesion proteins were unsuccessful. The Mr 65,000-72,000 serum factor regulating T3-induced growth (thyromedin) was purified to homogeneity and identified as equine transferrin R and/or D by amino acid sequencing. The ED50 in PCM-10 was 17-40 micrograms/mL (260-620 nM) while in PCM-0 half-maximum growth was not achieved at 200 micrograms/mL. Concentrations of 75 micrograms/mL in PCM-10 caused 80% of serum-stimulated growth rate. Removal of iron from thyromedin, and assay in iron salts reduced PCM-10, increased the specific activity 110-270-fold to ED50 150 ng/mL (2.3 nM); at 1.0 micrograms/mL, growth in PCM-10 was 16-fold greater than in PCM-0. Iron saturation of thyromedin caused total loss of biological activity. We conclude that the horse transferrin variant isolated in this report is active as apotransferrin.     

Characterization of cloned alpha-satellite sequence from the extrachromosomal DNA of HeLa cell culture]

We have obtained the alphoid DNA clones, pK1 and pK2, from the extrachromosomal DNA of Hela cells treated by cycloheximide (30 micrograms/ml). Nucleotide sequences of the clones were aligned. The sides of the pK1 and pK2 are 390 and 184 bp, respectively. The marked RELP for the clones was not observed. The results of in situ hybridization have shown an approximately equal distribution of Ag-grains over major part of human chromosomes, with a slight preference for chromosomes 1, 5 and 19 (the 1-st group of alpha-satellite DNA). Therefore, the obtained alphoid sequences seem to be rather conservative and non-chromosome-specific. We suppose that increase of the alphoid DNA content in the fraction of the extrachromosomal DNA under the cycloheximide treatment is a result of the sporadic statistical processes rather then consequence of the specific excision.     

DNA breaks and repair in the mouse leukemia L1210 cells exposed to three different types of interstrand DNA cross-linkers

DNA breaks and repair in mouse leukemia L1210 cells treated with 3 different types of cross-linkers, mitomycin C (MMC), 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)-methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitroso ure a hydrochloride (ACNU) and SN-07 (a macromolecular antibiotic), were studied. Measured in D37 values, MMC gave the highest number of cross-links per lethal 'hit' directly after the 1-h treatment in the alkaline elution assay, followed by ACNU and SN-07. A good dose-response increase in induced interstrand DNA cross-linking frequency was observed in cells treated with 2.5-10 micrograms/ml MMC and with 10-100 micrograms/ml ACNU for 1 h with and without 24-h post-incubation. After 6-h post-incubation, the highest frequency of cross-linking was observed in cells treated with 2.5 micrograms/ml MMC and 30 micrograms/ml ACNU, while cross-link production continued in the cells treated with SN-07 for 12-h post-incubation. No significant increase in DNA breaks was observed in cells treated with MMC throughout 24-h post-incubation. The highest frequency of single-strand DNA breaks in cells treated with ACNU was observed immediately after the treatment and they disappeared after 6-h post-incubation. After 24-h post-incubation, a marked enhancement of the DNA breaks was observed in cells treated with SN-07 and the cells contained double-strand DNA breaks also. RNA synthesis was not affected in the cells treated with 10 micrograms/ml MMC and slightly inhibited to 70% of control in those treated with 100 micrograms/ml ACNU, while DNA synthesis in both cells was significantly inhibited after 24-h post-incubation. By contrast, both RNA and DNA synthesis were completely inhibited in cells treated with 8.0 micrograms/ml SN-07.     

Titration of integrated simian virus 40 DNA sequences, using highly radioactive, single-stranded DNA probes.

Nick-translated simian virus 40 (SV40) [32P]DNA fragments (greater than 2 X 10(8) cpm/micrograms) were resolved into early- and late-strand nucleic acid sequences by hybridization with asymmetric SV40 complementary RNA. Both single-stranded DNA fractions contained less than 0.5% self-complementary sequences; both included [32P]-DNA sequences that derived from all regions of the SV40 genome. In contrast to asymmetric SV40 complementary RNA, both single-stranded [32P]DNAs annealed to viral [3H]DNA at a rate characteristic of SV40 DNA reassociation. Kinetics of reassociation between the single-stranded [32P]DNAs indicated that the two fractions contain greater than 90% of the total nucleotide sequences comprising the SV40 genome. These preparations were used as hybridization probes to detect small amounts of viral DNA integrated into the chromosomes of Chinese hamster cells transformed by SV40. Under the conditions used for hybridization titrations in solution (i.e., 10- to 50-fold excess of radioactive probe), as little as 1 pg of integrated SV40 DNA sequence was assayed quantitatively. Among the transformed cells analyzed, three clones contained approximately one viral genome equivalent of SV40 DNA per diploid cell DNA complement; three other clones contained between 1.2 and 1.6 viral genome equivalents of SV40 DNA; and one clone contained somewhat more than two viral genome equivalents of SV40 DNA. Preliminary restriction endonuclease maps of the integrated SV40 DNAs indicated that four clones contained viral DNA sequences located at a single, clone-specific chromosomal site. In three clones, the SV40 DNA sequences were located at two distinct chromosomal sites.     

A method for high efficiency YAC lipofection into murine embryonic stem cells.

We describe a modified protocol for introducing yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) into murine embryonic stem (ES) cells by lipofection. With a decreased DNA:cell ratio, increased concentration of condensing agents and altered culture conditions, this protocol reduces the requirement for YAC DNA to a few micrograms, improves the recovery of neomycin-resistant ES colonies and increases the yield of clones containing both flanking vector markers and insert. These modifications enable generation of sufficient 'intact' transgenic clones for biological analysis with a single experiment.     

Genomic clones of bovine parvovirus: construction and effect of deletions and terminal sequence inversions on infectivity.

Genomic clones of the autonomous parvovirus bovine parvovirus (BPV) were constructed by blunt-end ligation of reannealed virion plus and minus DNA strands into the plasmid pUC8. These clones were stable during propagation in Escherichia coli JM107. All clones tested were found to be infectious by the criteria of plaque titer and progressive cytopathic effect after transfection into bovine fetal lung cells. Sequencing of the recombinant plasmids demonstrated that all of the BPV inserts had left-end (3')-terminal deletions of up to 34 bases. DNA isolated from progeny virions arising from transfected infectious clones was found to be indistinguishable from wild-type DNA by restriction enzyme analysis. Defective genomes could also be detected in the progeny DNA even though the infection was initiated with homogenous, cloned DNA. Full-length genomic clones with 3' flip and 3' flop conformations were constructed and were found to have equal infectivity. Analysis of low-molecular-weight DNA isolated from lysates of cells transfected with these clones demonstrated that rescue and replication of BPV DNA could be detected 3 to 8 days after transfection. Expression of capsid proteins from transfected genomes was demonstrated by hemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation of [35S]methionine-labeled cell lysates. Use of appropriate antiserum for immunoprecipitation showed the synthesis of BPV capsid and noncapsid proteins after transfection. Independently, a series of genomic clones with increasingly larger 3'-terminal deletions was prepared from separately subcloned 3'-terminal fragments. Transfection of these clones into bovine fetal lung cells revealed that deletions of up to 34 bases at the 3' end lowered but did not abolish infectivity, while deletions of greater than 52 bases were lethal. End-label analysis showed that the 34-base deletion was repaired to wild-type length in the progeny virus.