黄土高原柴松群落空间结构

利用角尺度、大小比数和混交度3个林分空间结构参数,分析了黄土高原柴松(Pinus tabulaeformisf.shekannesis)群落的空间结构特征。结果表明:1)该林分的树种组成为柴松:辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)∶其他树种=7∶2∶1,林分密度为3064株.hm-2,柴松种群优势度明显。2)柴松林林分平均混交度为0.33,处于弱度混交到中度混交过渡时期,种间隔离程度较小。3)柴松林林分平均角尺度为0.57,整个林分呈团状分布。4)林分平均胸径大小比为0.52,平均树高大小比为0.53,林木大小比数的分布较为均匀。胸径大小比和树高大小比在反映林木生长优势方面具有一致性。     

松阔混交林林分空间结构分析

利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3种结构参数结合树种组成,分析了松阔混交林林分空间结构。结果表明,优势树种马尾松多呈单种聚集,其余树种中、强度混交占了相当大的比例;马尾松在空间大小对比上占有一定的优势,其余树种则分化严重,既有占优势的树种,也有受压的树种;从林木水平分布格局上看,该地林分是以团状分布为主。     

广西极小种群单性木兰群落空间结构量化

在木论自然保护区极小种群单性木兰(Kmeria septentrionalis)群落木本植物每木调查的基础上,采用混交度、角尺度和大小比数3个林分空间结构参数,分析单性木兰生存群落木本植物物种组成及其空间结构特征。结果表明,样地内共有木本植物树种95种,隶属于55科82属,为典型的阔叶混交异龄林。群落林木以小径级占绝对优势,林木个体随着径级的增大急剧减少,整体呈倒J型分布。群落中大部分树种处于强度混交,树种间混交程度较高,林分平均混交度达0.742;群落林分大小比数为0.508,不同等级的林木在空间结构单元内分布较均匀;大部分林木介于随机分布和不均匀分布,均匀分布比例较少,林分平均角尺度为0.549,群落空间分布格局为轻度聚集分布。单性木兰种群径级结构呈倒J型,种群从幼苗向幼树生长过程中林木个体急剧减少。单性木兰种群混交度为0.796,处于高度混交状态;平均大小比数为0.400,处于亚优势偏向中庸状态;角尺度为0.528,呈轻度聚集分布状态。单性木兰群落不仅亟须有效保护,同时需采取适当的人为干扰措施促进种群的延续与发展。     

西南亚热带典型天然常绿阔叶林的空间结构特征

以西南亚热带分布较广泛的两种典型的天然常绿阔叶林——四川大头茶林和栲树林为研究对象,根据树种组成,采用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3个空间结构参数,对比分析2种林分的空间结构特征。结果显示:(1)四川大头茶林和栲树林群落的乔木层分别有8和9个树种,2种林分内的优势种的密度及每公顷断面积优势明显。(2)2种林分的树种混交程度较高,林分平均混交度分别为0.61和0.73,混交程度均在中等以上;栲树林群落的树种隔离程度优于四川大头茶林;林分内的平均大小比数分别为0.47和0.45,多数林木处于中庸状态,林分内不同径级的林木在各组成的空间结构单元内分布比较均匀。(3)四川大头茶林的平均角尺度为0.523,属于聚集分布;栲树林的平均角尺度为0.517,属于随机分布,且呈现轻微的聚集分布。研究表明,两种林分的混交度差异显著,而大小比数和角尺度差异不显著,栲树林较四川大头茶林的群落结构稳定。     

人工杉木林林分空间结构参数分析及相关性研究

基于南平松溪林场九个人工杉木林标准地的实测数据, 对人工杉木林林分空间结构参数进行了评价和相关性分析, 为制定杉木林和其他纯林林分空间结构优化和调整措施奠定基础。采用n=4确定林木的空间结构单元, 用大小比数、角尺度和竞争指数等3个林分空间结构参数分析杉木林的林分空间结构特征。结果表明, 9个标准地的杉木林大小比数都接近中庸状态, 林木个体差异不大, 林木分化不严重; 角尺度处于均匀和随机分布状态之间, 与水平分布理想模式存在一定差距; 竞争指数较为稳定, 没有因为年龄的不同而出现大幅度的变动。大小比数U和竞争指数H间为中度相关, 大小比数U和角尺度W, 以及角尺度W和竞争指数H间几乎不相关。研究结果有助于杉木人工林的可持续经营。     

秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林空间结构特征分析

该研究采用坐标定位方法对秦岭南坡不同坡向锐齿栎次生林样地内胸径DBH≥5cm的乔木进行调查,记录树种名称、坐标、胸径、高度、冠幅、生长状况等因子,运用角尺度、大小比数和混交度3个指数分析不同坡向锐齿栎次生林的空间结构,探寻不同坡向锐齿栎林空间结构的形成和差异。结果显示:(1)调查样地内物种多样性丰富,锐齿栎重要值最大,长势良好,占据主要生态空间。(2)两种坡向中,角尺度取值为0.5的个体数均过半,表明随机分布是锐齿栎次生林的主要分布方式。(3)优势木、亚优势木、中庸木、劣态木和绝对劣态木所占比重均为20%左右,表明林木大小差异不明显,在空间结构单元中,林木较稳定,阳坡优势木个体数高于阴坡。(4)两种坡向中,混交度取值大于0.5林木个体分别为84%和73%,表明多数林木个体处于中度、强度和极强度混交状态。研究表明,秦岭南坡锐齿栎次生林聚集度不高、混交良好、分化程度较高,锐齿栎种群优势度明显,林分整体暂时处于相对稳定状态。     

择伐强度对中亚热带天然针阔混交林林分空间结构的影响

利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3个结构参数,研究4种不同择伐强度（弱度13.0%、中度29.1%、强度45.8%、极强度67.1%）对中亚热带天然针阔混交林林分空间结构的影响。结果表明：弱度择伐后林木的平均混交度最大,中度择伐次之,极强度择伐林木单种聚集的比例最高;不同择伐强度对林木的大小分化程度影响不大,但各主要树种的地位都有一定程度变化;择伐并未改变林木的空间分布格局,各样地林分整体和主要树种均为聚集分布,极强度择伐林木多呈团状分布,而弱度、中度择伐树种大多处于不均匀和随机分布。总的来说,弱度和中度择伐有利于林分空间结构的优化。     

长白山白桦林空间结构研究

于2006年在长白山建立了一个面积为5.2 hm2的次生白桦林永久样地,并对样地内的每株树木测量了坐标和胸径.运用混交度、大小比数和角尺度研究了该林分的空间结构.研究表明:该样地的平均混交度值为0.540,平均角尺度值为0.575.次生白桦林总体上处于中度混交水平,先锋树种和针叶树种的混交度高于其他类型的树种;次生演替的先锋树种在生长上处于优势,红松(Pinus koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)等主要树种在该林分中处于劣态个体的比重高于先锋树种,槭属类植物处于劣态;次生白桦林总体上呈聚集分布格局.该林分的空间结构特点与所处的次生演替早期阶段和各个树种在林分中的地位、繁殖方式、更新策略以及采伐干扰等有关.     

辽东大伙房水库库区天然针阔次生林林分空间结构

为了解辽东大伙房水库库区天然针阔次生林内林分空间结构的优劣,本研究以角尺度、大小比数、混交度和林分空间结构指数这4个结构参数作为切入点,对天然针阔次生林上坡位和下坡位的林分空间结构特征进行了调查。结果表明:上坡位的林木水平分布格局表现为随机分布,下坡位表现为轻微的聚集分布,从两种坡位中林木的大小分化程度来看,下坡位偏亚优势状态,上坡位偏中庸状态;上坡位混交度为0.29,下坡位混交度为0.56,上坡位林分呈弱度混交,下坡位为中度混交,下坡位混交程度较上坡位好;下坡位林分的林分空间结构指数为68.04,上坡位为54.81,林分整体结构较上坡位更稳定。通过4种林分空间结构参数的分析,得出天然针阔次生林下坡位的林分空间结构较上坡位稳定,本研究结果可为该区林分空间结构调整提供一定的依据。     

天然林不同强度择伐后林分空间结构变化动态

基于长期跟踪复测数据,利用混交度、大小比数和角尺度3个结构参数,研究了4种不同强度择伐(弱度13.O％、中度29.1％、强度45.8％、极强度67.1％)后天然林林分空间结构的变化动态.结果表明:弱度和中度择伐后林分平均混交度和大小比数呈增长趋势,强度和极强度择伐则呈下降趋势;择伐并未改变林木的空间分布格局,各样地林分均为聚集分布,中度择伐处于随机分布状态的林木数大幅增加.总的来说,弱度和中度择伐后林分空间结构正趋向优化.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.