外源性维生素D对小鼠脑缺血/再灌注神经损伤的保护作用*

目的:观察小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型制备前5 d 连续补充1,25-二羟维生素D₃(1,25-VitD₃)对缓解小鼠缺血/再灌注(I/R)后脑损伤中的作用。方法:雄性C57BL6小鼠随机分为Sham组、Vehicle组和1,25-VitD₃组,每组10只小鼠;Vehicle组和1,25-VitD₃组小鼠均进行大脑MCAO1 h,再灌注24 h后处死小鼠,1,25-VitD₃组MCAO手术前5 d连续腹腔注射,100 ng/(kg·d);取各组小鼠脑缺血半影区,进行TTC染色、RT-PCR及免疫组化检测,采用神经功能评分评估小鼠功能缺陷。结果:与sham组相比,Vehicle组小鼠脑梗死体积明显增加,小鼠脑组织中促炎介质IL-6、IL-1β和Gp91phox表达均明显增高(P＜0.05);与Vehicle组相比,补充1,25-VitD₃可减少I/R小鼠大约50%梗死体积(P＜0.05), 1,25-VitD₃组小鼠脑组织中IL-6、IL-1β和Gp91phox表达明显降低(P＜0.05),小鼠脑内T调节细胞标志物Foxp3 mRNA表达明显升高(P＜0.05),而转录因子Rorc mRNA表达明显较低(P＜0.05),提示Th17/γδT细胞反应减少,小鼠脑损伤部位中性粒细胞数量明显降低(P＜0.05)。结论:维生素D可以缓解动脉闭塞(MCAO)再灌注脑梗死发展,其机制可能是通过调节小鼠脑I/R中炎症反应。     

右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注损伤相关炎症因子表达的影响

为了探究右美托咪定对脑缺血再灌注损伤相关炎症因子表达的影响,了解其可能的发生机制。本研究将SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组(每组10只,备用3只):假手术组(Sham组)、缺血再灌注对照组(IR组)和右美托咪定治疗组(Dex组),各组大鼠适应性喂养5 d。除假手术组外各组大鼠采用线栓法制造大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2h再灌注6h。Dex组在恢复脑部血流的同时输注浓度1.0μg/kg的右美托咪定,输注时间为1 h。每组随机挑选4只大鼠的脑组织进行氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色,计算大脑的梗死体积。高效液相色谱法检测脑组织中谷氨酸(Glu)、γ氨基丁酸(GABA)、丙二醛(MDA)含量。ELISA检测TNF-α、NF-κB、IL-1、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-18浓度。免疫蛋白印迹(Western blotting)检测Caspasel、Caspase3、Bcl-2、Bax、NLPR3和HMGB1。结果表明,IR组的脑梗死体积显著大于Sham组(p0.05),Dex组脑梗死体积明显小于IR组,但大于Sham组(p0.05)。IR组和Dex组Glu、MDA含量显著高于Sham组(p0.01),Dex组低于IR组(p0.05),而GABA含量则是先下降后上升,即Sham组Dex组IR组(p0.05)。IR组和Dex组TNF-α、NF-κB、IL-1、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-18的表达水平均极显著高于Sham组、Dex组,除了IL-18、TNF-α、NF-KB、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-1的表达水平均低于Sham组(p0.05)。Western blotting结果表明:IR组Caspase1、Caspase3、Bcl-2、Bax、NLPR3和HMGB1的表达水平均高于Sham组(p0.05),而Dex组Caspase3和HMGB1的表达水平均低于IR组(p0.05);IR组Caspase1、NLPR3、Bcl-2和Bax的表达水平虽低于Dex组但没有统计学差异。缺血再灌注损伤会引发炎症级联反应,引起细胞凋亡和细胞焦亡,造成大面积脑梗死,而DEX能抑制一些炎症因子表达,保护脑组织,DEX是否具有保护脑组织细胞凋亡、焦亡和自噬这方面的功能还需要进一步研究。     

丹参酚酸B通过Nrf2/HO-1对脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究丹参酚酸B对脑缺血/再灌注(Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion,CI/R)损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:通过结扎颈总动脉缺血2 h再灌注48 h复制CI/R模型,将实验大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、丹参酚酸B组,每组10只,培养大脑皮层神经细胞,分别给予0,10,25,50 umol/L的丹参酚酸B。通过2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑蓝(TTC)染法测定大鼠脑梗死面积,Western Blot检测大鼠Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达水平以及细胞中Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达水平。再通过细胞缺氧缺糖模型,检测不同浓度丹参酚酸B对于细胞死亡率及细胞内ROS水平以及转染Nrf2或HO-1 si RNA后细胞死亡率及细胞内ROS水平。结果:与模型组比较,丹参酚酸B组的大鼠脑梗死面积明显减小,脑组织中Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达水平均明显增加(P0.05)。大脑皮层细胞中,随着丹参酚酸B浓度增加,细胞HO-1蛋白及细胞核中Nrf2蛋白表达水平逐渐提高,而细胞质中Nrf2蛋白表达水平逐渐降低(P0.05)。细胞缺糖缺氧条件下,与对照组相比,丹参酚酸B组均能够降低细胞的死亡率及细胞内ROS水平,敲除Nrf2或HO-1后,丹参酚酸B组的细胞死亡率与细胞内ROS水平均有明显减低(P0.05)。结论:丹参酚酸B对大鼠CI/R具有保护作用,其作用机制可能通过Nrf2/HO-1减轻CI/R所造成的氧化应激损伤。     

氢饱和生理盐水治疗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的效果研究

目的:探讨氢饱和生理盐水对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型的治疗效果及可能的作用机制。方法:SD大鼠(250-300g)随机分为3组(n=20):假手术组(Sham组),缺血再灌注损伤模型组(I/R组),氢饱和盐水治疗组(HS组)。采用大鼠线栓法右侧中动脉栓塞模型(MCAO模型),于模型90 min时拔出线栓进行再灌注,再灌注同时,I/R组腹腔给予生理盐水10 m L/kg,HS组腹腔给予氢饱和生理盐水10 m L/kg。24 h后,对各组大鼠进行神经功能缺陷评分。断头取脑后,TTC染色法检测脑组织梗死体积(n=10)。选取缺血半暗带处大脑皮层组织进行相关指标测定(n=10)。HE染色观察大鼠缺血半暗带脑组织形态结构,测定缺血半暗带区域氧化应激反应,选取指标为SOD,MDA;并观察缺血半暗带区域炎症反应,利用Elisa方法测定该处TNF-α,IL-6含量。结果:TTC染色证实,右侧MCAO明显诱导大鼠脑局灶性缺血(P0.05)。与I/R组相比,HS组明显降低脑梗死体积(P0.05),显著降低大鼠神经功能缺陷评分(P0.05)。与I/R组相比,氢饱和生理盐水治疗后,很好的保持了缺血半暗带区域细胞结构完整性,明显提高了SOD含量(P0.05),有效降低了MDA水平(P0.05),并且减轻了炎症因子TNF-α,IL-6含量(P0.05)。结论:氢饱和生理盐水可有效的治疗脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能涉及氢气在缺血半暗带区域的选择性的抗氧化应激作用,以及抗炎症反应。     

五味子醇甲诱导缺血半影区神经元自噬提高脑卒中后神经保护

五味子醇甲(Schisandra A, Sch A)是五味子中具有生物活性的木脂素化合物,其神经保护作用已在多种神经系统疾病动物模型中得到验证。然而,五味子醇甲是否能通过影响大鼠脑缺血半影区神经元自噬活性对脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型产生神经保护作用,尚缺乏系统研究。为探究Sch A对大鼠脑卒中后神经损伤及缺血半影区神经元自噬活性的影响,本研究将90只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)组、模型组(MCAO)、Sch A低剂量组(40μg/kg)、Sch A中剂量组(80μg/kg)、Sch A高剂量组(160μg/kg),每组18只。线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉梗塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)模型,脑缺血持续90 min后进行再灌注,立即侧脑室给药,1/d,连续给药7 d。各组分别取6只大鼠进行神经功能评分后,取脑进行TTC染色检测脑梗死体积。另有6只大鼠取缺血半影区脑组织,通过Western印迹检测自噬相关蛋白质Beclin1、LC3-Ⅱ的表达水平。剩余6只大鼠脑组织用于免疫荧光双标,对Sch A改变的自噬活性进行细胞表达定位。研究结果显示,MCAO组大鼠脑梗死体积及神经功能损伤评分均显著高于Sham组(P0.05),且Beclin1及LC3-Ⅱ的表达显著增加(P0.05)。各Sch A治疗组大鼠脑梗死体积较未给药组显著减少(P0.05),神经功能损伤得到明显改善(P0.05)。同时,Sch A给药组Beclin1及LC3蛋白质表达水平明显升高(P0.05),且免疫荧光双标显示该自噬活性改变主要呈现于神经元。以上结果表明,Sch A可显著减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,该神经保护作用与其提高缺血半影区神经元自噬活性密切相关。     

产前应激对成年子代大鼠缺血性卒中后细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究产前应激对雄性子代大鼠大脑中动脉缺血/再灌注后神经功能的影响。方法:SD孕鼠随机进行产前应激处理(孕期每日3次限制活动)和无产前应激处理,并对其雄性子代大鼠采用线栓法制备大脑中动脉局灶性脑缺血(MCAO)模型,共分为假手术组、产前应激+假手术组、MCAO模型组、产前应激+MCAO组(n=10)。于再灌注24 h后进行神经功能评分,并检测脑梗死面积、神经细胞凋亡情况和凋亡相关蛋白表达。结果:产前应激+MCAO组子代大鼠神经功能评分、脑梗死面积百分比、TUNEL阳性细胞、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase3)和活化的Caspase 3蛋白表达均较MCAO组显著增加(P0.05),而B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)蛋白表达较MCAO组减少(P0.05)。结论:产前应激可能通过促进子代大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后神经细胞凋亡,加重神经功能缺损。     

黄芪红花配伍对大鼠脑缺血后血管新生及Cav-1/VEGF信号通路的影响

目的:黄芪红花配伍是否通过调节小凹蛋白1(Caveolin-1,Cav-1)/血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)通路促进血管新生保护大鼠脑缺血损伤。方法:60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5个组:对照组(Sham组,n=12),模型组(MACO组,n=12),黄芪红花40:1组(n=12),20:1组(n=12),5:1(n=12)。大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤模型采用尼龙线栓法制作,连续给药21d后,评价神经功能学评分,计算脑梗死体积,采用免疫组化法测定皮质区的微血管密度,采用RT-PCR法检测皮质区VEGF m RNA和Cav-1 m RNA表达,采用Western-blotting法测定皮质区VEGF和Cav-1的蛋白表达。结果:连续给药21d后,各组大鼠的神经功能学评分均有所降低,3个不同比例的黄芪红花组的神经功能学评分降低最为明显(P0.01),脑梗死体积较模型组显著减少(P0.05~P0.01),微血管密度、VEGF和Cav-1 m RNA和蛋白表达水平均较模型组明显升高(P0.05~P0.01)。结论:黄芪红花配伍可能通过调节Cav-1/VEGF信号通路促进脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑内的血管新生,从而减轻脑缺血损伤,且最佳的配伍比例为黄芪红花5:1。     

大豆异黄酮基于RhoA/ROCK2信号通路改善MCAO大鼠神经功能损伤

目的:探讨大豆异黄酮对脑缺血再灌注大鼠RhoA/ROCK2信号通路介导的氧化应激反应和神经元凋亡的影响。方法:60只SD大鼠随机分为3组,对照组、模型组、大豆异黄酮组。连续给药7天后,给药剂量200 mg/kg。应用中动脉栓塞再灌注模型致大鼠缺血损伤。24 h后评价大鼠神经功能,TTC染色检测脑梗死体积,试剂盒检测脑中氧化因子含量,免疫组化检测神经元损伤,Western Blotting检测RhoA/ROCK2相关蛋白含量。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠神经功能评分降低(P0.05),脑梗死体积增加(P0.05),氧化因子含量增加(P0.05),神经元凋亡显著(P0.05),RhoA/ROCK2蛋白表达增加(P0.05)。与模型组相比,大豆异黄酮升高了大鼠神经功能评分(P0.05),减少的脑梗死体积(P0.05),降低脑中氧化因子含量(P0.05),抑制了神经元凋亡(P0.05),抑制了RhoA/ROCK2蛋白表达(P0.05)。结论:大豆异黄酮可以缓解脑缺血再灌注损伤介导的氧化应激及细胞凋亡,进而减轻神经功能障碍,其机制可能与抑制RhoA/ROCK2信号通路相关。     

毛蕊异黄酮通过抑制calpain-1的表达发挥抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的研究

目的:探讨毛蕊异黄酮抗脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用是否与抑制calpain-1的表达有关。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组以及药物组,采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻断(MCAO)模型,于缺血再灌注前30 min腹腔注射给予20 mg/kg毛蕊异黄酮或等体积的溶剂。再灌注24 h后,行神经功能学评分、脑梗死面积以及神经元凋亡检测;再灌注12 h、24 h时,采用免疫组化和蛋白印迹技术检测大鼠脑皮层calpain-1的表达。结果:与假手术组大鼠比较,MCAO模型组大鼠再灌注24 h后神经功能学评分、梗死面积、神经元凋亡率及calpain-1的表达均明显升高(P0.05),而毛蕊异黄酮能够降低模型组大鼠再灌注24 h后神经功能学评分、梗死面积、神经元凋亡率以及calpain-1的表达(P0.05)。结论:毛蕊异黄酮可能通过抑制calpain-1的表达发挥抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用。     

ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨ATP敏感性钾通道开放剂对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法40只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为四组:A组(假手术组)、B组(缺血组)、C组(KATP开放剂治疗组)及D组(KATP开放剂 阻断剂治疗组)。应用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血模型(MCAO),应用TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡,应用免疫组化方法检测Caspase-3蛋白表达,并观察脑梗死体积及神经功能缺损评分。结果(1)C组脑梗死体积显著小于B、D组(P<0.01),B、D组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)C组神经功能缺损程度较B、D组显著减轻(P<0.05),B、D组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);(3)C组神经元凋亡数较B、D组显著减少(P<0.01),B、D组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05);(4)C组Caspase-3蛋白表达显著少于B、D组(P<0.01),B、D组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论KATP通道开放剂能显著减轻脑缺血再灌注后脑梗死体积、改善神经功能缺损程度、减少Caspase-3蛋白表达、抑制神经元凋亡,对脑缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用。     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 Inhibits Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Chemotaxis by Suppressing a Protein Kinase C- Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway

SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (“SSeCKS”) encodes a cytoskeletal protein that regulates G₁ → S progression by scaffolding cyclins, protein kinase C (PKC) and PKA. SSeCKS is down-regulated in many tumor types including prostate, and when re-expressed in MAT-LyLu (MLL) prostate cancer cells, SSeCKS selectively inhibits metastasis by suppressing neovascularization at distal sites, correlating with its ability to down-regulate proangiogenic genes including Vegfa. However, the forced re-expression of VEGF only rescues partial lung metastasis formation. Here, we show that SSeCKS potently inhibits chemotaxis and Matrigel invasion, motility parameters contributing to metastasis formation. SSeCKS suppressed serum-induced activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, resulting in down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. In contrast, SSeCKS had no effect on serum-induced phosphorylation of the Src substrate, Shc, in agreement with our previous data that SSeCKS does not inhibit Src kinase activity in cells. Invasiveness and chemotaxis could be restored by the forced expression of constitutively active MEK1, MEK2, ERK1, or PKCα. SSeCKS suppressed phorbol ester-induced ERK1/2 activity only if it encoded its PKC binding domain (amino acids 553–900), suggesting that SSeCKS attenuates ERK activation through a direct scaffolding of conventional and/or novel PKC isozymes. Finally, control of MLL invasiveness by SSeCKS is influenced by the actin cytoskeleton: the ability of SSeCKS to inhibit podosome formation is unaffected by cytochalasin D or jasplakinolide, whereas its ability to inhibit MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 activation is nullified by jasplakinolide. Our findings suggest that SSeCKS suppresses metastatic motility by disengaging activated Src and then inhibiting the PKC-Raf/MEK/ERK pathways controlling matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and podosome formation.     

The COP/DET/FUS proteins-regulators of eukaryotic growth and development

Eleven recessive mutant loci define the class of cop / det / fus mutants of Arabidopsis. The cop / det / fus mutants mimic the phenotype of light-grown seedlings when grown in the dark. At least four cop / det / fus mutants carry mutations in subunits of the COP9 signalosome, a multiprotein complex paralogous to the 'lid' subcomplex of the 26S proteasome. COP1, another COP/DET/FUS protein, is itself not a subunit of the COP9 signalosome. In the dark, COP1 accumulates in the nucleus where it is required for the degradation of the HY5 protein, a positive regulator of photomorphogenesis. In the light, COP1 is excluded from the nucleus and the constitutively nuclear HY5 protein can accumulate. Nuclear accumulation of COP1 and degradation of HY5 are impaired in the cop / det / fus mutants that carry mutations in subunits of the COP9 signalosome. Although the cellular function of the COP/DET/FUS proteins is not yet well understood, taken together the current findings suggest that the COP/DET/FUS proteins repress photomorphogenesis in the dark by mediating specific protein degradation.     

A/California/07/2009亚型猪流感冷适应减毒疫苗株的拯救及免疫效果评价

应用反向遗传学技术,选择冷适应、温度敏感、减毒的A/Ann Arbor/6/60 ca (H2N2)型流感病毒的6个内部基因为骨架,与A/California/07/2009株流感病毒2个抗原基因HA、NA分别克隆到polⅠ-polⅡ转录表达载体pAD3000中,构建8个转录表达载体重组质粒,共转染Vero细胞,获得重配A/California/07/2009ca株流感病毒．重配病毒的TCID₅₀为7.5,病毒传4代后其血凝素(HA)滴度稳定在1∶256,半数感染剂量EID₅₀为8,鸡胚传20代,经RT-PCR鉴定未发现重组病毒基因突变,电镜观察重配病毒符合流感病毒的主要特征;蔗糖纯化的病毒经肌肉注射(灭活)及滴鼻(减毒活病毒)两种途径免疫BALB/c小鼠,结果显示：滴鼻免疫和肌肉注射都可以产生较高效价的血凝抑制(HI)抗体,肌肉注射组产生的HI抗体略高(P = 0.044),但肌肉注射组检测不到高效价IgA抗体;滴鼻免疫组鼻冲洗液中可以检测到高效价的IgA抗体,同型病毒感染后,IL-1β、TNFα、IFN-α等前炎因子分泌较早,且高于肌肉注射组(P < 0.05),可见,喷鼻减毒疫苗比灭活全病毒疫苗能更好地激发黏膜免疫反应．通过对小鼠各个器官病毒载量的检测发现,4天后鼻腔、气管、脑、肺、脾脏没有病毒存在,证明减毒活疫苗株在小鼠上是安全的．以上数据可以初步断定,重组病毒有作疫苗候选株的可能,而且喷鼻疫苗具有降低免疫剂量、同时激活体内体液免疫和细胞免疫的功能．     

Structural variability of BM-40/SPARC/osteonectin glycosylation: implications for collagen affinity

We performed a detailed investigation of N-glycan structures on BM-40 purified from different sources including human bone, human platelets, mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor, and human BM-40 recombinantly expressed in 293 and osteosarcoma cells. These preparations were digested with endoglycosidases and N-glycans were further characterized by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. Bone BM-40 carries high-mannose structures as well as biantennary complex type N-glycans, whereas the protein from platelets and 293 cells has exclusively bi- and triantennary complex type structures. BM-40 derived from the EHS tumor carries biantennary complex type and additional hybrid structures. Using the osteosarcoma-derived MHH-ES1 cell line we successfully expressed a recombinant BM-40 that bears at least in part the bone-specific high-mannose N-glycosylation in addition to complex type and hybrid structures. Using chromatography on Concanavalin-A Sepharose, we further purified a fraction enriched in high-mannose structures. This array of differentially glycosylated BM-40 proteins was assayed by surface plasmon resonance measurements to investigate the binding to collagen I. BM-40 carrying high-mannose structures binds collagen I with higher affinity, suggesting that differentially glycosylated forms may have different functional roles in vivo.     

AB-type lectin (toxin/agglutinin) from mistletoe: differences in affinity of the two galactoside-binding Trp/Tyr-sites and regulation of their functionality by monomer/dimer equilibrium

Viscumin of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) has a concentration-dependent activity profile unique to plant AB-toxins. It starts with lectin-dependent mitogenicity and then covers toxicity and cell agglutination, associated with shifts in the monomer/dimer equilibrium. Each lectin subunit harbors two sections for ligand contact. In the dimer, the B-chain sites in subdomain 2 gamma (designated as the Tyr-sites) appear fully accessible, whereas Trp-sites in subdomain 1 alpha are close to the dimer interface. It is unclear whether both types of sites operate similarly in binding glycoligands in solution. By systematically covering a broad range of lactose/lectin ratio in isothermal titration calorimetry, we obtained evidence for two sites showing dissimilar binding affinity. Intriguingly, the site with higher affinity was only partially occupied. To assign the observed properties to the Trp/Tyr-sites, we next performed chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization measurements of Trp and Tyr accessibility. A Tyr signal, but not distinct Trp peaks, was recorded when testing the dimer. Lactose-quenchable Trp peaks became visible on the destabilization of the dimer by citraconylation, intimating Trp involvement in ligand contact in the monomer. Fittingly, Tyr acetylation but not mild Trp oxidation reduced the dimer hemagglutination activity and the extent of binding to asialofetuin-Sepharose 4B. Altogether, the results attribute lectin activity in the dimer primarily to Tyr-sites. Full access to Trp-sites is gained on dimer dissociation. Thus, the monomer/dimer equilibrium of viscumin regulates the operativity of these sites. Their structural divergence affords the possibility for differences in ligand selection when comparing monomers (Tyr- and Trp-sites) with dimers (primarily Tyr-sites).     

Highly luminescent CdTe/CdS/ZnO core/shell/shell quantum dots fabricated using an aqueous strategy

To create core/shell/shell quantum dots (QDs) with high stability against a harmful chemical environment, CdTe/CdS QDs were coated with a ZnO shell in an aqueous solution. An interfaced CdS layer sandwiched between a CdTe core and ZnO shell provided relaxation of the strain at the core/shell interface since lattice parameters of CdS are intermediate between those of CdTe and ZnO. The photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength of the core/shell/shell QDs was shifted from 569 to 615 nm by adjusting the size of CdTe cores and thickness of CdS and ZnO shells, along with the highest PL quantum yield of the core/shell/shell QDs reaching 80%, which implies promising applications in the field of biomedical labeling. Due to the decrease of surface defects, it was observed that PL lifetimes significantly increased at room temperature as follows: 29.6 34.2, and 47.5 ns for CdTe (537 nm), CdTe/CdS (555 nm) and CdTe/CdS/ZnO (581 nm) QDs, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于测序软件进行生物信息学中数据分析

概述了生物信息学中的一些研究方向及分析方法,介绍了用于大规模DNA测序的分析软件系统——Phred/Phrap/Consed。通过利用Phred/Phrap/Consed等各种分析软件,时基因组学、蛋白质组学和基因芯片研究中巨量原始实验数据进行分析、处理,使之成为具有明确生物学意义的生物信息。