美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO_2浓度下的10种植物气孔导度、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率的变化

报道了美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO_2浓度下(>2200μmol·mol~(-1))4.5年后的5种热带雨林植物和5种荒漠植物气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明:热带雨林植物在CO_2浓度为350～400μmol·mol~(-1)时的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率分别为:(127.4±65.6)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、(2.04±0.61)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和(2.90±0.55)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_2O,而在700～820μmol·mol~(-1)时为(61.3±30.5)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、(1.54±0.65)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和(8.45±2.71)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_2O;荒漠植物气孔导度和蒸腾速率则分别由CO_2 320～400μmol·mol~(-1)时的(142.8±94.6)和(2.09±0.71)下降到820～850μmol·mol~(-1)时的(57.7±35.8)和(1.36±0.52)mmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),水分利用效率由(4.69±1.39)上升到(9.68±1.61)μmol CO_2·mmol~(-1) H_20。在低CO_2浓度时植物的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率受光照强度的影响较高CO_2浓度时明显,一般雨林植物三项指标在光照强度为500μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时达到饱和,而荒漠植物在1000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时达到饱和。不同植物中,以荒漠C_3植物粉蓝烟草(Nicotiana glau-ca Grah.)的气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率     

虉草光合作用日变化及其与环境因子的关系

对镇江北固山湿地优势植物——虉草的光合作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,春夏季晴天虉草净光合速率(Pn)的日变化为双峰曲线,有明显的光合“午休”现象;多云天虉草的Pn主要受光强制约,随光合有效辐射(PAR)变化而变化。经统计学验证,虉草的Pn与PAR、气孔导度(Gs)有显著正相关关系,而与细胞间隙CO_2浓度(Ci)呈显著负相关。用一元二次方程拟合了虉草的光响应曲线,得到光补偿点为38.572μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),光饱和点为2087.5μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。     

广西八角莲与八角莲光响应特性的比较研究

为了解濒危植物广西八角莲对环境光强的适应性,该研究以广西八角莲同属渐危种八角莲为对照,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对两种植物的光合光响应特性进行了比较研究,进而探讨广西八角莲的濒危机制。结果表明:广西八角莲与的八角莲的光饱和点分别为440和530μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),光补偿点为13.25和13.10μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),最大净光合速率为3.62和6.81μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),表观量子效率为0.065和0.042μmol·μmol~(-1),两种八角莲均具阴生草本植物的光合特性,但其光补偿点与饱和点均高于一般阴生草本,10%~30%阴蔽度的林下生境有利于两种八角莲的生长;两种植物相比较,广西八角莲的光合能力较弱,光饱和点较低,但其弱光下的量子效率较高。大部分光强下,八角莲的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均高于广西八角莲,但广西八角莲的瞬时水分利用效率却高于八角莲,表明广西八角莲的光合策略比较保守,以较低的光合积累为代价来维持较高的水分利用效率,以保持体内水分平衡。     

荔枝的光合特性

在低光强(0至0.15m mol m~(-2)s~(-1))下,荔枝叶子的光合速率随光入射量子通量的增高而增大。在光强0.7m mol m~(-2)s~(-1)时光合速率为1.76μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。光合作用的光补偿点约为0.02 m mol m~(-2)s~(-1)光量子。荔技叶子具有低的气孔对水分传导率。气孔对水分传导率和蒸腾速率在低光强时随入射量子通量增高而增大:而细胞间CO_2浓度随光强增高而下降。在光强高于0.2m mol m~(-2) s~(-1)光量子时,细胞间CO_2浓度变化较少。在低光强时,叶子的水分利用效率(光合/蒸腾)随光强增高而增大。在光强高于0.2m mol m~(-2) s~(-1)光量子时,水分利用效率明显降低。荔枝叶子的最适光合作用叶温为22-26℃。可能表明在华南夏季中午的高温限制荔枝的田间光合作用。外界CO_2浓度增高相应增高细胞间CO_2浓度。当细胞间CO_2浓度约低于230μ1.1~(-1)时,光合速率随细胞间CO_2浓度增高而增大。在更高的细胞间CO_2浓度对,光合速率变化则较少。荔枝叶子光合速率对叶子/空气水蒸汽压陡度的变化响应不敏感。气孔对水分传导率和细胞间CO_2浓度随叶子/空气水蒸汽压陡度增大略有降低。     

自然条件下中熟籼稻初穗期剑叶光合的气孔和非气孔限制特征

为探究自然条件下中熟籼稻初穗期剑叶光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制特征,利用LI-6400光合仪测定了4个水稻品种(恢复系R7-35,不育系井大3S,杂交F_1代井大3S/R7-35和对照品种9311)的气体交换数据,获得了它们的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和气孔限制值对光的响应曲线。结果表明:与最大净光合速率相对应的饱和光强(I_(sat))分别为1500、1800、1200和1200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1);除井大3S/R7-35外,其他3个水稻品种的气孔导度随光强的增加而非线性增加,由此可知,在较高光强处限制这4个水稻叶片光合作用的因素是非气孔限制。与最小胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)相对应的光强分别为1600、1600、1400和1600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),与最大气孔限制值(L_s)相对应的饱和光强分别为1400、1200、1400和600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。根据Ci降低和Ls升高作为判断叶片光合速率降低的主要原因是气孔因素的判据标准,品种9311则在光强小于1600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,Ci随光强的增加而降低,在光强小于600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,Ls随光强的增加而升高,但该品种在光强小于1200μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)时,其光合能力随光强的增加而非线性增加。这个结果与以Ci降低和Ls升高作为判断准则相互矛盾。为此,提出用植物叶片是否存在I_(sat)作为判断光合速率下降的非气孔限制因素准则,用气孔导度是否存在最大值作为植物叶片的气孔限制因素准则。     

苋菜的光合特性

宽菜Amaranthus cruentus cv.生长在调控的温室条件。在光强0至800μmol.m~(-2)S~(-1),光合速率(PN,μmol.CO_2m~(-2)、s~(-1))随光强(PFD,μmol、m~(-2)、s~(-1))增高而增大,其关系为PN=56.82 PFD×10~(-3)—2.13。光补偿点为60μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)。叶片在1400 μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1)达到光合光饱和点。在叶温35℃,叶片/空气水蒸汽压陡度20 m Pa、Pa~(-1)和外界CO_2浓度340μ1、1~(-1),光饱和光合速率为51.63±4.90μ mol.CO_2、m~(-2)、S~(-1)。在光强0至600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率随光强增高而增大。光强高于600μmol.m~(-2)、s~(-1),气孔传道率变化较小。细胞间CO_2浓度为120μ1.1~(-1)由于细胞间CO_2浓度在光合速率——CO_2关系曲线的转折点,可能表明光合作用不受气孔限制。结果表明,苋菜适于高光强环境生长,在干旱条件下具有高的光合速率。     

油蒿光合参数季节动态及其与叶氮含量和比叶面积的关系

了解植物光合作用参数季节动态及其与叶性状的关系对于准确模拟生态系统碳循环具有重要的意义。本研究在生长季内原位测定了毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)光合作用CO_2响应和光响应曲线,分析了油蒿光合参数与叶氮含量(N_(mass))和比叶面积(SLA)的关系。结果表明:整个生长季内油蒿最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、表观量子效率(α)和光饱和点(LSP)都是在春季后期和初秋时期值比较高,在夏季波动较大,光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)变化趋势不明显,P_(nmax)的变化范围为13.79~33.31μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),平均值为23.77μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),其中5月达到最大值,P_(nmax)季节变化显著;羧化速率(φ)、最大羧化速率(V_(cmax))、最大电子传递速率(J_(max))和光下暗呼吸(Rp)的季节动态变化也是呈现春季后期和初秋时期值比较高、在夏季波动较大的趋势,CO_2补偿点(Co)在整个生长季季节动态明显;CO_2饱和点(Cisat)的季节动态变化不明显;V_(cmax)在5月达到最大值(89.10μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),在8月达到最小值(27.25μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),平均值为56.29μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),J_(max)在9月达到最大值(78.86μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),在8月达到最小值(24.19μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),平均值为46.24μmol CO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),V_(cmax)和J_(max)季节变化显著;P_(nmax)、V_(cmax)、J_(max)和Rp与N_(mass)存在显著线性正相关,P_(nmax)、V_(cmax)和J_(max)与SLA存在显著线性正相关。本研究结果进一步证实,叶氮含量和比叶面积是影响油蒿光合能力的重要因素。研究获得的光合参数与叶性状的关系可为构建参数化生态系统过程模型提供帮助。     

底泥养分富集条件下11种水生植物的光合氮利用效率

为揭示水生植物对富营养化河涌底泥的生理生态适应性及其净化能力,选取11种水生挺水植物(包含6种本土植物和5种外来植物)结合河涌底泥进行试验。通过测定试验一年后植物叶片的光饱和光合速率(P_(sat),μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))、比叶面积(SLA,m~2/kg)、总氮含量(TN,mg/g)和光合作用氮利用效率(PNUE,μmol mol~(-1)s~(-1)),比较分析物种间生理与结构特性及其相互关系。结果表明:种间的SLA层次比较分明,最高的大叶皇冠草(20.31±0.30)与最低的鸢尾草(7.22±0.31)相差近3倍。种间的P_(sat)在(3.76±0.57)(鸢尾草)—(21.53±1.20)(水罂粟)之间,水罂粟比鸢尾草高81.79%。种间的PNUE从42.53±8.42(鸢尾草)至655.8±100.93(天使花),美人蕉、水罂粟、风车草和香蒲的PNUE值均较高,且差异不明显(P0.05),这些植物的PNUE显著高于较低PNUE的种类(包括菖蒲、蓝花草和鸢尾草)(P0.05)。种间SLA分别与PNUE和P_(sat)(μmol kg~(-1)s~(-1))呈显著的正相关,SLA和P_(sat)(μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))分别与TN(mmol/m~2)呈显著负相关(P0.05)。外来植物类群的PNUE、SLA、P_(sat)和TN均显著高于本地植物类群(T-test,P0.05),说明外来水生植物在养分富集化环境下能更有效地利用资源,具有潜在的高生长速率和种间竞争优势。     

亚热带季雨林植物罗伞气体交换对光质的反应

亚热带季雨林林下阴生植物罗伞(Ardisia quinquegona)叶片的气体交换速率(PN.μmol.m~(-2),s~(-1))随光强(PFD,μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))增高而增大。在光强低于80μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1),PN=29.21PFD×10~(-3)+0.36。在光强150μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1)对出现气体交换的光饱和现象。在低光强下,气孔传导率(G,m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)与光强(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)的关系为G=265.6 PFD+4.6。在低光强下。开阔地的阳生灌木桃金娘(Rhodmyrtus tomentosa)的气体交换速率和气孔传导率与光强关系曲线的直线部分斜率皆较罗伞的低,在红光上,罗伞叶片气体交换速率(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1)与光强(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1)的关系为PN=32.4 PFD×10~(-3)-0.04。气孔传导率(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)与光强(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1)的关系为G=339.08 PFD+7.37。同时气体交换速率的饱和红光光强亦较白光的高。在蓝光光强低时,气体交换速率(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))与光强(μmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))的关系为PN=13.54 PFD×10~(-3)—0.17,而气孔传导率(m mol,m~(-2),s~(-1))与光强(mμmol,m~(-2),s~(-1))的关系为G=80.5 PFD+4.35。在低的蓝光下,体交换速率和气孔传导率与光强关系曲线的直线部分斜率显著较在白光和红光下的低。罗伞叶片气体交换对红光的反应敏感。     

红松无性系光合特性比较研究

为了解红松光合特性的遗传变异规律,本研究利用Lico-6400光合仪,对50个红松无性系的光合指标进行测定和分析。对PK27无性系进行光合指标日变化测定分析,发现PK27的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化曲线均呈现典型双峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)日变化曲线呈"V"字型曲线。对3个红松无性系的光响应和二氧化碳响应曲线测定表明,各曲线均呈"S"型,并且符合二次曲线模型。在饱和光强下,3个无性系的最大Pn变化范围为P27(15.00μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))~PK15(15.99μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1))。饱和光强和饱和环境二氧化碳条件下(Ca),3个无性系最大Pn变化范围为25.08~27.35μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。对50个红松无性系瞬时光合指标测定结果表明,50个无性系间Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr间均达极显著差异水平(p0.01),各光合指标表型变异系数变化范围为9.04%~38.25%,重复力变化范围为0.57~0.94,属于高重复力。相关性分析表明红松无性系光合指标间、光合指标与环境因子间均呈现极显著相关水平。该研究为红松遗传改良提供了理论依据。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...