入侵植物意大利苍耳种子萌发对环境因子的响应

室内受控条件下,研究了意大利苍耳种子萌发阶段对环境因子(外界温度、光照、土壤湿度、土壤盐分以及土壤酸碱度)的响应。结果表明:意大利苍耳对各环境因子都有较宽泛的耐受幅度,10—35℃条件下均有种子萌发,而最适宜温度为25℃。其种子萌发阶段对光照没有严格需求,光照和黑暗条件下的萌发率均超过了93%。意大利苍耳表现出了极强的土壤水分耐受性,在相对湿度为30%—100%的土壤环境中,均有超过70%的种子可以正常萌发。其种子萌发率随土壤盐分浓度的升高呈下降趋势,但在280mmol/L的土壤NaCl环境中,仍有1/3的种子可以萌发。其种子对土壤酸碱度表现出较强的耐受性,在pH值是4—10的土壤环境中,种子萌发率均高达90%以上。意大利苍耳在种子萌发阶段对温度、光照、土壤水分、盐分及土壤酸碱度均表现出了极强的耐受性,说明无论是温凉的高原山区,还是炎热的盆地沙漠;无论是开阔地,还是郁闭的林下、田间;无论是干旱的荒漠,还是湿润的河谷湿地;也无论是甜土,还是盐碱地都是意大利苍耳种子萌发的适宜生境。鉴于其宜生生境的广谱性和其生态危害的严重性,建议在所有的生境类型中对意大利苍耳进行全方位的严格监控,一经发现须立即铲除。     

胡杨种子萌发对温光条件和盐旱胁迫的响应特征

以胡杨(Populus euphratica)种子为材料,分别设置光照(连续光照、12h光照/12h黑暗、连续黑暗)温度(10/15℃、15/20℃、20/25℃、25/30℃、30/35℃和35/40℃)试验、PEG6000渗透胁迫(0、-0.1、-0.2、-0.4、-0.6、-0.8、-1.0、-1.2、-1.4和-1.6MPa)试验和NaCl胁迫(0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.30、0.40、0.60和0.80mol/L)试验,考察室内种子萌发对温度、光照和盐旱胁迫的敏感性,揭示胡杨种子萌发阶段对生境资源的适应策略。结果显示:(1)胡杨种子在温度(10℃/15℃~35℃/40℃)与连续光照、连续黑暗和12h光照/12h黑暗组合处理条件下均能萌发,且最终种子萌发率均能达到77%以上;3种光照条件下,种子萌发的最适温度范围均为25℃/30℃~30℃/35℃,在该温度范围种子萌发表现出快速、集中的特点,且3种光照条件对种子萌发的影响无显著差异。(2)胡杨种子可以在-1.4~0 MPa渗透势溶液中萌发,而在-1.0~0 MPa间最终萌发率均达到90%以上,且相互之间无显著差异;但当渗透势低于-0.4 MPa时胡杨种子萌发进程和萌发速率受到显著影响,当溶液渗透势低于-1.2 MPa时种子萌发受到显著抑制。(3)胡杨种子可以在0~0.80mol/L NaCl溶液中萌发,而最终萌发率、萌发速率均随着NaCl溶液浓度的增高逐渐降低,但在0~0.20mol/L范围内无显著差异;当NaCl溶液浓度大于0.20mol/L时,种子最终萌发率、种子萌发进程和萌发速率均受到显著抑制,萌发高峰期逐渐向后推移。研究结果表明,胡杨种子萌发时温度比较宽泛,对光照无严格要求,适宜温度下萌发快速集中,且萌发时对盐旱胁迫具有一定程度的忍耐性。这些特性有助于胡杨种子充分利用有限的水分条件而快速完成萌发,是胡杨种子萌发对干旱荒漠地区干旱少雨环境的一种生态适应策略。     

两种云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子的适应性

青海云杉是我国沙区通过种子育苗引种成功的物种。通过对不同储藏时间青海云杉和沙地云杉种子生活力测定、种子萌发对温度、光照、水盐胁迫以及幼苗生长对水盐胁迫和沙埋的响应实验,比较两种种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子适应性,为沙地云杉在我国沙区广泛引种提供参考。结果表明:1)在2年的储藏过程中,沙地云杉和青海云杉种子生活力分别由79%和72%下降了19%和5%; 2)沙地云杉和青海云杉种子适宜萌发温度分别为15—30℃和10—30℃,最适萌发温度分别为25℃(72%)和25/15℃(69%),除10℃和10/30℃外,两种种子萌发率在各温度下没有显著差异; 3)沙地云杉种子萌发光照条件为14 h光照/8 h黑暗交替(67%),青海云杉为24 h光照(61%)或24 h黑暗(61%); 4)水势在-2.7—0 MPa时,2种云杉的IGR(初始萌发率)、RGR(恢复萌发率)、ISL(初始幼苗长度)和RSL(恢复幼苗长度)均没有显著差异; 5) NaCl浓度在200 mmol/L和250 mmol/L,青海云杉种子IGR显著大于沙地云杉,NaCl浓度在0—450 mmol/L,青海云杉和沙地云杉种子RGR没有显著差异,当NaCl浓度为50 mmol/L和100 mmol/L,青海云杉ISL显著大于沙地云杉; 6)在0.5—2.0 cm沙埋深度时,青海云杉出苗率显著高于沙地云杉,沙地云杉最适沙埋深度0.5 cm,青海云杉为0.5—1.5 cm。因此,青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长比沙地云杉有更强的环境适应性,但只要采取合理的播种时间、播种深度和水分管理等措施,沙地云杉会和青海云杉一样在我国沙区大面积引种育苗。     

温度、土壤水分和NaCl对黄顶菊种子萌以的影响

光照和黑暗条件下的黄顶菊种子萌发无显著差异;种子萌发的适宜温度为25～35℃:种子萌发率随着NaCl浓度的升高而下降;种子萌发的最佳土壤含水量为35%～45%.在最适温度下,种子萌发耐受NaCI的临界值为89.919 mmol·L-1,极限值为218.92 mm01.L-1;不同温度和NaCl以及二者共同作用使黄顶菊种子萌发受到的抑制都极显著.     

两种云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子的适应性

青海云杉是我国沙区通过种子育苗引种成功的物种。通过对不同储藏时间青海云杉和沙地云杉种子生活力测定、种子萌发对温度、光照、水盐胁迫以及幼苗生长对水盐胁迫和沙埋的响应实验,比较两种种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子适应性,为沙地云杉在我国沙区广泛引种提供参考。结果表明:1)在2年的储藏过程中,沙地云杉和青海云杉种子生活力分别由79%和72%下降了19%和5%;2)沙地云杉和青海云杉种子适宜萌发温度分别为15—30℃和10—30℃,最适萌发温度分别为25℃(72%)和25/15℃(69%),除10℃和10/30℃外,两种种子萌发率在各温度下没有显著差异;3)沙地云杉种子萌发光照条件为14h光照/8h黑暗交替(67%),青海云杉为24 h光照(61%)或24 h黑暗(61%);4)水势在-2.7—0 MPa时,2种云杉的IGR(初始萌发率)、RGR(恢复萌发率)、ISL(初始幼苗长度)和RSL(恢复幼苗长度)均没有显著差异;5) NaCl浓度在200 mmol/L和250 mmol/L,青海云杉种子IGR显著大于沙地云杉,NaCl浓度在0—450 mmol/L,青海云杉和沙地云杉种子RGR没有显著差异,当NaCl浓度为50 mmol/L和100 mmol/L,青海云杉ISL显著大于沙地云杉;6)在0.5—2.0 cm沙埋深度时,青海云杉出苗率显著高于沙地云杉,沙地云杉最适沙埋深度0.5 cm,青海云杉为0.5—1.5 cm。因此,青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长比沙地云杉有更强的环境适应性,但只要采取合理的播种时间、播种深度和水分管理等措施,沙地云杉会和青海云杉一样在我国沙区大面积引种育苗。     

外来物种互花米草种子萌发的生态适应性

在3种条件即不同萌发温度和光照、不同贮藏温度和时间、不同盐浓度下,研究了互花米草种子萌发及胚生长特性.结果表明:在相同温度下,种子的萌发不受光照或黑暗条件影响,最适萌发温度为16/26℃(夜/昼)和25℃,萌发率高于90%;在-5℃、0℃、5℃、10℃的贮藏温度下,贮藏120 d的种子萌发率高于74%,表明种子能够安全越冬;当盐浓度为75～225 mmol·L~(-1)时,萌发率高于90%,150 mmol·L~(-1)的盐浓度较适宜胚的生长,胚芽鞘和胚轴的生长先于胚芽和胚根,盐溶液对胚轴、胚芽鞘的生长所产生的抑制作用小于胚根、胚芽,有利于已萌发的幼苗快速出土,适应多变的潮间带环境.     

云锦杜鹃种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件, 研究云锦杜鹃种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示：种子于第14 d开始萌发,萌发期为8 d,总萌发率为45.5%±1.7%。在渗透势为-0.3～-0.6 MPa的溶液中, 种子的累计吸水率在第5 d就超过对照(蒸馏水中), 种子的萌发和幼苗的生长也优于对照, 说明云锦杜鹃种子不适合过于湿润的土壤环境中萌发。但溶液的渗透势≥-0.9 MPa时, 种子的吸水减缓、萌发率下降, 同时幼苗的生长也慢, 而当渗透势≥-1.8 MPa时, 种子不能充分吸涨、萌发, 说明云锦杜鹃种子对干旱胁迫比较敏感。另外, 经PEG溶液浸种2天后移入蒸馏水中,萌发率均有一定程度的提高, 其中经-0.3～-1.5 MPa的PEG溶液浸种后, 萌发率显著高于对照。提示用一定浓度范围的PEG溶液浸种可使休眠种子活化, 提高种子繁育的效率。     

温度和水分及盐分胁迫对银沙槐种子萌发的影响

利用控制实验研究了温度、湿度、干旱和盐分胁迫等生态因子对银沙槐种子萌发的影响,以探索银沙槐种子对各种生态因子的适应性。结果显示:(1)银沙槐种子在20℃、25℃恒温和15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃、10℃/20℃变温环境中的发芽率较高且无显著差异,其在20℃恒温、15℃/25℃、20℃/30℃变温条件下的发芽指数较高,但差异不显著。(2)土壤含水量在1%～5%之间,各水分处理间种子发芽率差异显著(P<0.05),而在5%～25%间种子发芽率变化不显著。(3)盐胁迫和水分胁迫对银沙槐种子的萌发均有明显的抑制作用,可显著降低种子萌发率(P<0.05);种子发芽指数和活力指数均随渗透势和NaCl浓度增大而显著减小(P<0.05);恢复萌发率随渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。研究发现,银沙槐种子萌发最适温度为20℃恒温和15℃/25℃变温,最适土壤含水量为10%～25%;种子萌发对盐分和干旱胁迫表现出不同程度的耐受性,萌发过程中主导抑制因素为渗透胁迫,离子毒害作用甚微;银沙槐种子休眠机制和萌发特征表现出它对生境的良好适应性。     

阔叶丰花草与2种菊科植物之间的化感作用

阔叶丰花草是一种适用于华南果园生草控草的一年生植物。为了揭示阔叶丰花草与果园常见杂草之间的竞争关系,研究了阔叶丰花草与两种菊科植物(胜红蓟和白花鬼针草)之间的化感作用。结果表明: 10～50 mg·mL^-1的阔叶丰花草水浸液处理显著抑制胜红蓟和白花鬼针草种子萌发和幼苗生长,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的胚根长分别比对照降低57.4%～90.2%和57.3%～62.3%。胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液对阔叶丰花草种子萌发也有较强的化感效应,在50 mg·mL^-1的浓度处理下,阔叶丰花草种子几乎不能萌发。经10 mg·mL^-1阔叶丰花草水浸液处理30 d后,胜红蓟播种苗的净光合作用、株高和生物量分别比对照降低15.2%、20.6%和41.5%,白花鬼针草播种苗的生物量也出现下降趋势;但胜红蓟和白花鬼针草水浸液处理对阔叶丰花草播种苗生长的影响均不显著。在混种条件下,阔叶丰花草的生物量与单种的水平相当,胜红蓟和白花鬼针草的生物量则分别比单种降低86.0%和27.1%。与胜红蓟和白花鬼针草相比,阔叶丰花草的化感优势在于除了能抑制对方的种子萌发,也能抑制其植株生长。     

芳香棱子芹种子萌发特性研究

为了研究芳香棱子芹种子的萌发特性,为芳香棱子芹资源利用提供科学依据,以芳香棱子芹种子为材料,测定不同的光照、温度、pH值、赤霉素、贮藏时间等条件处理对其种子萌发的影响。通过发芽实验研究了温度、光照、pH、贮藏时间等因素对芳香棱子芹种子萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)芳香棱子芹种子最适萌发温度为25℃,发芽率可达79.50%;(2)芳香棱子芹种子在光照条件和黑暗条件发芽率没有差异;(3)其对pH具有广泛的适应性,在pH为2~10范围内均可萌发,但在pH6~8范围内可获得较高的发芽率。(4)其种子不适宜长期贮藏,最适贮藏时间为12个月。(5)300 mg/L的赤霉素对芳香棱子芹种子的萌发具有明显的作用,其发芽率和发芽势都达到最高,分别为81.4%和49.4%。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.