小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林粗木质残体碳密度特征

以小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林9.12 hm~2固定样地为研究对象,分析粗木质残体(CWD)碳密度的基础特征,揭示其与林分因子和物种多样性的关系。结果表明:(1)谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度为13.25 t C/hm~2,其中云杉(Picea spp.)、冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)和未知种的CWD碳密度分别为3.59、2.61、3.06和2.85 t C/hm~2。(2)不同腐烂等级下CWD碳密度呈近正态分布,多集中在Ⅱ和Ⅲ等级,分别占总量的42.7%和35.4%。不同径级的CWD碳密度也呈近正态分布,主要分布在30—40 cm和40—50 cm径级上。干中折断、拔根倒、枯立木和干基折断为谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度的主要存在方式。腐烂等级为Ⅰ和Ⅴ的CWD中,拔根倒的碳密度最高,其他腐烂等级中均为干中折断的碳密度最高。(3)CWD碳密度表现出较强的空间异质性,其随着林分平均胸径、最大胸径和胸高断面积的增加而下降,呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);而与林分密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均无显著相关性(P0.05)。     

湘南典型次生林粗木质残体生物量、碳储量和养分特征

对九龙江森林公园次生常绿阔叶林粗木质残体(CWD)进行量化研究,了解亚热带典型次生林CWD的本底数据。以九龙江森林公园典型天然次生林中的6个20m×20m的标准样地为对象,调查并分析样地内不同分解等级CWD的生物量、碳储量和养分特征变化。九龙江森林公园亚热带典型次生林的CWD储量在2.8—30.4t/hm~2之间,碳储量在6.10—6.75t/hm~2之间,大量营养元素(N、P、K、 Ca、 Mg)含量相对稳定,化学计量变化不显著,微量营养元素中Pb与Cd元素含量随着分解等级的增加而增加。九龙江森林公园亚热带典型次生林的CWD储量在亚热带常绿阔叶林中处于中等水平,CWD主要以分解中后期的倒木为主,反映出该次生林处于中幼龄林阶段,具有较高的碳储量,养分含量相对稳定,并表现出Pb与Cd在CWD中积累的现象,在中度分解和重度分解的CWD中Pb含量分别增加了62.65%和69.88%,Cd含量则分别增加了33.33%和100%,其内在机理有待进一步深入研究。研究结果有助于进一步了解CWD如何参与森林生态系统养分循环、重金属积累等生态过程,比较不同林分干扰历史下CWD储量、分布及养分特征的异质性...     

基于8hm2样地的天山云杉林蒸腾耗水从单株到林分的转换

为准确地估算天山北坡中部雪岭云杉森林的林分蒸腾耗水量,本研究设置了8hm2固定样地,在每木调查的基础上,通过对7株标准木连续晴天液流的观测,分别得到胸径与液流速率和边材面积的拟合方程,最终计算得到了林分的蒸腾耗水量,确定了估算该森林群落蒸腾耗水的最小取样面积,并且讨论了最小取样面积随样地位置的变化。结果表明：①在自然生长系,雪岭云杉林分最大蒸腾耗水量、平均蒸腾耗水量同植株密度呈Extrem函数分布;当种植密度达到1200株/hm2时,林分最大蒸腾耗水量达到最大,为77.27 t/hm2d;②对林分蒸腾耗水量的测算存在明显的最小取样面积,最小取样面积随取样点的不同而略有差异,取样起始点在本样地的海拔上边界和下边界处时最小取样面积为4 hm2,取样起始点在本样地的中部时最小取样面积为2.56hm2。本研究为更精确地估算天山北坡雪岭云杉森林的蒸腾耗水量提供了理论依据。     

天山雪岭云杉森林群落的密度制约效应

密度制约是维持自然森林群落物种共存的重要机制之一。雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)是天山森林群落的单优种, 在我国温带森林中占有重要地位。本文基于对天山雪岭云杉8 ha森林动态监测样地的两次调查结果, 分析了该样地群落物种组成的动态变化, 运用点格局方法分析了雪岭云杉个体在不同龄级的空间分布格局及其关联性, 探讨了该群落的密度制约效应。结果表明: (1)该样地内, DBH ≥ 1 cm的木本植物在2009年有11,835株, 2014年为11,050株, 5年间的个体死亡率为8.82%, 补员率为2.19%, 个体株数净减少6.63%。(2)使用双关联函数g(r)分析了不同龄级雪岭云杉的空间分布格局, 发现幼龄树和中龄树在0-40 m尺度上主要呈现聚集分布, 但随着尺度增大聚集强度逐渐减小; 老龄树在0-2 m及4 m尺度上呈随机分布, 在其他尺度上呈聚集分布, 但聚集程度较小。(3)用“案例-对照”设计的方法, 排除生境异质性的影响后, 将幼龄树和中龄树作为案例, 老龄树作为对照, 对比幼龄树、中龄树与老龄树的分布格局, 发现雪岭云杉幼龄树和中龄树在0-40 m尺度上呈现额外的聚集, 随着径级的增大, 这种额外的聚集强度逐渐减小, 即表现出密度制约效应。(4)老龄树与中龄树、幼龄树的空间关联性相同, 在0-40 m尺度上均呈明显负关联。     

小兴安岭阔叶红松林粗木质残体空间分布的点格局分析

采用点格局分析方法对小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林9hm2(300m×300m)固定样地内粗木质残体(CWD)的空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明:固定样地内CWD的总密度为368.8株/hm2,径级结构呈现明显的正态分布,各径级密度差别较大。花楷槭(27.8株/hm2)和枫桦(26.1株/hm2)是阔叶CWD的主要组成树种。红松(41.6株/hm2)是针叶CWD的主要组成树种,针叶树种CWD的数量随着径级的增大而增加,呈典型的J型分布。在150m的空间尺度内,CWD总体在较小尺度上表现为集群分布,在40m尺度上聚集强度最大(0.40),随着尺度的增加,CWD趋于均匀分布。不同径级组在不同规模尺度聚集,随着径级的增加,聚集强度呈下降趋势。不同物种CWD在各径级下的空间分布格局有所不同,具体表现为集群分布和由集群分布向随机分布发展两种形式。不同存在形式的CWD在研究尺度内随着尺度的增加,由集群分布向随机分布发展。随着CWD腐烂等级的增高,其聚集强度和聚集尺度均增大。CWD的空间分布格局是阔叶红松林群落与其自然环境长期作用的结果,从某种程度上也反映了该林型天然更新的格局和机制。     

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林粗木质残体的空间分布格局

粗木质残体(coarse woody debris,CWD)是森林生态系统中重要的结构性和功能性组成要素,是维护系统完整性和稳定性的关键。对CWD空间格局的研究将有助于深入探索种群格局的形成和森林生态系统的维持机制。采用g(r)函数对茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林1.28 hm~2固定样地内不同径级、不同腐烂等级、不同存在形式的CWD的空间分布格局及空间关联性进行了研究。结果表明:1)在40 m的空间尺度内,CWD总体在0—12 m尺度上表现为集群分布,随着尺度的增加格局强度降低,趋于随机分布,剔除生境异质性后,格局尺度降低至7 m。2)CWD径级格局表现为:小径级中径级大径级。拔根倒和干中折断在整个研究尺度上为随机分布,其他不同径级、不同腐烂等级、不同存在形式的CWD均在小规模尺度(2—8 m)表现为集群分布,随着尺度的增加聚集强度急剧变小,趋于随机分布或均匀分布。3)除了干中折断与树段之间、大径级与小径级之间的CWD在空间上相互独立,其他不同径级、不同腐烂等级或不同存在形式的CWD之间均在小规模尺度(2—8 m)上表现为显著的正相关,随着尺度的增加空间关联性降低。喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林CWD的分布格局可能是在小尺度内由密度制约、在大尺度内由生境过滤和个体自然衰老等生态学过程所形成,大径级对临近的小径级、先死亡对后死亡、站杆对倒下的个体具有一定的正向影响作用,在一定程度上揭示了该林型天然更新的作用和机制。     

西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林粗木质残体空间格局分析

粗木质残体（Coarse woody debris,CWD）的空间格局反映了森林群落的死亡格局和干扰格局,在一定程度上体现了群落内林木的死亡过程。采用相邻网格法对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var.smithii）原始林1 hm²固定样地内CWD进行调查,从CWD类型、腐烂等级、径级3个方面对CWD空间分布格局进行分析。结果表明：样地内CWD总密度为582株/hm²,倒木占55.33%,是CWD的主要输入形式。CWD密度在腐烂等级上的分布可用多项式拟合（R²=0.9973）,在径级上的分布可用指数衰减模型拟合（R²=0.9746）,且在不同类型、腐烂等级及径级上的分布差异较大。在50 m尺度内,CWD整体表现为小尺度的集群分布和中、大尺度的随机分布。在3种CWD分类中,仅有大枯枝、Ⅰ级腐烂、径级ⅠCWD在小尺度或中尺度表现为较强的集群分布,其余则均以随机分布为主,只是在个别尺度达到或接近集群分布。不同类型CWD间整体关联不显著,只有枯立木与大枯枝在0-21 m尺度内达到显著负关联。CWD空间分布格局是急尖长苞冷杉原始林的重要结构特征,在很大程度上决定着林下植物群落及林型自然更新格局。     

广州三种森林粗死木质残体（CWD）的储量与分解特征

粗死木质残体(Coarse Woody Debris, CWD)对森林生态系统的稳定性具有不可忽视的贡献.对广州3种森林CWD的储量与分解特征进行了调查分析,结果表明:(1)CWD储量及其与相应森林总生物量比值均表现为常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林;枯立木与倒木为CWD的主要成分,其中,针叶CWD主要物种为马尾松(Pinus massonianai),阔叶CWD物种主要为荷木(Schima superba)与黄杞(Engelhardtia chrysolepis)等.(2)CWD径级主要集中在<10cm的范围内,存在状态主要为中级腐烂状态,干扰与竞争是3种森林CWD产生的主要因素.(3)针叶林、针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林CWD的分解常数k分别为0 0244、0.0407和0.0487,即分解速率为常绿阔叶林>混交林>针叶林;随着CWD的分解,N、P与木质素的含量逐渐升高,C、C/N与木质素/N呈降低趋势.     

江西武夷山中亚热带南方铁杉针阔混交林群落组成与结构

长期监测型固定样地是研究物种分布格局、群落动态和生物多样性维持机制等森林生态系统特征、过程与机理的重要平台。我国亚热带地区已建立的森林固定样地多为阔叶林类型,而针叶(阔叶混交)林类型十分有限。按照巴拿马Barro Colorado Island大型森林固定样地的建设规范,于2014年在江西武夷山国家级自然保护区内海拔1800 m左右的南方铁杉(Tsuga chinensis var. tchekiangensis)天然种群分布区域建立中亚热带针阔混交林6.4 hm~2固定样地。木本植物调查结果表明:(1)样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物共有29科53属89种,显著低于我国亚热带阔叶林样地平均水平,但显著高于温带针叶(阔叶混交)林样地平均水平;(2)在区系组成上,科以热带成分为主,而属以温带成分为主;(3)样地内独立个体数密度为2252株/hm~2,与温带针叶(阔叶混交)林平均水平相当,但显著低于亚热带阔叶林平均水平;(4)胸高断面积为37.89 m~2/hm~2,与亚热带阔叶林样地平均水平相当,但显著低于温带针叶(阔叶混交)林平均水平;(5)群落成层现象显著,优势种明显,多度排名前4位的物种的个体数占总个体数的55%,而排名后40的物种仅占1%;(6)群落总径级结构呈倒"J"型分布,其中胸径≤10 cm的小径木占总个体数的76.9%,而胸径30 cm的大径木仅占5.3%;(7)主要树种的径级结构有偏正态分布和"L"型分布等类型,但它们的种群在空间上均呈现显著的聚集分布特征;(8)南方铁杉虽然是群落现阶段最重要的优势种,但它的种群更新缓慢。研究结果充分显示该样地对中国森林多样性监测以及南方铁杉种群保育的重要意义。     

丰林自然保护区阔叶红松林粗木质残体研究

粗木质残体(CWD)是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持森林生态系统健康具有不可忽视的贡献.采用典型取样法在黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区设置了17块20×20m的标准样地,拟对保护区内阔叶红松林中粗木质残体的贮量、形态组成、直径、长度及腐烂度等特征进行研究.研究结果表明:(1)CWD总贮量为75.1m³·hm^-2,其中倒木,枯立木和树桩的贮量分别为.24 m³·hm^-2,2.03m³·hm^-2和7.34m³ ·hm^-2.(2)倒木和枯立木的优势径级范围分别为11cm～20cm(占CWD总数的4%)和0-10cm(45%);倒木和枯立木的优势长度范围分别为0-5m (%)和m-10m(49%).(3)CWD腐烂度呈近正态分布,且主要分布在Ⅱ(28%),Ⅲ(35%)和Ⅳ(2%)腐烂等级上.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).