小檗碱与罗格列酮干预高脂饮食诱导大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的比较观察

目的:比较中药单体化合物小檗碱和噻唑烷二酮类药物罗格列酮对高脂饲料诱导大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的干预作用,探讨小檗碱成为天然胰岛素增敏剂的可能性。方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为4组,采用连续饲喂高脂饲料的方法诱导大鼠NASH,以预防给药的方式灌胃给予小檗碱(100 mg/kg体重)和罗格列酮(20 mg/kg体重),持续8周后取材。采用生化分析的方法检测大鼠血清胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、空腹血糖(FPG)及空腹胰岛素(FINS)并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。采用常规石蜡切片HE染色、冰冻切片油红O染色评估NASH的病理程度,用常规免疫组织化学方法检测了肝组织中PPAR-γ的表达。结果:小檗碱和罗格列酮均能较好的干预高脂饲料诱导大鼠NASH的病理过程。此外,二者均能改善大鼠胰岛素抵抗状态、上调肝组织中PPAR-γ的水平。结论:小檗碱和罗格列酮均能较好的改善高脂饲料诱导的大鼠NASH病理过程,二者共同的药理机制是改善胰岛素抵抗状态和上调肝组织中PPAR-γ的表达。该实验结果提示:小檗碱有望开发为具有胰岛素增敏作用的天然药物。     

高脂及MCD饮食诱导非酒精性脂肪性肝炎动物模型的比较

目的:对高脂饮食诱发的大鼠NASH模型与蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饮食诱发的小鼠NASH模型进行血清学及病理学比较,并初步探讨两种模型的发病过程及机制。方法:高脂饮食喂养SD大鼠8周,蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饮食喂养C57BL/6小鼠2周,以制备NASH模型。取材后,血清用比色法对TG、CHO、FPG的含量进行检测,用放免法对FINS的含量进行检测,并对HOMA-IR指数进行计算;肝组织制成石蜡切片及冰冻切片进行HE及油红O染色,并根据"NAFLD活动度积分"对各组肝组织进行NASH分级评估。结果:高脂饮食大鼠血清中TG、CHO、FPG、FINS的含量显著升高,经计算HOMA-IR指数显著升高;MCD小鼠血清中TG、CHO的含量显著下降,FPG、FINS的含量未发生显著性改变,经计算HOMA-IR指数未发生显著性改变。HE染色、油红O染色及NAFLD活动度积分结果显示,高脂饮食大鼠及MCD小鼠的肝组织均已发展到NASH阶段。结论:两种造模方法均可稳定的模拟人类NASH疾病的血清学及病理学变化,其中高脂饮食诱发的大鼠NASH模型可模拟人类的发病过程及机制,能够复制胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激等人类全身代谢紊乱表现,在NASH研究领域更占优势。     

高脂及MCD饮食诱导非酒精性脂肪性肝炎动物模型的比较

目的：对高脂饮食诱发的大鼠NASH模型与蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饮食诱发的小鼠NASH模型进行血清学及病理学比较,并初步探讨两种模型的发病过程及机制。方法：高脂饮食喂养SD大鼠8周,蛋氨酸胆碱缺乏饮食喂养C57BL/6小鼠2周,以制备NASH模型。取材后,血清用比色法对TG、CHO、FPG的含量进行检测,用放免法对FINS的含量进行检测,并对HOMA-IR指数进行计算;肝组织制成石蜡切片及冰冻切片进行HE及油红O染色,并根据＂NAFLD活动度积分＂对各组肝组织进行NASH分级评估。结果：高脂饮食大鼠血清中TG、CHO、FPG、FINS的含量显著升高,经计算HOMA-IR指数显著升高;MCD小鼠血清中TG、CHO的含量显著下降,FPG、FINS的含量未发生显著性改变,经计算HOMA-IR指数未发生显著性改变。HE染色、油红O染色及NAFLD活动度积分结果显示,高脂饮食大鼠及MCD小鼠的肝组织均已发展到NASH阶段。结论：两种造模方法均可稳定的模拟人类NASH疾病的血清学及病理学变化,其中高脂饮食诱发的大鼠NASH模型可模拟人类的发病过程及机制,能够复制胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激等人类全身代谢紊乱表现,在NASH研究领域更占优势。     

复发缓解型实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎动物模型的建立

目的:建立复发缓解型实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)动物模型,进行病理学研究,为多发性硬化(MS)的发病机制研究及治疗药物研发提供合适的动物模型。方法:选择不同品系动物(昆明种、BALB/c和C57BL/6小鼠,SD大鼠),采用各自品系来源的脊髓和弗氏完全佐剂混合乳剂一次性注入动物双足垫,1周后半剂量注射进行一次加强,诱导EAE;观察发病情况,HE染色观察病理变化,监牢兰染色观察脱髓鞘情况。结果:昆明种、BALB/c和C57BL/6小鼠均无明显症状,HE染色小脑的脊髓无炎性细胞浸润;SD大鼠对照组正常,模型组临床症状发生率为90%以上,HE染色可见小脑白质及脊髓血管周围有大量的炎性细胞浸润,监牢兰染色可见大片髓鞘脱落。结论:EAE模型在昆明种、BALB/c及C57BL/6小鼠中用脊髓匀浆不易于诱导,而用SD大鼠脊髓髓鞘蛋白和弗氏完全佐剂混合乳剂可高效率诱导出同种SD大鼠的复发缓解型EAE。     

利用NASH大鼠原代肝细胞与原代Kupffer细胞共培养建立NASH原代细胞模型*

目的: 通过分离并提纯非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞建立体外NASH原代细胞模型,为研究NASH提供可靠的细胞实验技术支持。方法: 选择SD大鼠40只,随机分为2组(n=20):对照组和NASH组,对照组大鼠利用普通饲料喂养,NASH组大鼠利用高脂饲料(88%基础饲料+10%猪油+ 2%胆固醇)喂养,6～8周后,利用NASH评分表,病理观察下肝组织切片脂肪变+小叶内炎症+气球样变评分≥4 分,表明大鼠NASH模型的成功建立,利用胶原酶原位灌注法分离并提纯NASH模型大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,利用CK-18及CD68免疫荧光以及墨汁吞墨实验进行细胞鉴定,利用油红O染色、试剂盒测定谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量观察NASH大鼠原代肝细胞脂质累积和肝功情况,Western blot检测原代Kupffer细胞炎症因子表达情况,最后采用原代肝细胞:原代Kupffer细胞=6∶1比例共培养,显微镜下观察细胞状态。结果: 实验成功分离并提纯NASH原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,通过油红O染色,NASH组大鼠原代肝细胞存在明显的脂肪沉积,且NASH组大鼠原代肝细胞中AST、ALT明显高于对照组,存在明显肝损伤(P＜0.05),Western blot测定原代Kupffer细胞TNF-α、IL-1β以及MCP-1,NASH组大鼠明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论: 通过胶原酶原位灌注法可以成功分离NASH大鼠原代肝细胞以及原代Kupffer细胞,同时成功建立比例共培养大鼠体外原代细胞NASH模型。     

激活PPARα缓解PPARγ诱导的小鼠脂肪肝

目的研究PPARα激活后对PPARγ诱导小鼠脂肪肝的影响。方法以4~5周龄C57BL/6J小鼠为模型,实验分为4组:正常饮食组;0.125%Wy-14,643处理组;PPARγ腺病毒(Ad/PPARγ)注射组;先给予0.125%Wy-14,643饮食再注射Ad/PPARγ组。实验结束时,收集肝脏组织称重、照相,HE、油红O染色观察PPARα激活后对PPARγ诱导肝脏脂肪变性的影响。结果野生型小鼠给予PPARα激动剂Wy-14,643处理8 d,与对照组相比,处理组小鼠肝脏明显增大,呈现过氧化物酶体增殖反应;野生型小鼠给予Ad/PPARγ5 d,小鼠肝脏显著增大,出现脂肪肝;给予PPARα激动剂Wy-14,643 3 d,再给予Ad/PPARγ5 d,小鼠肝脏增大更加显著,HE染色、油红O染色结果显示小鼠肝脏脂肪变性明显减轻。结论激活PPARα能够缓解PPARγ诱导的小鼠肝脏脂肪变,为脂肪肝的预防和治疗提供了新的研究思路和靶点。     

高脂饮食诱导C57BL/6J肥胖小鼠骨关节炎模型的建立

目的通过高脂饮食诱导C57BL/6J小鼠肥胖来建立骨关节炎模型并观察其病理特征,为肥胖相关骨关节炎研究中动物模型的建立提供实验依据。方法 C57BL/6J雄鼠20只随机分为对照组和高脂组,分别喂饲基础饲料和高脂饲料。每周测体重及摄食量,16周后收集血清,ELISA法检测血清Ⅱ型胶原C端肽水平;取小鼠左下肢膝关节,固定、脱钙、石蜡包埋,切片后行HE及番红O染色并进行修改后的Mankin评分;TUNEL法检测软骨细胞凋亡。结果与对照组相比,高脂组小鼠体重、血清Ⅱ型胶原C端肽水平显著升高,而摄食量方面则无明显差异。HE及番红O染色结果显示,高脂组小鼠的膝关节软骨细胞减少,排列混乱,基质染色不均匀,可出现潮线部分缺失,颜色变浅等;且高脂组的修改后的Mankin评分也显著高于对照组。TUNEL检测结果显示,高脂组小鼠关节软骨凋亡细胞数增多,但与对照组相比差异不显著。结论利用高脂饮食诱导C57BL/6J小鼠肥胖的方法可以建立骨关节炎模型,该模型可用于肥胖相关骨关节炎的研究。     

高脂饮食性非酒精性脂肪性肝病小鼠肝脏脂代谢相关基因的改变

目的:分析非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)小鼠肝脏中脂代谢相关基因的表达变化。方法:12周龄成年雄性C57BL/J6小鼠,随机分为对照组及NAFLD组。对照组予以普通饲料,NAFLD组予以高脂饮食喂养8周。分别测定两组小鼠肝功能、血脂及肝脂的变化,苏木精-伊红(HE)及油红O染色后光学显微镜下观察肝脏的形态结构和脂肪变性情况,并用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)法检测肝脏脂代谢重要基因的变化。结果:与对照组比较,NAFLD组小鼠的血清总甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)及肝脏TG、肝脏TC水平均显著升高(P0.05)。HE和油红O染色显示NAFLD组小鼠发生了显著的肝脏脂质沉积。此外,NAFLD组小鼠肝脏中脂肪酸转位酶(CD36)表达水平显著高于对照组,而硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(SCD1)、固醇调控元件结合蛋白(SREBP1c)表达水平在两组小鼠中无统计学差异。结论:高脂饮食诱导的脂肪肝中CD36表达上调,可能参与了NAFLD的发病机制。     

小檗碱对肝硬化大鼠肠粘膜及肝脏保护作用的研究

目的:观察小檗碱对肝硬化大鼠肝脏和肠粘膜屏障的保护作用。方法:24只Wistar大鼠随机分为小檗碱干预组、肝硬化造模组、正常对照组。小檗碱干预组和肝硬化造模组予以四氯化碳联合酒精进行肝硬化造模。小檗碱干预组造模同时予以小檗碱灌胃,观察大鼠的一般情况、进食量、体重,第8周末处死全部大鼠,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、内毒素(ET)水平,并取肝组织和回肠进行病理检查。结果:肝硬化造模组大鼠和小檗碱干预组大鼠进食量及体重有下降,肝硬化造模组下降大于小檗碱干预组,差别有统计学意义P 0.01。小檗碱干预组ALT,AST,ET水平均低于肝硬化造模组,差别有统计学意义P 0.01。肝脏病理观察:小檗碱干预组肝小叶结构破坏,假小叶形成,汇管区及小叶内炎症细胞浸润方面明显轻于肝硬化造模组。回盲部病理观察:小檗碱干预组的小肠绒毛缩短、变形、数量减少,上皮细胞排列紊乱方面轻于肝硬化造模组。结论:小檗碱对四氯化碳联合酒精所致的肝硬化大鼠有减轻肝损伤和保护肠粘膜的作用。     

小鼠脂肪来源干细胞体外培养、诱导分化及鉴定

目的:观察C57小鼠ASCs (Adipose-derived stem cells,ASCs)体外培养的生物学特性,探讨其成脂成骨诱导分化能力.方法:无菌条件下切取C57小鼠腹股沟处脂肪组织,0.25％Ⅰ型胶原酶消化,分离培养ASCs,37℃,5％CO2饱和湿度孵箱培养,细胞融合达80％时消化传代.观察其细胞形态;MTT比色法测细胞生长曲线;流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标志物;取第2代细胞行成骨及成脂诱导培养,3周后分别茜素红染色和油红O染色鉴定.结果:从C57小鼠脂肪组织中分离获取的ASCs呈长梭形,成纤维细胞样.细胞生长曲线呈“S”型,证明ASCs具有很强的增殖能力;流式细胞术分析结果:CD29、CD44、CD90阳性表达,CD31、CD34、CD45阴性表达;成骨诱导后茜素红染色阳性,成脂诱导后油红O染色阳性.结论:本试验分离培养的细胞为ASCs,具有确切分化能力.     

Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates methionine choline deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis in C57BL/6 mice

AimsNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a liver disease that causes fat accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis. Increased oxidative stress contributes to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by upregulation of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. This study examined whether alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring thiol antioxidant, prevents steatohepatitis through the inhibition of several pathways involved in hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.Main MethodsC57BL/6 mice were fed an MCD diet with or without ALA for 4 weeks. Liver sections from mice on control or MCD diets with or without ALA were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, oil red O, and anti-4-HNE antibody. The effects of ALA on methionine-choline deficient MCD-diet induced plasma AST and ALT as well as tissue TBARS were measured. The effects of ALA on CYP2E1 expression, ER stress, MAPK levels, and NF-κB activity in MCD diet-fed mice liver were measured by northern and western blot analysis.Key findingsDietary supplementation with ALA reduced MCD diet-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, hepatic inflammation, TBARS, 4-HNE, and plasma ALT and AST levels. These effects were associated with a reduced expression of CYP2E1 and reduced ER stress and MAPK and NF-κB activity.SignificanceTaken together, the results of the present study indicate that ALA attenuates steatohepatitis through inhibition of several pathways, and provide the possibility that ALA can be used to prevent the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients who have strong risk factors for NASH.     

Normal Distribution of Body Weight Gain in Male Sprague‐Dawley Rats Fed a High‐Energy Diet

Objective: To investigate the effect of a high‐energy (HE) diet on caloric intake, body weight, and related parameters in outbred male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats. Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐eight SD rats were fed either chow (C) for 19 weeks or HE diet for 14 weeks and then C for 5 weeks. Blood hormones and metabolites were assayed, and expression of uncoupling protein‐1 and hypothalamic energy‐balance‐related genes were determined by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization, respectively. Results: HE rats gained body weight more rapidly than C animals with a range of weight gains, but there was no evidence that weight gain was bimodally distributed. Caloric intake was transiently elevated after introduction of the HE diet. Transfer of HE rats back to C resulted in a drop in caloric intake, but a stable body weight. In terminal analysis, two of four dissected adipose tissue depots were heavier in rats that had previously been fed HE diet. Blood leptin, insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids were not different between the groups. Uncoupling protein‐1 mRNA was elevated in interscapular brown adipose tissue from HE rats. There was a trend for agouti‐related peptide mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to be higher in HE rats. Discussion: Contrary to other studies of the SD rat on HE diet, body weight and other measured parameters were normally distributed. There was no segregation into two distinct populations on the basis of susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity. This characteristic may be dependent on the breeding colony from which animals were sourced.     

高脂饮食对小鼠附睾内质网应激的影响及褪黑素的干预作用

目的探讨内质网应激在高脂饮食引起的ApoE基因敲除小鼠附睾损伤中的作用及褪黑素（MT）的干预机制。方法将12只ApoE基因敲除的C57BL／6J雄性小鼠随机分为高脂饮食组及MT处理组。高脂饮食组为ApoE基因敲除小鼠,给予高脂饮食;MT处理组给予高脂饲养外,并MT灌胃。以6只野生型C57BL／6J雄性小鼠作为对照组,给予普通饮食。饲养12w后,取附睾组织制片,HE染色观察附睾的病理学形态,免疫组化检测GRP78和CHOP的表达。结果HE染色显示,高脂饮食组小鼠,附睾上皮细胞形态结构不清,细胞萎缩。对照组和褪黑素处理组小鼠附睾上皮细胞形态结构完整,细胞排列整齐。免疫组化显示高脂饮食组小鼠附睾中GRP78、CHOP表达增强（P〈0．01）。MT处理组和高脂饮食组相比,附睾中GRP78、CHOP表达下调（P〈0．01）。结论内质网应激参与高脂饮食导致的附睾损伤;MT可能通过抑制附睾内质网应激,减轻高脂饮食对小鼠附睾的损伤。     

Sex hormone affects the severity of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through the MyD88-dependent IL-6 signaling pathway

Recent research has shown that the occurrence of gender disparity in liver cancer associated with sex differences in MyD88-dependent IL-6 production, but the role of this signaling pathway in sex differences of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unknown. To investigate the effects of sex hormone-specific intervention on pathology and progression of NASH, and on the inflammatory TLR-MyD88-IL-6 signaling pathway NASH was modeled in C57/BL6 mice by feeding a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks. Male mice were subjected to sex hormone-related interventions such as orchidectomy, and orchidectomy combined with administration of either testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate. Next, the degree of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS), serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the expression level of MyD88 and IL-6, were compared between these groups. Males developed more serious inflammatory problems and had a higher NAS than the females. Sex-specific intervention in male mice by orchidectomy reduced NAS, ALT, and AST, and the expression level of MyD88 and IL-6. But administration of exogenous androgen had no influence on either NAS or the expression of ALT, AST, MyD88, and IL-6. On the other hand, exogenous estrogen could alleviate the pathological damage caused by NASH, as well as reduce NAS, ALT and AST, and the expression of MyD88 and IL-6. The result show different sex hormone-related interventions affected the severity of NASH, possibly by modulating the level of sex hormones and regulating the TLR-MyD88-IL-6 signaling pathway.     

葛根素对正常产后小鼠泌乳作用的影响

摘要 目的：探究葛根素对产后正常小鼠泌乳作用的影响及其机制,并初步探究葛根素对产后正常小鼠的安全性。方法：将雌、雄KM小鼠以3:1比例合笼配种,得到孕鼠饲养至分娩。分娩后的小鼠随机分为正常对照组、葛根素低剂量（18 mg?kg^-1）、高剂量组（72 mg?kg^-1）,每组8只。从产后第3 d起,每天灌胃一次,共10 d。观察小鼠每日泌乳量变化,ELISA法检测血清中催乳素（PRL）、孕酮（P4）、雌二醇（E₂）含量,HE染色观察乳腺、肝、肾、子宫、卵巢组织病理学形态,Western Blot法检测乳腺组织中催乳素受体（PRLR）、酪氨酸激酶 2（JAK2）和信号传导与激活因子5a（STAT5a）的表达。结果：与正常对照组相比,从给药的第6天起,葛根素低剂量组的泌乳量显著升高（P＜0.05）;葛根素低、高剂量组均可见乳腺小叶内腺泡明显变大,分泌物明显增多,且低剂量组更为明显;葛根素低、高剂量组血清PRL水平明显升高（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）;葛根素低剂量组PRLR的蛋白表达明显增加（P＜0.01）,而葛根素高剂量组PRLR、JAK2的蛋白表达明显降低（P＜0.01）。葛根素低剂量组PRLR、JAK2、STAT5a的蛋白表达明显高于葛根素高剂量组（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。结论：葛根素低剂量对产后正常小鼠有一定促进泌乳作用,高剂量时对泌乳作用不明显。葛根素低、高剂量均未对产后正常小鼠的肝、肾、卵巢和子宫产生明显的病理学改变。     

Citrus reticulata Blanco peel extract ameliorates hepatic steatosis,oxidative stress and inflammation in HF and MCD diet-induced NASH C57BL/6 J mice

Excessive lipid deposition, oxidative stress and inflammation in liver tissues are regarded as crucial inducers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is the most frequent chronic liver disease and closely related to obesity and insulin resistance. In this work, the preventive and therapeutic effects of Citrus reticulata Blanco (Jizigan) peel extract (JZE) on NASH induced by high fat (HF) diet and methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet in C57BL/6 mice were investigated. We found that daily supplementation of JZE with an HF diet effectively ameliorated glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. In addition, the key indexes of lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hepatic steatosis and inflammatory factors were also ameliorated in both NASH mouse models. Furthermore, JZE treatment activated nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the livers of diet- induced NASH mice. Our study suggests that JZE might alleviate NASH via the activation of Nrf2 signaling and that citrus Jizigan could be used as a dietary therapy for NASH and related metabolic syndrome.     

A mouse model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Background

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a hepatic manifestation of the growing metabolic syndrome epidemic that could progress to cirrhosis. Animal models adequately mimicking this condition in humans are scanty.

Aim

The objective of our study was to investigate whether high-fat diets (HFD) with adequate methionine and choline levels can induce pathophysiological features typical of human NASH in C57BL/6J mice.

Methods

Forty C57BL/6J mice, divided into control and high-fat (HF) groups, were fed low-fat diet and HFD, ad libitum respectively for 20 weeks. At the end of 20 weeks, animals were sacrificed and assays were performed for blood biomarkers typical of human NASH. Adipose tissue depots were collected and liver samples were processed for histological examination.

Results

High-fat feeding led to increased triglyceride accumulation in the liver (8.9 μmol/100 mg liver tissue vs. 2.6 μmol/100 mg for control) and induced histopathological features of human NASH including hepatic steatosis, ballooning inflammation and fibrosis. Expressions of proteins and chemokines predominant in NASH including collagens I, III and IV and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) A and B were significantly higher in animals fed the HFD. Liver enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly (P<.05) elevated in the HF group compared to controls. Mice on HFD also developed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypoadiponectinemia along with elevated tumor necrosis factor α, resistin, leptin, free fatty acids, transforming growth factor β and malondialdehyde levels that characterize NASH in humans.

Conclusion

Long-term HF feeding with adequate methionine and choline can induce many of the pathophysiological features typical of human NASH in C57BL/6J mice.