miR-34家族——-肿瘤抑制蛋白p53高度相关microRNA

若干微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)与肿瘤抑制蛋白p53高度相关, 其中miR-34家族最具代表性。一方面p53可通过对miR-34家族的调控实现对多个原癌基因如Bcl-2、c-myc以及细胞因子如cyclinE2、cyclinD1和c-Met的抑制, 进而发挥抑癌作用; 另一方面miR-34家族也可以通过抑制沉默信息调节子SIRTI来进一步增强p53的活性。p53与miR-34家族之间形成的正反馈调节网络对抑制肿瘤的发生发展及恶化均起着重要的作用。文章对p53高度相关的miR-34家族在肿瘤发生发展及治疗的最新进展作一论述。     

胃癌与癌旁组织miRNA差异表达谱的研究

目的研究胃癌中表达失调的miRNA及其生物学功能,从而进一步阐明miRNA在胃癌发生中的分子机制。方法将总RNA加ploy（A）尾后进行反转录PCR扩增特异miRNA,使用QuantityOne软件进行定量分析,计算每对样本胃癌与癌旁组织比值（T／NRatio）,使用SAM软件进行统计分析。MTT法检测miR-21和miR-17-5p对胃癌细胞系生长的影响。结果在8对胃癌及癌旁组织样本中对237个miRNA进行了表达谱分析。对于检测到表达的161个miRNA,使用SAM软件进行统计分析,确认22个在胃癌中表达上调,2个在胃癌中表达下调（FDR=0．0963）。进一步通过生长抑制试验证实在胃癌组织中表达异常增高的miR-21和miR-17-5p对胃癌细胞的生长有明显的促进作用。结论这些在胃癌中异常表达的miRNAs具有成为新一代胃癌标记物的潜力,能够为胃癌的精确诊断分型提供依据,同时针对这些靶点可以开发新的核酸治疗技术,通过抑制或增强其功能来达到治疗胃癌的目的。     

MicroRNA在胃癌中的作用及研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类含有18-25个核苷酸的小分子非编码RNA,通过与与其靶基因mRNA 3’-非编码区的碱基互补配对,降解靶基因mRNA导致转录后沉默或者抑制靶基因mRNA的翻译过程,影响细胞的增殖、分化、衰老和凋亡.研究显示部分microRNA在胃癌组织中确实存在表达异常,且异常表达的microRNA通过对其靶基因表达的调控影响胃癌的发生、发展及转移等过程.外周血中microRNA检测技术的发展使得microRNA应用于胃癌的临床诊疗具有了一定的可行性.众多研究提示microRNA在胃癌的演进中的作用可能作为胃癌早期诊断和疗效预测的生物标记物,本文就microRNA在胃癌中的作用及研究进展作一综述.     

胃癌相关MicroRNA的研究

microRNA是一种内源性的大小在20nt左右的一类非编码RNAs,其通过下调靶基因的表达或翻译而参与调节细胞的发育、增殖、分化、凋亡.近期研究发现microRNA具有癌基因和抑癌基因的作用,已发现miR-21,miR-191,miR-223,let-7a microRNA,miR-106b-25亚群等与胃癌的发生,let-7 microRNA,miR-155与胃癌的侵袭与转移相关,miR-15,miR-16则参与胃癌的耐药机制.对其相应的调控机制和靶基因E2F1,PRL-3,HMGA2,BCL-2等的研究也已有了一些进展,为胃癌的研究开辟了一条新途径.本文就胃癌相关MicrRNA的研究进展予以综述.     

基于TCGA和GEO数据库的胃癌lncRNA筛选与ceRNA网络构建

胃癌（gastric cancer,GC）是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,严重危害人类健康。胃癌发病机制复杂,缺乏特异性预后生物标志物。长链非编码RNA（long non?coding RNA,lncRNA）可作为竞争性内源RNA（competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA）,影响microRNA（miRNA）与mRNA的结合,从而影响胃癌的发生、发展。基于TCGA和GEO数据库的转录组数据,筛选GC中差异表达的lncRNAs,并构建基于6条lncRNAs（HAGLROS、TMEM92?AS1、LINC01745、HOXC?AS3、SEMA3B?AS1、FEZF1?AS1）的lncRNA?miRNA?mRNA网络。网络核心基因的KEGG/GO富集和蛋白质互作分析结果显示,lncRNA可能通过miRNA海绵吸附作用,调控胃癌的发生、发展与转移。AC011352.1、AC087636.1、AC093627.1、GAS1RR与胃癌患者的预后相关性具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,并可能成为胃癌患者潜在的预后生物标志物。     

与胃癌发生相关MicroRNA 的研究新进展

MicroRNA(微小核糖核酸;miRNA)是一类长约20～25个核苷酸的非编码的单链RNA分子.它的表达与个体发育、增殖、分化以及恶性肿瘤发生密切相关[1,2].近期研究表明microRNA具有癌基因和抑癌基因的作用.新研究发现miR-20b,miR-150,miR- 106a,miR-27a,miR107,miR-21,miR-20a与胃癌的发生过程呈正相关;而Let-7microRNA,miR-218,miR-101,miR-650,miR-29,miR-34,miR-451与胃癌的发生过程呈负相关.本文就胃癌发生相关microRNA的研究新进展予以综述.     

microRNA－21在肿瘤中异常表达的意义

microRNA（miRNA）是由18～26个核苷酸组成的内源性非编码的单链RNA分子,其通过与mRNA的结合来抑制其翻译过程从而调节相应基因的表达,在人体一系列生物学过程发挥着作用。miR-21在众多肿瘤组织中表达上调,临床试验证实miR-21的表达水平与肿瘤的临床分期,转移,预后存在密切联系,因此miR－21成为了癌症基因治疗的新靶点。     

miR-146a抑制酪氨酸酶基因家族在小鼠黑色素细胞中表达北大核心CSCD

miRNA是在许多生物过程中都起着至关重要作用的一类内源性非编码的小RNA,与癌症、肿瘤的发生有关。现发现很多miRNA在黑色素生成中都有重要的调控作用,但miR-146a是否对黑色素的生成具有影响未见报道。本研究发现miR-146a通过靶向抑制酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1(tyrosinase related protein 1,TYRP1)的表达而使黑色素生成降低。在小鼠黑色素细胞中分别转染miR-146a mimic和miR-146a抑制剂,通过qRT-PCR与Western印迹分析比较各实验组中TYRP1基因与酪氨酸家族相关基因酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2(tyrosinase related protein 2,TYRP2)的表达差异。双荧光报告实验验证TYRP1与miR-146a的靶向关系,双荧光酶活性结果显示,实验组相比对照组,荧光素酶活性明显降低,说明TYRP1是miR-146a的靶基因之一;qRT-PCR和Western印迹结果显示实验组TYR、TYRP1及TYRP2在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平表达均显著降低;紫外分光光度法检测黑色素含量,结果显示miR-146a mimic转染组黑色素含量明显下降,而抑制组的黑色素含量呈上升趋势。综上所述,miR-146a通过靶向抑制TYRP1基因的表达,而影响TYR家族成员的表达,调控黑色素的生物合成。     

miR-146a抑制酪氨酸酶基因家族在小鼠黑色素细胞中表达

miRNA是在许多生物过程中都起着至关重要作用的一类内源性非编码的小RNA,与癌症、肿瘤的发生有关。现发现很多miRNA在黑色素生成中都有重要的调控作用,但miR-146a是否对黑色素的生成具有影响未见报道。本研究发现miR-146a通过靶向抑制酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1(tyrosinase related protein 1,TYRP1)的表达而使黑色素生成降低。在小鼠黑色素细胞中分别转染miR-146a mimic和miR-146a 抑制剂,通过qRT-PCR与Western印迹分析比较各实验组中TYRP1基因与酪氨酸家族相关基因酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase, TYR)、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白2(tyrosinase related protein 2, TYRP2)的表达差异。双荧光报告实验验证TYRP1与miR-146a的靶向关系,双荧光酶活性结果显示,实验组相比对照组,荧光素酶活性明显降低,说明TYRP1是miR-146a的靶基因之一;qRT-PCR和Western印迹结果显示实验组TYR、TYRP1及TYRP2 在mRNA水平和蛋白质水平表达均显著降低;紫外分光光度法检测黑色素含量,结果显示miR-146a mimic转染组黑色素含量明显下降,而抑制组的黑色素含量呈上升趋势。综上所述,miR-146a通过靶向抑制TYRP1基因的表达,而影响TYR家族成员的表达,调控黑色素的生物合成。     

MiR-132抑制肿瘤转移

肿瘤转移是造成癌症难以根治的重要原因之一.近年来越来越多的研究发现,miRNA在肿瘤转移过程中发挥了直接或间接的作用.本研究的目标是找到一种特异性的肿瘤转移相关miRNA,能够作为抑制肿瘤转移的潜在靶标.miR-132是一类与炎症、血管生长、中枢神经系统相关的miRNA,至今还没有研究证明其与肿瘤转移相关.为了验证miR-132与肿瘤迁移的相关性,本研究将miR-132转染入高迁移乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231细胞中,检测细胞迁移率的变化.实验发现miR-132能够抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移.为了进一步揭示miR-132抑制细胞迁移的可能机制,本研究通过生物信息学手段寻找并鉴定了3种可能与肿瘤转移相关的miR-132的靶基因,它们分别是CHIP(STUB1)、G3BP1、G3BP2.分别比对MCF7与MDA-MB-231细胞,及转染miR-132和对照组MDA-MB-231细胞中以上3种基因的表达差异,我们发现G3BP1、G3BP2可能参与miR-132对肿瘤转移的调控.本研究首次报道miR-132与肿瘤转移的关系,并揭示了miR-132调节肿瘤转移的可能机制,说明了miR-132具有作为特异性抑制肿瘤转移靶标的潜力,为抑制肿瘤转移提供一个新的靶点.     

胃癌相关miRNA表达的表观遗传学调控机制

胃癌是人类最常见的肿瘤之一,其发病机制尚不完全清楚.微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是一组最近发现的长度为22个核苷酸左右的非编码RNA,具有负性调控基因表达的功能.本文对miRNA在胃癌发生中的作用及其表达调控机制进行综述.不断有文献显示,miRNA在多种肿瘤(包括胃癌)的发生过程中发挥着重要作用.作者和其他研究人员发现,miRNA的表达异常(如:miR-421和miR-21的上调或/和miR-31和miR-218的下调等)与胃癌的发生相关,提示miRNA是胃癌发生的重要因素.目前,miRNA表达的分子机制尚未完全明了.最近研究较清楚地显示,miRNA的表达受到DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰等机制的调控.这说明,胃癌相关miRNA的表达水平受到表观遗传机制的调控。     

The clinical significance of miR-335, miR-124, miR-218 and miR-484 downregulation in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading types of malignancy worldwide, particularly in Asian populations. Although the exact molecular mechanism of GC development remains unknown, microRNA (miRNA) has recently been shown to be involved. The current study aims to investigate the expression levels of bioinformatically ranked miRNAs in gastric tissues. Using bioinformatics tools, we prioritized miRNAs thought to be implicated in GC. Furthermore, polyA-qPCR was used to validate bioinformatics findings in 40 GC, 31 normal gastric tissue (NG) and 45 gastric dysplasia (GD) samples. As identified by bioinformatics analysis, miR-335 was shown to be the top-ranked miRNA implicated in GC. Moreover, a significant downregulation of miR-335, miR-124, miR-218 and miR-484 was found in GC and GD compared to NG samples. We found bioinformatics to be an efficient approach to finding candidate miRNAs relevant to GC development. Finally, the findings show that downregulation of miRNAs such as miR-124 and miR-218 in gastric tissue can be a significant indicator for neoplastic transformation.     

MicroRNA-421 functions as an oncogenic miRNA in biliary tract cancer through down-regulating farnesoid X receptor expression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the development of most cancers. However, few studies have been conducted to determine their relationship to biliary tract cancer (BTC). Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has been reported to be a tumor suppressor for hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer; but few studies have focused on its correlation with BTC. In this study, we identified miR-421 as a potential regulator of FXR expression. We found that their expression amount was inversely correlated as FXR was aberrantly down-regulated in both primary tumor specimens and cell lines; while miR-421 was significantly up-regulated. Ectopic expression of miR-421 significantly decreased FXR protein concentration in BTC cells and promoted cell proliferation, colony formation and migration in vitro. Furthermore, a decrease in miR-421 expression induced G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, our study identified microRNA-421 functions as an oncomiR in BTC by targeting FXR. This finding may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of biliary tract cancer.     

MicroRNA 421 suppresses DPC4/Smad4 in pancreatic cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in the development of pancreatic cancer and may be a valuable therapeutic application. DPC4/Smad4 is a critical tumor suppressor involved in the progression of pancreatic cancer, but few studies have been conducted to determine its relationship with miRNAs. In this study, we identify miR-421 as a potential regulator of DPC4/Smad4. We find that in human clinical specimens of pancreatic cancer miR-421 is aberrantly upregulated while DPC4/Smad4 is strongly repressed, and their levels of expression are inversely correlated. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-421 significantly decreases DPC4/Smad4 protein level in pancreatic cancer cell lines and simultaneously promotes cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. Our findings identify miR-421 as a potent regulator of DPC4/Smad4, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of DPC4/Smad4-driven pancreatic cancer.     

Aberrant hypermethylation of miR-9 genes in gastric cancer

Carcinogenesis of the stomach involves multiple steps including genetic mutation or epigenetic alteration of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. Recently, tumor suppressive miRNAs have been shown to be deregulated by aberrant hypermethylation during gastric cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrate that three independent genetic loci encoding for miR-9 (miR-9-1, miR-9-2 and miR-9-3) are simultaneously modified by DNA methylation in gastric cancer cells. Methylation-mediated silencing of these three miR-9 genes can be reactivated in gastric cancer cells through 5-Aza-dC treatment. Subsequent analysis of the expression levels of miR-9 showed that it was significantly down-regulated in gastric cancers compared with adjacent normal tissues (P value < 0.005). A similar tendency toward a tumor-specific DNA methylation pattern was shown for miR-9-1, miR-9-2 and miR-9-3 in 72 primary human gastric cancer specimens. Ectopic expression of miR-9 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, suggesting its tumor suppressive potential in gastric cancer progression.     

MicroRNA-34A inhibits the growth,invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by targeting PDGFR and MET expression

Within the family of RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases), PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) has been implicated in carcinogenesis and tumour development. miRNAs (microRNAs), which can target the mRNAs (messenger RNAs) of cancer-associated genes, are abnormally expressed in various cancers. In this study, our aim was to identify the miRNAs that target PDGFR-α/β and to study the functions of these miRNAs. miR-34a was predicted to target PDGFR, and luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-34a could directly target PDGFR. Meanwhile, we found that miR-34a was down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and was associated with metastasis. Our findings showed that miR-34a could inhibit gastric cancer cell migration, invasion and proliferation, but these tumourigenic properties were only partially restored when PDGFR-α/β was overexpressed. In subsequent experiments, we found that the overexpression of both PDGFR and MET could completely restore the gastric cancer tumourigenic properties. Moreover, the cancer-associated cell signalling pathway was studied, and we found that miR-34a could inhibit Akt [PKB (protein kinase B)] phosphorylation, which was restored by the overexpression of both PDGFR and MET. In conclusion, miR-34a may act as a potential tumour suppressor in gastric cancer and is associated with the mechanisms of gastric cancer metastasis; miR-34a can inhibit gastric cancer tumourigenesis by targeting PDGFR and MET through the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt pathway.     

Exosomal miRNAs as circulating biomarkers for prediction of development of haematogenous metastasis after surgery for stage II/III gastric cancer

Exosomes secreted by living cancer cells can regulate metastasis. Exosomal miRNAs can reflect pathological conditions of the original cancer cells. Therefore, we aim to identify exosomal miRNAs as circulating biomarkers for haematogenous metastasis of gastric cancer. Pre-treatment serum samples of eighty-nine patients with stage II/III gastric cancer were collected. Thirty-four of them developed haematogenous metastasis after surgery and the other fifty-five did not. Extraction of exosomes was validated by western blot, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. MiRNA qPCR array was performed in three matched pairs of samples. Internal control was selected from PCR array and validated in the remaining samples. Expressions of exosomal miRNAs were evaluated in the remaining samples by RT-qPCR, as well as in gastric cancer tissue samples and cell culture medium. Expression levels of exosomal miRNAs were analysed with clinical characteristics. The results indicated thirteen up-regulated and six down-regulated miRNAs were found after normalization. MiR-379-5p and miR-410-3p were significantly up-regulated in metastatic patients (P < .01). Higher expression of exosomal miR-379-5p or miR-410-3p showed shorter progression-free survival of the patients (P < .05). It was also found that miR-379-5p and miR-410-3p were down-regulated in gastric cancer tissue samples, while they were significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer cell culture medium compared with cancer cells. In conclusion, exosomal miRNAs are promising circulating biomarkers for prediction of development of haematogenous metastasis after surgery for stage II/III gastric cancer.     

胃癌中显著下调的miR-433的作用靶点研究

目的为了筛选胃癌中miRNAs的表达标记,验证胃癌相关miRNAs的作用靶点,建立一种新的诊断和治疗胃癌的方法。方法运用基因芯片技术检测3个正常胃组织标本,24个胃癌组织标本,胃癌细胞SGC7901和正常胃黏膜细胞GES-1中328个miRNAs的表达情况。用以上方法检测出在胃癌组织和SGC7901中,miR-433的表达水平显著下调。为了确保结果的准确性,采用实时荧光定量PCR对其进行验证。并用基因克隆和Western印迹方法分析miR-433的作用靶点。结果共有26个miRNAs在胃癌标本（包括24个胃癌组织和SGC7901）中异常表达。其中19个miRNAs下调,7个miRNAs上调。实时荧光定量PCR检测出miR-433在胃癌标本中的表达水平显著下调,该结果和基因芯片检测结果一致。另外,在本实验中发现miR-433与Grb2（growth factor receptor—bound protein 2）的表达呈负相关。结论胃癌相关miRNAs已进行了初步筛选。其中,miR-433可能是胃癌中的标记性miRNAs之一,Grb2是其作用靶点。这为建立新的以miRNAs为基础的诊断和治疗胃癌的方法提供了相关信息。