斜卧青霉去泛素化蛋白酶CREB的缺失提高纤维素酶的生产

斜卧青霉Penicillium decumbens T.是1种重要的产纤维素酶丝状真菌,能有效地降解利用木质纤维素生产第2代生物燃料。为了提高斜卧青霉纤维素酶的产量,构建了去泛素化酶基因creB的敲除盒,并通过同源双交换重组的方法,获得了creB基因缺失突变株ΔcreB。该突变株呈现明显的纤维素酶表达分泌抗葡萄糖代谢阻遏效应,ΔcreB菌株的滤纸酶活、内切纤维素酶活、木聚糖酶活以及外切纤维素酶活分别提高1.8倍、1.71倍、2.06倍以及2.04倍,其胞外蛋白质含量提高了2.68倍。确定了creB基因缺失突变株具有抗碳源代谢物阻遏的生理现象,CREB对斜卧青霉生产纤维素酶的能力具有显著影响,为系统改造丝状真菌高产纤维素酶菌株提供了理论指导。     

秸秆纤维素分解菌的酶活力测定

目的:测定秸秆纤维素分解菌的酶活力。方法:从土壤中分离出具有分解纤维素能力的菌株,采用刚果红染色法进行粗选,得到7株透明圈较大的菌株。将这7株菌株液体发酵培养6d,再分别用滤纸分解度观察、羧甲基纤维素酶活法(CMC)、滤纸酶活法(FPA)和天然纤维素酶活法测定其酶活力。结果:在7株菌株中,F-1、F-2、F-3、F-5的酶活力测定结果与其溶解圈的测定结果、滤纸分解结果基本相同。且天然纤维素酶活力高的菌株,其CMC酶活、FPA酶活也高,滤纸分解效果也比较明显。结论:CMC法、FPA法和天然纤维素酶活法适于测定秸秆纤维素分解菌的酶活力。     

发酵床中纤维素降解菌的分离与鉴定

从发酵床垫料中初步分离出43株纤维素降解菌。采用刚果红鉴别培养基及滤纸条培养基初筛,得到5株透明圈较大且使滤纸条产生崩解的菌株,通过进一步液体发酵,测定其CMC酶活、FPA酶活和天然纤维素酶活,获得2株具有较高纤维素降解活性菌株,并分别命名为F7和F21。经16S rRNA基因序列分子生物学鉴定和系统发育分析表明,这2株纤维素降解菌分别归属为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)。     

一株纤维素降解真菌的筛选及鉴定

[目的]分离筛选高效降解纤维素的真菌菌株,并研究其产酶能力.[方法]利用刚果红染色法从甘蔗地土壤中分离纤维素降解真菌,再通过测定滤纸的降解率及发酵酶活复筛.[结果]综合考虑水解圈,水解圈和菌株直径的比值(HC值),滤纸的降解率和复筛酶活,对试验真菌降解纤维素的能力进行综合评价,筛选到具有较强纤维素降解能力的真菌菌株SJ1,经形态学观察及分子生物学鉴定,该菌属于草酸青霉.其滤纸酶活、内切葡聚糖酶酶活(CMC酶活)、β-葡聚糖苷酶酶活和外切葡聚糖酶酶活(CBH酶活)分别为25.15、740.42、58.03和2.442 U/mL.[结论]菌株SJ1是一株十分具有研究开发潜力的纤维素酶生产菌株.     

稻草秸秆纤维素分解菌的分离筛选

本研究基于获得高效木质纤维素分解菌的目的,以刚果红纤维素琼脂和滤纸条培养基为初筛培养基,从分离获得的124株真菌中筛选出透明圈与菌落直径比值较大、滤纸条分解能力较强的11个菌株.经液体发酵,测定其酶活力,复筛得到羧甲基纤维素酶活和滤纸酶活均较高的4个菌株;并进行了不同碳源和不同pH对筛选菌株产酶能力的影响试验,发现不同菌株对不同纤维素物质的分解能力不一样,同一菌株对不同纤维素碳源的利用能力也不相同.     

一株耐高温纤维素酶产生菌的分离和鉴定

为获得耐高温的纤维素酶产生菌,从农田旁稻草堆底取样,采用液体滤纸条试管法和纤维素刚果红平板法,分离到6株能够在45℃生长良好且降解纤维素的耐高温菌株,分别标为A1-A6,其中菌株A1透明圈直径和菌落直径比值为4,DNS法测定还原糖浓度较高,确定为实验菌株。菌体呈短杆状,G+,易褪色,具有运动性,过氧化氢酶、淀粉水解、明胶液化、甲基红试验、硫化氢、葡萄糖氧化发酵、P HB类脂粒、异染粒、纤维素分解、反硝化试验呈阳性,乙酰甲基甲醇试验、吲哚试验、硝酸盐还原试验、卵磷脂酶实验呈阴性,以FP A酶活为主,羧甲基纤维素酶活为辅。根据细菌形态、生理生化特征,参照《伯杰氏细菌系统鉴定手册》初步鉴定为纤维单胞菌属,即Cellulomonas。     

斜卧青霉114-2 cbh1基因的TAIL-PCR克隆及与抗阻遏突变株JU-A10的比较

[目的]研究斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)114-2与其抗阻遏突变株JU-A10外切酶基因序列的差异.[方法]用热不对称交错PCR(TAIL-PCR)和RT-PCR扩增得到斜卧青霉114-2外切葡聚糖酶Ⅰ(cbh1)基因全长和cDNA全长.[结果]cbh1基因全长为1500 bp,含有两个内含子,编码453个氨基酸(GenBank,EF397602).克隆并分析了1.9 kb的cbh1基因上游序列,分别发现了葡萄糖代谢抑制因子CRE Ⅰ与纤维素酶转录调控蛋白ACE Ⅰ的两个的潜在结合位点.[结论]在相同的培养条件下,其抗阻遏突变株JU-A10的外切酶活明显高于野生株114-2.两菌株的cbh1基因序列完全一致,说明外切酶活明显提高不是由于cbh1基因发生突变引起的.     

产纤维素酶菌株的筛选及离子束诱变

从含腐败秸秆的土壤中分离出刚果红水解圈与菌落比值(D/H)较大的7株纤维素酶产生菌,其中菌株S-1分解羧甲基纤维素钠的酶活(CMC酶活)最高,经鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。以之为出发菌株进行离子束诱变,采用酶标仪高通量酶活测定法筛选出CMC酶活较高的突变菌株进行传代培养,测定其传5代后菌株的CMC酶活,得到15株CMC酶活较高的突变菌株,其中突变菌株308的菌落形态变化较大,其CMC酶活最高,接种24 h后比出发菌S-1提高了84.4%,且突变菌株308的CMC酶活的提高具有遗传稳定性。表明离子束诱变对于提高菌株产纤维素酶能力具有潜在的应用价值。     

纤维素分解菌的选育及酶活测定

纤维素是地球上最丰富的有机物质,这些丰富的宝贵资源大部分被浪费了,而且由于部分地区焚烧秸杆造成了严重的环境污染。为了充分利用纤维素,纤维素分解菌的筛选研究逐步展开。通过新华滤纸为唯一碳源的杜氏培养基和刚果红纤维素培养基,从堆肥、污泥、马粪和土壤中分离得到7株纤维素分解菌。以5号菌株为出发菌株,经过紫外线诱变,用刚果红纤维素平板透明圈选育法得到8号菌株。为了评价筛选工作,对8株纤维素分解菌进行酶活测定。结果表明,8号菌株具有最高的CMC酶活和FPA酶活。     

青海高原降解纤维素微生物的调查、分离、鉴定*

从青海高原林区分离筛选 300余株分解纤维素的细菌及 31株降解纤维素的真菌。测定纤维素分解菌含量土样为 2.6×10⁵ g。对纤维素酶水解圈较大的11株真菌 ,根据其滤纸酶活筛选出一株分离自互助北山森林的高产纤维素酶的真菌No. 0143菌株 ,根据其形态学及培养特征鉴定为康氏木霉 (Trichodermakoningii Qudem) ,该菌湿固体发酵物含滤纸酶活力(FPA)为15u/g。该菌无毒副作用 ,可用于饲料业。     

斜卧青霉纤维素酶和木聚糖酶高产菌株的选育

以纤维素酶高产菌株斜卧青霉A50为出发菌株,通过紫外诱变原生质体获得1株木聚糖酶活力提高80%而纤维素酶活力没有改变的6号菌。蛋白质电泳和酶谱检测结果显示,纤维素酶谱基本无差别,而木聚糖酶谱显示6号菌比A50多了一条带。6号菌优化后的产酶培养基组成为:麸皮7%、葡萄糖0.1%,该条件下,纤维素酶活为19.7IU/mL,木聚糖酶活力为215.4IU/mL。     

Regulatory mutations affecting the synthesis of cellulase in Bacillus pumilus

A wild strain of Bacillus pumilus was investigated for cellulase production, and putative mutants of this strain were screened for catabolite repression insensitivity after chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) as a mutagenic agent. Out of four classes of mutants studied and classified according to their cellulase induction rate and level of cellulase production in the presence of high concentrations of glucose (2.6%[w/v]), classes III and IV exhibited cellulase production up to 6.2 mg cellulase and 11.4 mg cellulase per gram of dry cell mass respectively. These mutants were referred to as catabolite repression-insensitive when compared to the wild strain which exhibited a total repression of cellulase synthesis under the same conditions. How EMS triggered the catabolite repression insensitivity in these mutants was not established. However this mutation brought out new strains of cellulase hyperproducers (mutants 6 and 11) in the presence of glucose when compared to other cellulase producers such as Aspergillus terreus, A. nidulans and Trichoderma reesei, which exhibited catabolite repression of cellulase synthesis. These mutants were selected as the most promising candidates for cellulase synthesis even at high glucose concentration.     

Novel mutation method for increased cellulase production

AIM: Isolation of cellulase producing fungi and increasing cellulase production using novel mutations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cellulase-producing fungi were isolated from different soil samples using enriched Mandels cellulose agar, which is a selective media and seven different fungi were selected in the screening programme. These organisms were tested for cellulase production and two potent strains were identified. Two methods of mutations for strain improvement were employed to these strains. (1) Germinating fungal spore suspension was treated with 0.1 and 0.2 mg ml(-1) of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ethidium bromide (EtBr) and u.v. for 30 min and 1 h duration and plated on selective media with and with out amphotericin B. (2) Mutagens (EtBr and MNNG) were incorporated in the selective media in sublethal concentration (5 microg ml(-1)) along with antifungal antibiotic (amphotericin B 2 microg ml(-1)). Second method yielded maximum cellulase-producing mutants, which are also stable for cellulase production and are more potent than the mutants obtained by the first method. CONCLUSIONS: Mutations using sublethal concentrations of mutagen for a prolonged period of growth has yielded mutants, which can produce more cellulase. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This new method could be applied to obtain potent fungal mutants for more enzymes production.     

Preparation of mutants of Trichoderma reesei with enhanced cellulase production.

The development of an agar plate screening technique has allowed the isolation of a range of mutants of Trichoderma reesei capable of synthesizing cellulase under conditions of high catabolite repression. The properties of one of these mutants (NG-14) is described to illustrate the use of this technique. NG-14 produced five times the filter paper-degrading activity per ml of culture medium and twice the specific activity per mg of excreted protein in submerged culture when compared with the best existing mutant, QM9414. NG-14 also showed enhanced endo-beta-glucanase and beta-glucosidase production. Although these mutants were isolated as cellulase producers in the presence of 5% glycerol on agar plates, in similar liquid medium, NG-14 exhibits only partial derepression of the cellulase complex. Since the proportions of filter paper activity, endo-beta-glucanase, and cellobiase were not the same in mutants NG-14 and QM9414, and the yields of each enzyme under conditions repressive for cellulase synthesis were different, differential control of each enzyme of the cellulase complex is implied. These initial results suggest that the selective technique for isolating hyper-cellulase-producing mutants of Trichoderma will be of considerable use in the development of commercially useful cellulolytic strains.     

Induction and regulation of cellulase synthesis in Trichoderma pseudokoningii mutants EA3-867 and N2-78

Two mutants, EA₃-867 and N₂-78, with high cellulase yields were obtained from wild strains of Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai, 1096 and Mo₃, respectively, by mutagenic treatments with a linear accelerator, ⁶⁰Co, u.v., nitrosoguanidine (NTG) and diethylsulphate (DTS). The mutants grew slowly to produce small colonies on agar plates with synthetic medium. On agar plates of peptone-yeast extract, the small colonies were as large as those of wild strains. The cellulase activities of these mutants in Koji extracts, shake flask culture filtrates, and enzyme preparations were markedly higher than those of their parents. The mutant N₂-78 reached quite high cellulase activity level when cultured for 60 h in shake flasks in a simple medium containing milled straw, wheat bran, mineral salts plus waste glucose molasses. The cellulase saccharifying activities on CMC, filter paper and cotton, were 255, 8.2 and 13.4 mg glucose/ml enzyme, respectively, or 11, 4.3 and 6 times more than those of its parent Mo₃.The cellulase synthesis of EA₃-867 and N₂-78 was strongly induced by sophorose, isolated from pods of Sophora japonica L., and was inhibited by glucose, sugar phosphates, glycerol and organic acids. We conclude that cellulase synthesis of the mutants is regulated by catabolite repression as well as by induction. The increase in cellulase production by both mutants results from changes in the regulatory systems for cellulase synthesis, i.e. the mutants showed higher sensitivity to inducer and lower susceptibility to catabolite repression than did the wild types.A cellulase preparation of Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai N₂-78 induced by sophorose was fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, selective inactivation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The components C₁(exo-β1,4-glucanase), C_x(endo-β1,4-glucanase) and β-glucosidase were separated, and their molecular weights were estimated to be 67 000, 62 000 and 42 000 respectively. The homogeneity of C₁ was verified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis. It is a glycoprotein and is rich in glycine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine and glutamic acid. The C₁ showed a strong synergistic action with C_x in the degradation of cotton, Avicel and Walseth cellulose.A poly(A)-RNA, induced by sophorose in N₂-78 mycelium, was isolated by oligo(dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography.     

Preparation of mutants of Trichoderma reesei with enhanced cellulase production.

The development of an agar plate screening technique has allowed the isolation of a range of mutants of Trichoderma reesei capable of synthesizing cellulase under conditions of high catabolite repression. The properties of one of these mutants (NG-14) is described to illustrate the use of this technique. NG-14 produced five times the filter paper-degrading activity per ml of culture medium and twice the specific activity per mg of excreted protein in submerged culture when compared with the best existing mutant, QM9414. NG-14 also showed enhanced endo-beta-glucanase and beta-glucosidase production. Although these mutants were isolated as cellulase producers in the presence of 5% glycerol on agar plates, in similar liquid medium, NG-14 exhibits only partial derepression of the cellulase complex. Since the proportions of filter paper activity, endo-beta-glucanase, and cellobiase were not the same in mutants NG-14 and QM9414, and the yields of each enzyme under conditions repressive for cellulase synthesis were different, differential control of each enzyme of the cellulase complex is implied. These initial results suggest that the selective technique for isolating hyper-cellulase-producing mutants of Trichoderma will be of considerable use in the development of commercially useful cellulolytic strains.     

Isolation and characterization of the symbiotic phenotype of antibiotic-resistant mutantsof Frankia from Rhamnaceae

Induced rifampicin-resistant mutants of Frankia were isolated by treatment of spores from strain ChI1 with 2 mg/ml of nitrosoguanidine. The mutagenic treatment was followed by growth for 72 h on non-selective medium to allow the expression of the mutation, before plating on selective medium. Spontaneous rifampicin-resistant mutants were isolated from strain ReI4 and chloramphenicol-resistant mutants were derived from strains ReI6 and TtI42. The mutants grew in medium containing up to 20 μg/ml of antibiotics. They showed similar morphology and growth pattern compared with their parent strains. However, they exhibited differences in symbiotic properties, such as infectivity and nitrogenase activity, from their parent strains.     

赤霉素产生菌藤仓赤霉原生质体的形成和再生

生长在含2%甘氨酸的G培养基上的藤仓赤霉菌菌丝体,经二硫苏糖醇作预处理,其细胞壁对纤维素酶和溶菌酶的混合酶液敏感,它们的适宜浓度是纤维素酶1.5%,溶菌酶0.7%。在高渗液中酶解3—4小时,细胞壁被逐渐溶解并大量释放原生质体(约10~7/ml),再生率在50%以上。观察了在PDS液体培养基中原生质体再生成菌丝体的方式,看到菌丝再生或者是单球直接生长或者是经过一次、两次或多次的细胞分裂。对原生质体进行X射线照射诱变和进行终代谢产物高抗性变种筛选,挑高产赤霉素菌株,获得了良好的结果。     

Cellulase production on glucose-based media by the UV-irradiated mutants of Trichoderma reesei

From 22,791 mutants of a cellulase hyper-producing strain of Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina), ATCC66589, as the parent, we selected two mutants, M2-1 and M3-1, that produce cellulases in media containing both cellulose and glucose. The mutation enabled the mutants to produce cellulases, which were measured as p-nitrophenyl β-d-lactopyranoside-hydrolyzing activities, in media with glucose as a sole carbon source, although M2-1 exhibited different sensitivities to glucose from M3-1. When the mutants were grown for 8 days on a medium with cellulose as a sole carbon source, the filter-paper-degrading activities (FPAs) per gram of cellulose were 257 and 281 U for M2-1 and M3-1, respectively, values that were 1.1–1.2 times higher than that of the parental strain. Cellulase production by M2-1 and M3-1 on a medium with a continuously fed mixture of glucose and cellobiose resulted in 214 and 210 U of FPA/gram carbon sources, respectively, whereas less efficient production (140 U of FPA/gram carbon source) was achieved by the parental strain. The improved cellulase productivity of the mutants allows us to use glucose as a carbon source for efficient on-site production of cellulases with quality/quantity-controlled feeding of soluble carbon sources and inducers.     

Differential medium for selection of bacterial L-asparaginase producer strains

A specific, fast, and easy method for revelation of active plate producers of L-asparaginase using differential medium on the basis of LB or M9 with 1.5% agar was developed. Each 100 ml of LB or M9 medium additionally contained 6-7 ml ofglycerol, 4 g of L-asparagine, 0.2 g of CaCO3, and diagnostic components: 3 ml of 0.2 M CuSO4 x 5H2O and 2.5 ml of 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6, pH 7.6-7.8. The results were counted 12-20 or 24-48 h after strain growth at 37 degrees C in corresponding mediums. Red color of colonies and colored zone around them showed the ability of the strain under study to destroy asparaginic complexes. The recommended method allows revealing bacterial strains producing L-asparaginase with specific activity of not less than 0.1-3.0 MU/mg of protein.