浙江蝮蛇毒磷脂酶A抗凝作用的研究

本文研究分析了从浙江产蝮蛇毒提纯的三种磷脂酶A(PLA)的抗凝活性,结果只有碱性PLA具有抗凝作用,而酸性PLA与中性PLA(Agkistrodotoxin)均无此作用。碱性PLA能显著延长血浆复钙时间和凝血酶原时间,影响血液凝血活酶的生成,抑制血小板磷脂与红细胞磷脂的促凝活性,但对凝血酶时间及纤维蛋白平板溶解试验无影响。这些结果表明,碱性PLA可能通过对膜磷脂的作用而干扰凝血酶原酶的形成。碱性PLA明显改变了血小板和红细胞的电泳速率,而酸性及中性PLA则影响较小,提示碱性PLA抗凝活性可能与膜磷脂特异活性部位的结合反应有关。     

浙江产蝮蛇(Agkistrodon halys Pallas)蛇毒抗凝血活酶组份抗凝机理的研究

应用三次离子交换柱层析和一次凝胶过滤从浙江产蝮蛇毒中分离纯化了抗凝血活酶组份。测定出该组份由119个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为15,000道尔顿,等电点为9.4,N—末端为组氨酸。 纯化的抗凝血活酶组份在体外对血浆重钙化时间有显著影响,但不延长血浆凝血酶原时间和凝血酶时间,对纤维蛋白也无溶解作用,极低浓度（0.5微克/毫升）的抗凝组份就能抑制血液凝血活酶的生成。家兔静脉注射抗凝血活酶组份后十分钟,全血凝固时间和血浆重钙化时间均明显延长,但血浆凝血酶原时间、纤维蛋白含量和全血凝块溶解时间却不受影响。 蝮蛇毒抗凝血活酶组份具有磷脂酶A_2活性,但血浆中磷脂的水解似乎并不是血浆凝固延迟的主要原因,很可能是抗凝血活酶组份能够同血浆中凝血活酶组份（磷脂部份）可逆地结合,从而干扰了凝血酶原的活化。     

胰岛素介体产生机制的探讨

胰岛素介体──肌醇磷酸多糖,被认为是胰岛素的第二信使,存在于细胞膜上的糖肌醇磷脂是产生该介体的前体,经胰岛素或磷脂酰肌醇特异性的磷脂酶Ｃ（ＰＩＰＬＣ）水解,产生介体和二酰甘油（ＤＧ）．本实验以人红细胞为材料,用３￣Ｈ同位素标记、有机溶剂提取、薄层层析及放射性自动计数等方法,分析胰岛素或ＰＩＰＬＣ作用于红细胞后前体和ＤＧ的变化情况,以推测介体的产生机制．结果显示：胰岛素使红细胞膜上及释放至胞外上清的前体量均较对照升高,且使体系中的ＤＧ量升高;ＰＩＰＬＣ则使红细胞膜上的前体量下降,使释放至胞外上清的前体量升高,推测：胰岛素或ＰＩＰＬＣ作用于完整细胞时,激活了某种酶,使前体先从膜上释放至胞外上清,再被水解为介体和ＤＧ,同时胰岛素还可能激活完整细胞内再合成前体的机制,而ＰＬＰＬＣ却不能．     

荧光法测定蛇毒中磷脂酶的活性

利用二醋酸荧光素(FDA)可被磷脂酶水解,而本过程受卵磷脂抑制这一原理.对蛇毒及其它样品中的磷脂酶活性进行测量.初步探讨了该法的实验条件及其机理.研究结果表明,这个新方法可以简便、特异地测量出样品中的磷脂酶活性.我们利用该法测定了广东眼镜蛇粗毒及分离样、浙江蝮蛇粗毒,得到了和前人工作相近的结论;而在牛血清白蛋白中可检出磷脂酶活性,植物血凝素以及伴刀豆球蛋白中则检测不出磷脂酶活性.     

用尖吻蝮蛇毒蝮蛇毒及抗蛇毒血清处理小鼠S180,EAC腹水癌的初步观察

本文报道了尖吻蝮蛇毒、蝮蛇毒及抗蛇毒血清能使接种S180、EAC腹水癌的小鼠明显延长存活时间、降低接种率,但不能完全阻止癌细胞生长。体外具有较明显的导致癌细胞肿胀、膜破裂、核纤维化、坏死等。从腹水酶活力测定及抗血清初步研究结果表明,癌细胞病变中产生的某些抗原物质可能与蛇毒中的酶和毒蛋白相近。因此注射蛇毒后可在体内产生相关抗体,中和癌细胞产生的毒素以达到治疗目的。     

谈清栓酶与东北白眉蝮蛇毒市场

近几年来,在防治各种心、脑、周围闭塞性血管病过程中,清栓酶(蝮蛇抗栓酶)显示出良好疗效,市场需求量较大。从而自86年起,生产厂家逐渐增多,目前国内已有32个厂家或单位生产此类药品。随着厂家增多,其原料东北白眉蝮蛇毒(粗原毒)也相应的畅销,售价高于江浙蝮蛇毒8～10倍。由于蛇毒差价原因,给某些商贩造成可乘之机,将江浙蝮蛇毒冒充东北白眉蝮蛇毒进行兕售。据了解不少厂家或单位直接以个体养蛇户或商贩手中购买粗原毒,造成原料不纯,直接影响清栓酶药品质量。江浙蝮蛇毒以外观上与东北白眉蝮蛇毒相似,但含神经毒、出血毒素均较高,一般分离制药残留较多,临床用药容易出现其反应,并且降低血小板作用明显。而东北白眉蝮蛇毒含神经毒极微,出血毒素极低,经一般分离制药即可以除去,临床用药安全,一般不降低血小板。根据调查分析,假冒原料有以下几个原因:     

竹叶青蛇毒磷脂酶A2的分离纯化和性质研究

竹叶青蛇毒磷脂酶Ａ_２的分离纯化和性质研究冯波,吴卫甲,钱嵘,王克夷,周元聪（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,２０００３１）关键词竹叶青蛇毒,磷脂酶Ａ_２;血小板聚集磷脂酶Ａ。在哺乳动物胰脏和蛇毒毒液中含量较丰富,其中蛇毒磷脂酶Ａ。除能水解甘油磷脂的第二...     

平颏海蛇毒的毒理学研究

用CM-sephadex C-50柱层析,醋酸铵缓冲液洗脱,从平颏海蛇(Lapemis hardwickii)毒腺提取物中分得15个蛋白组分。其中2个有磷脂酶A_2活性,用免疫学方法证实为肌肉毒组分。其中10个是能作用于突触后膜的神经毒组分。肌肉毒的蛋白质含量约占粗毒蛋白质总量的32.2％。神经毒的蛋白质含量约占粗毒蛋白质总量的52.3％。神经毒的毒性比肌肉毒的毒性强。这些结果提示,平颏海蛇毒有肌肉毒和神经毒两种。神经毒是平颏海蛇毒的主要毒性成分。     

蛇毒抗菌的比较性研究

目的 研究蛇毒粗毒的抗菌作用,并比较不同蛇毒对不同细菌的抑制效果.方法 采用抑菌环法测定蛇岛蝮、江浙蝮和短尾蝮蛇毒粗毒对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌以及白色念珠菌的抗菌作用,比较不同蛇毒粗毒的抗菌效果;加入过氧化氢酶(catalase),考察蛇毒抗菌作用的变化.结果 (1)3种蛇毒粗毒对5种细菌均呈现不同程度的抑制作用.(2)3种蛇毒粗毒对5种细菌的抑制作用大小依次为:金黄色葡萄球菌＞白色念珠菌＞大肠埃希菌或铜绿假单胞菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌.(3)加入catalase后,蛇毒的抗菌作用明显减弱.结论 (1)3种蛇毒粗毒均具有一定的抗菌作用,并具有明显抑菌选择性.(2)3种蛇毒的抗菌效果不同,蛇岛蝮蛇抗菌作用最强.(3) catalase能显著降低蛇毒的抗菌活性,表明L-氨基酸氧化酶是蛇毒起抗菌作用的主要成分.     

广西眼镜蛇毒磷酸二酯酶分离纯化及部分性质

磷酸二酯酶(PDE)广泛存在于各种蛇毒中,在响尾蛇科、蝰蛇科、眼镜蛇科和海蛇科的部分蛇毒中都存在着该酶.不同的蛇毒其PDE活力及含量有很大差异.即便在生物学分类上十分接近的蛇种,其PDE活力亦相差甚远.该酶是核酸结构分析的一种重要工具酶,具有核酸水解酶作用,是一种核酸外切酶,它能从3'-端顺序地降解核糖或脱氧核糖多核苷酸,生成5'-单核苷酸.该酶既能水解DNA又能水解RNA,因而在核酸的鉴定和序列测定方面获得了广泛的应用.由于蛇毒PDE在核酸顺序测定中显示的重要性,因而对各种蛇毒纯化PDE的研究工作引起了国内外学者的广泛兴趣.王殿洪等[1]曾对江西蝮蛇毒中PDE的分离纯化及某些性质做过报道,但广西眼镜蛇毒中PDE的分离纯化及性质在国内外均未有报道.广西有丰富的眼镜蛇毒资源,而且有高活性的PDE.蛇毒PDE的生物学活性,国外研究得较少.它没有出血、凝血、纤溶及致死作用.蛇毒PDE水解核糖核酸产生5'-单核苷酸,5'-单核苷酸在医药上均有十分重要作用,制成药物治疗白血病和血小板减少症等.     

Hemolytic potency and phospholipase activity of some bee and wasp venoms

1. The action of crude venoms of four aculeate species: Apis mellifera, Vespa crabro, Vespula germanica and Vespula vulgaris on human erythrocytes was investigated in order to determine the lytic and phospholipase activity of different aculeate venoms and their ability to induce red blood cell hemolysis. 2. Bee venom was the only extract to completely lyse red blood cells at the concentration of 2-3 micrograms/ml. 3. Phospholipase activity in all of the examined vespid venoms was similar and the highest value was recorded in V. germanica. 4. Vespid venoms exhibited phospholipase B activity, which is lacking in honeybee venom. 5. In all membrane phospholipids but lecithin, lysophospholipase activity of vespid venoms was 2-6 times lower than the relevant phospholipase activity. 6. The incubation of red blood cells with purified bee venom phospholipase A2 was not accompanied by lysis and, when supplemented with purified melittin, the increase of red blood cell lysis was approximately 30%.     

用尖吻蝮蛇毒、蝗蛇毒及抗蛇毒血清处理小鼠S_(180)、EAC腹水癌的初步观察

本文报道了尖吻蝮蛇毒、蝮蛇毒及抗蛇毒血清能使接种S_(180)、EAC腹水癌的小鼠明显延长存活时间、降低接种率,但不能完全阻止痛细胞生长。体外具有较明显的导致,菡细胞肿胀、膜破裂,核纤维化,坏死等。从腹水酶活力测定及抗血清初步研究结果表明,癌细胞病变中产生的某些抗原物质可能与蛇毒中的酶和毒蛋白相近。因此注射蛇毒后可在体内产生相关抗体,中和癌细胞产生的毒素以达到治疗目的。     

Relation between various phospholipase actions on human red cell membranes and the interfacial phospholipid pressure in monolayers.

The action of purified phospholipases on monomolecular films of various interfacial pressures is compared with the action on erythrocyte membranes. The phospholipases which cannot hyorolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, phospholipase A2 from pig pancreas and Crotalus adamanteus and phospholipase D from cabbage, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure below 31 dynes/cm only. The phospholipases which can hydrolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii phospholipase A2 from Naja naja and bee venom and sphingomyelinase from Staphylococcus aureus, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure above 31 dynes/cm. It is concluded that the lipid packing in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane is comparable with a lateral surface pressure between 31 and 34.8 dynes/cm.     

Detection of specific proenzyme activators in snake venoms by a new immunoabsorbant-chromogenic substrate method

In separate experiments, antibodies to plasminogen, factor X and protein C were applied to microtitre trays as commonly used in enzyme-linked immunoassays. After incubation with dilute normal human plasma as a source of the corresponding proenzyme antigen, the wells were exposed to dilutions of various snake venoms. After thorough washing, the microtitre tray wells were tested overnight with chromogenic tripeptide substrates known to be relatively specific for the activated forms of the above factors, i.e., plasmin, factor Xa and activated protein C. The immunochromometric assay described detected two new activators of protein C in Agkistrodon piscivorus and Agkistrodon contortrix venoms and a new factor X activator in Agkistrodon rhodostoma venom. Gel filtration of the latter venom indicated that the factor X activator eluted with high molecular weight, was clearly distinct from the peak fibrinogen clotting activity (Ancrod) and appeared to have no procoagulant activity. Although several Bothrops venoms appeared to contain plasminogen activator by this technique, the observed strong chromogenic activity was observed in microtitre wells independently of plasminogen and represented nonspecific amidase activity.     

Membrane structure and function. Mechanism of hemolysis induced by nematocyst venom: roles of phospholipase A and direct lytic factor.

Pure venom from the acontial nematocysts of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida exhibited phospholipase A (phosphatide acyl-hydrolase; EC 3.1.1.4) activity on a mixture of free phospholipids. Diethyl aminoethyl cellulose fractionation of the venom gave four distinct protein peaks with the phospholipase A activity being restricted to fractions III and IV. These two fractions tested separately also were able to lyse red blood cells weakly. Fractions I and II enhanced the hemolytic activity of fractions III and IV, with fractions I and III giving as much as ninefold enhancement over that of III alone. Fraction I appears analogous to the direct lytic factor of some snake and bee venoms. Fraction III, which could not appreciably hydrolyze the phospholipids of the intact red cell membrane, was able to do so in the presence of fraction I. The sequential interactions of these two nematocyst venom proteins with the red blood cell membrane to produce hemolysis is discussed.     

Relation between various phospholipase actions on human red cell membranes and the interfacial phospholipid pressure in monolayers

The action of purified phospholipases on monomolecular films of various interfacial pressures is compared with the action on erythrocyte membranes. The phospholipases which cannot hydrolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, phospholipase A₂ from pig pancreas and Crotalus adamanteus and phospholipase D from cabbage, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure below 31 dynes/cm only.The phospholipases which can hydrolyse phospholipids of the intact erythrocyte membrane, phospholipase C from Clostridium welchii phospholipase A₂ from Naja naja and bee venom and sphingomyelinase from Staphylococcus aureus, can hydrolyse phospholipid monolayers at pressure above 31 dynes/cm. It is concluded that the lipid packing in the outer monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane is comparable with a lateral surface pressure between 31 and 34.8 dynes/cm.     

中华眼镜蛇蛇毒因子(CVF)对补体系统的作用及与人补作C_3和其他蛇毒抗原性关系

中华眼镜蛇蛇毒经DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B。HPLC等多次柱层析分离出有抗补体及溶血活性的眼镜蛇蛇毒因子(Cobra venom factor,CVF),纯化后的CVF在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱上呈单一区带,分子量为225000—230000,等电点为6.20。用二硫苏糖醇还原经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳得三类亚基,其分子量总和为237,000。 体外抗补体及溶血试验表明,CVF的作用是通过补体旁路途经使总补体活力下降。双向免疫电泳鉴定,发现CVF与人血清作用后,其中补体成分C_3分子的抗原性发生改变,则表明CVF的作用是通过激活补体成分C_3而发挥的。给豚鼠腹腔注射CVF(0.15ug/g体重)后,其血清总补体水平下降到正常值的3％以下,7天后回升,13天后恢复到正常水平。 单相免疫电泳表明,CVF与人补体C_3抗血清间无任何交叉免疫反应,但人血清与CVF抗血清间有微弱的免疫沉淀反应。另外,CVF的氨基酸组成与人补体C_3也较为相似。鉴定还表明眼镜蛇科中四种蛇毒与CVF抗血清有强烈的免疫沉淀反应,蝰蛇毒及海蛇毒也有免疫沉淀反应,但只有眼镜蛇毒具有抗补体活性。     

Subspecific variations in Agkistrodon contortrix venoms.

1. Commercially available preparations of venoms of three subspecies of copperhead snake (Agkistrodon contortrix) were compared as to toxicity, enzymatic activities, effect on a nerve-muscle preparation and capacity to induce clotting of a fibrinogen solution or plasma. 2. Northern copperhead venom contained apparent neurotoxic activities that were not present in broadbanded copperhead venom and only partially present in southern copperhead venom. 3. Procoagulant activity was demonstrated in whole northern copperhead venom in the absence of exogenous calcium. Procoagulant activity was present in certain isolated fractions of southern and broadbanded copperhead venoms, but was not apparent in the whole venoms. 4. Differences were noted in the levels of enzyme activities and electrophoretic patterns of the three venoms.     

蛇毒的核磁共振氢谱研究

本文对不同产地的蝮蛇毒和眼镜蛇毒、五步蛇毒等十六个冻干样品,进行了核磁共振氢谱测试.列出了具有代表性的的氢谱图。从谱图中可看出:每种种属蛇毒均有其特征的核磁共振氢谱,此法在准分子水平上是鉴定蛇毒的一种有效而可靠的方法.     

毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板聚集功能初探

目的为了探讨血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤病人的血小板功能情况,了解临床中毒发病机理。方法对近年来在本院急诊科确诊的五步蛇(Da.),蝮蛇(Ah.),眼镜蛇(Nn.),眼镜王蛇(Oh.),蝰蛇(Vr.),烙铁头(Tm.)和竹叶青(Ts.)等各种血液毒及混合毒类毒蛇咬伤17例病人25个血样,进行最大血小板聚集率(MAR)的检查和分析研究。结果除了Da未见MAR下降外(仅1例1个样品),其余各蛇种咬伤的样品均有下降。在获得未经治疗(抗蛇毒血清)的15个样品的检查结果中,进行统计分析,Vr、Tm以及Ah的MAR比正常人对照组(51.3±16.0)%明显下降。结论蛇毒中的血小板集聚抑制因子,可引起蛇伤患者体内血小板聚集功能下降,血小板处于无用状态,结果有些蛇伤病人DIC样综合征时出现严重出血而无明显微循环血栓形成致器官受损的临床症状。