里氏木霉306菌株筛选及其产酶特性的研究

里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)306是染色体上整合有组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)cDNA的基因工程菌株。本论文利用筛选平板筛选出产t-PA活力高和产蛋白酶活力高的两种基因工程里氏木霉306菌株,然后对它们发酵过程中的产酶特性进行研究。结果表明:菌株产蛋白酶活力的大小与生物合成t-PA活力大小之间有一定的关系,产蛋白酶活力相对高的菌株产t-PA的活力相对低,而产蛋白酶活力相对低的菌株,产t-PA活力相对就高。     

里氏木霉306产t-PA固态发酵条件的研究

对基因工程菌株里氏木霉(Trichodermareesei)306生物合成组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)的固态发酵培养基成分和发酵条件进行了研究;分析了发酵过程中t-PA的生成、总糖的消耗和菌体生长的规律。在优化的固体发酵条件下,t-PA的最大酶活是924.63IU/g干重培养基,较初始条件下提高了5倍。通过浅盘进行了放大实验,最大酶活为983.64IU/g干重培养基,t-PA合成速率为:13.66IU/g干重培养基.h,较三角瓶固态发酵最高产酶提高了6.38%,产酶速率提高了24.07%。     

利用红色荧光蛋白分析里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的机理

以红色荧光蛋白作为报告蛋白研究了里氏木霉的纤维素酶合成机理。构建了里氏木霉的表达盒,通过该表达盒使红色荧光蛋白的基因整合到里氏木霉的基因组DNA上,并受纤维二糖水解酶基因启动子的调控,得到重组菌株T.reeseiTR2。在不同的条件下培养T.reeseiTR2,红色荧光蛋白的表达情况可以反映在不同条件下里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的情况。在诱导的情况下,红色荧光蛋白随时间变化的情况与培养液中纤维素酶活性的变化相似,培养至36h后可以观察到荧光,并且不断增强,到菌丝自溶时荧光减弱。另一方面,诱导后里氏木霉菌丝的各个部位均可以观察到荧光,而且分布均匀,表明菌丝的各个部位在纤维素酶合成过程中所起的作用相同。在非诱导的情况下,培养时间较长时也可以观察到较弱的荧光,表明在此条件下里氏木霉仍可以合成少量的纤维素酶,这一结果为解释纤维素诱导里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的机理提供了另一个试验依据。     

沉默里氏木霉组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶基因对纤维素酶表达的影响

【背景】里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)是一种比其他真菌小很多的多细胞真核微生物,在工业上受到广泛应用,而里氏木霉QM9414是目前研究最多基因产纤维素酶丰富的突变菌株。【目的】构建里氏木霉中组蛋白赖氨酸甲基化酶(Histone Lysine Methyltransferase)基因hkmt的siRNA沉默载体和过表达载体来降低或者增强hkmt在里氏木霉QM9414中的表达量,以分析其对里氏木霉纤维素代谢的调控作用。【方法】根据里氏木霉hkmt序列设计siRNA沉默片段并用反转录的方法获得过表达hkmt片段。将沉默片段和过表达片段克隆至里氏木霉组成型表达载体中,构建沉默hkmt的载体和过表达hkmt的载体,并将其转化里氏木霉QM9414。通过荧光显微镜观察重组菌的菌丝生长情况,此外对各重组菌进行纤维素酶的滤纸酶活性(Filter Paper Enzyme Activity,FPA)和羧甲基纤维素钠酶活性(Carboxymethyl Cellulose Enzyme Activity,CMCA)的测试;利用荧光定量PCR的方法检测hkmt、纤维素酶基因cbh1、egl1及木聚糖酶激活因子xyr1的表达量变化。【结果】通过使用荧光显微镜观察,发现沉默、过表达hkmt重组菌的菌丝形态均与出发菌株无明显差异。荧光定量PCR测定结果表明,沉默载体和过表达载体可以分别沉默和促进hkmt的表达。沉默hkmt重组菌株中FPA和CMC酶活力相比出发菌平均升高2.5倍。此外,纤维素酶相关基因和激活因子在沉默hkmt重组菌中的表达量均有所增加,但是在过表达hkmt重组菌株中以上相应指标均呈现相反的趋势。【结论】组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶基因表达产物负调控里氏木霉产纤维素酶基因的表达,这为提高里氏木霉产纤维素酶水平提供了参考,并为里氏木霉产纤维素酶的表观遗传调控研究提供了新的证据。     

里氏木霉Set2通过调控转录因子Ypr1的表达进而控制sorbicillinoids的生物合成

【目的】Sorbicillinoids是里氏木霉合成的一类重要的天然活性物质,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化及抗病毒等多种生物活性。本研究主要是为了阐明TrSet2在里氏木霉sorbicillinoids合成调控过程中的生物学功能及其作用机制。【方法】基于生物信息分析技术鉴定里氏木霉TrSet2编码基因。采用基因敲除和过表达手段,分别构建Trset2基因敲除和过表达菌株并评估其sorbicillinoids合成能力。同时在Trset2基因敲除菌株中,过表达转录激活因子Ypr1,明确TrSet2和Ypr1之间的调控关系。【结果】Trset2基因敲除菌株完全丧失了合成sorbicillinoids的能力。相反,过表达Trset2导致sorbicillinoids合成的水平显著增加。进一步研究发现,在Trset2基因敲除菌株中过表达转录激活因子Ypr1逆转了其不能合成sorbicillinoids的表型。【结论】本研究明确了TrSet2在里氏木霉合成sorbicillinoids过程中的正向调控作用,其作用机制是通过控制转录因子Ypr1的表达水平实现的。这为基于调控机理控制里氏木霉发酵过程中sorbic...     

里氏木霉组成型表达siRNA干扰cre1基因对纤维素酶表达的调控作用

使用组成型siRNA干扰载体对里氏木霉碳阻遏抑制因子CRE1进行siRNA干扰以研究其对里氏木霉纤维素酶基因表达的调控作用。根据里氏木霉cre1基因序列设计siRNA干扰片段。利用里氏木霉组成型表达载体将干扰片段分别构建至里氏木霉cre1干扰载体并将其转化里氏木霉QM9414。分别在48和144 h对各转化子进行纤维素酶酶活力测试(CMC酶活力测试和滤纸酶活力测试)及利用qPCR检测相关基因的表达。在诱导144 h时转化子的两种酶活力平均约比出发菌株高出1倍。qPCR检测cre1基因的表达结果表明,转化子的cre1表达量比出发菌株平均降低约50%,而ace1基因表达量变化不大。其他纤维素酶相关基因的表达水平也均高于出发菌株。通过组成型表达siRNA干扰里氏木霉cre1基因可以明显调控纤维素酶基因的表达,为研究纤维素酶的基因表达与调控提供参考。     

固液态发酵中橄榄油对Rhizopus chinensis全细胞脂肪酶的影响

主要对华根霉全细胞脂肪酶固态和液态两种发酵过程进行比较,并着重探讨不同培养方式下橄榄油对其合成活力和水解活力的影响。结果表明：液态培养较有利于菌体生长,对脂肪酶的生产也有一定的促进作用。橄榄油的加入不仅有利于菌体生长、提高脂肪酶水解活力,更可使脂肪酶的合成活力显著增加,液态发酵下的效果更为明显。橄榄油在整个发酵过程中可能既作为碳源又是脂肪酶的诱导物。另外,全细胞脂肪酶的水解活力和合成活力在固液态发酵条件下均存在不对应性,表明华根霉可能产性质不同的脂肪酶同功酶。     

里氏木霉和鸡腿菇利用秸秆共发酵产木质降解酶

为了更好地利用农业废弃物,提高其综合利用率,减少传统化学方法及秸秆焚烧过程造成的环境污染,实验对鸡腿菇、黑曲霉和里氏木霉3株产木质纤维素降解酶系的菌株进行混合平板产酶筛选,结果显示鸡腿菇和里氏木霉平板培养相容性良好,且产酶量高。在相容性实验的基础上,对鸡腿菇和里氏木霉的最优产酶条件进行了研究。在最优条件下:鸡腿菇和里氏木霉接种比例按5:2,接种时间间隔为12h,26oC、150r/min下,发酵3d产漆酶活力达3267.2U/mL,比单独发酵提高106%。     

里氏木霉双基因同步缺失菌株的构建与甘露聚糖酶表达研究

在里氏木霉中建立了一个快速的双基因位点同步同源重组新方法,较好解决了里氏木霉基因逐个敲除周期长等问题。研究以里氏木霉自身甘露聚糖酶基因（man5A）为重组表达的报告基因,通过一步转化,将该基因定点整合入纤维二糖水解酶Ⅰ（cbh1）基因位点,同时缺失主要的两个纤维素酶基因（cbh1、cbh2）,得到重组工程菌Man12。将重组工程菌Man12与出发菌株Tu6Δku70进行摇瓶发酵,结果显示,重组菌株的甘露聚糖酶产量比出发菌株提高10倍,而纤维素酶产量降低了60%,胞外总蛋白分泌水平降低了40%。Real-time PCR检测甘露聚糖酶基因（man5A）的转录水平,发现重组菌株较出发菌株提高了25倍。在里氏木霉中首次报道了通过一步转化实现两个基因同步定点整合的方法,对利用基因工程手段构建高效表达重组蛋白的里氏木霉工程菌株具有一定的指导意义。     

固液态发酵中橄榄油对Rhizopus chinensis全细胞脂肪酶的影响*

主要对华根霉全细胞脂肪酶固态和液态两种发酵过程进行比较,并着重探讨不同培养方式下橄榄油对其合成活力和水解活力的影响。结果表明:液态培养较有利于菌体生长,对脂肪酶的生产也有一定的促进作用。橄榄油的加入不仅有利于菌体生长、提高脂肪酶水解活力,更可使脂肪酶的合成活力显著增加,液态发酵下的效果更为明显。橄榄油在整个发酵过程中可能既作为碳源又是脂肪酶的诱导物。另外,全细胞脂肪酶的水解活力和合成活力在固液态发酵条件下均存在不对应性,表明华根霉可能产性质不同的脂肪酶同功酶。     

Effects of Cultivation Parameters on the Morphology of Rhizopus arrhizus and the Lactic Acid Production in a Bubble Column Reactor

The use of filamentous Rhizopus for lactic acid production is facing a challenge due to its low yield mainly caused by the difficulty to control its morphology in submerged fermentation processes. This study was aimed at investigating the impacts of cultivation parameters on the morphology of Rhizopus arrhizus DAR 36017 and lactic acid production using waste potato starch in a laboratory scale bubble column reactor (BCR). The fungal morphology was significantly influenced by carbon sources, process pH, starch concentrations, sparger designs and aeration rates. The favorable morphology for lactic acid production was a freely dispersed small pellet, which was achieved under operation conditions at pH 5.0–6.0, starch concentrations of 60–120 g/L and aeration rates of 0.2–0.8 vvm using a sintered stainless steel disc sparger. Optimal cultivation conditions at pH 6.0 and an aeration rate of 0.4 vvm resulted in the formation of freely dispersed small pellets and 103.8 g/L lactic acid with a yield of 87 % from 120 g/L liquefied potato starch in 48 h. The overall results in terms of lactic acid yield and productivity are comparable to those reported in previous studies using immobilized Rhizopus cells in batch fermentations.     

Solid-state fermentation for production of griseofulvin on rice bran using Penicillium griseofulvum

Griseofulvin is a secondary metabolite produced from fungal species that have morphology suitable for solid-state fermentation (SSF). Reports on production of griseofulvin by SSF are scarce. The present work investigates SSF for griseofulvin production, optimization of its process parameters vis-à-vis the conventional submerged fermentation and its downstream processing from the same. Rice bran adjusted to an initial moisture content (IMC) of 50% (v/w) inoculated with 1 mL of a suspension of 10(6) spores/mL under agitation at 250 rpm containing the modified Czapek-Dox medium and additional 0.1% choline chloride as a precursor gave a yield of griseofulvin in 9 days that was comparable to submerged fermentation after 28 days. The yield of griseofulvin (microg/g dry biomass) was comparable in SSF and submerged fermentation. The biomass was estimated by estimation of chitin. Discussions on the effect of each parameter in SSF have also been included.     

华根霉液态培养生产脂肪酶不同形态菌体的转录组差异分析

【背景】作为发酵工业中一类重要的生产菌株,丝状真菌目的产物的形成与菌体形态有着紧密的联系。华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)CCTCC M201021是从我国传统酿造浓香型白酒大曲中筛选到的一株丝状真菌,其生成的包括脂肪酶在内的酶蛋白具有较高的工业应用价值。【目的】华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)CCTCC M201021在脂肪酶液态发酵中形成两种不同形态菌体,发酵表现差异明显。本研究考察华根霉不同菌体形态及其细胞代谢在转录组水平的内在差异。【方法】基于RNA-Seq高通量转录组测序,分别对液态培养获得的不同形态华根霉菌体高表达和显著差异表达的转录基因进行功能分析。【结果】两种形态菌体转录组存在明显的差异。利用RPKM值对表达量最高的前20个基因进行分析,聚集态菌体高表达基因主要为不同类别的核糖体蛋白,而分散态菌体中与细胞形态相关的几丁质酶及与信号传导相关的基因也是高表达基因。在两种形态菌体显著差异表达的20个基因中,除了涉及代谢的基因有明显不同外,分散态菌体中也有一些涉及"细胞过程与信号"的基因上调表达显著。两种形态菌体中独有表达基因总体表达量均较低,但聚集态菌体独有表达基因在基因种类和表达量上都要明显高于分散态菌体。同时,转录分析表明,华根霉脂肪酶在聚集菌体中较高的生产水平与脂肪酶基因的高水平转录有关。【结论】菌体形态的差异显著影响了华根霉的转录组,不仅不同形态菌体高表达基因和显著差异表达基因有明显不同,而且功能相同的蛋白在不同菌体形态下也多是由不同基因表达,它们可能承担着不同的作用。总体而言,华根霉聚集态菌体中存在更为复杂的生理过程,而分散菌体中受到信号的传导和调控似乎更多。菌体形态的改变可能是细胞分化的结果,伴随着菌体对细胞微环境改变的一种响应。研究结果为深入了解丝状真菌形态分化的内在机制及其影响提供了一些线索。     

Classification and measurement of fungal pellets by automated image analysis

An automated image analysis method for classifying and measuring pellets of filamentous fungi growing in submerged fermentations has been developed. The method discriminates between pelleted mycelial growth and loose aggregates of dispersed hyphae. Pellets are classified into smooth and hairy types. In both cases, the core of the pellet is identified and its shape and size characterized. For hairy pellets the annular region is also characterized. The method was tested on pellets of Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414 grown in a defined medium in shake flasks. This rapid method makes practical extensive studies on the morphology of pellets in submerged fermentations and the influence of fermentation conditions on that morphology.     

Changes in morphology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizopus chinensis</Emphasis> in submerged fermentation and their effect on production of mycelium-bound lipase

In order to control suitable mycelium morphology to obtain high lipase productivity by Rhizopus chinensis in submerged fermentation, the effects of fungal morphology on the lipase production by this strain both in shake flask and fermentor were investigated. Different inoculum level and shear stress were used to develop distinctive morphologies. Analyses and investigations both on micromorphology and macromorphology were performed. Study of micromorphology reveals that micromorphologies for dispersed mycelia and aggregated mycelia are different in cell shape, biosynthetic activity. Macromorphology and broth rheology study in fermentor indicate that pellet formation results in low broth viscosity. Under this condition, the oil can disperse sufficiently in broth which is very important for lipase production. These results indicate that morphology changes affected the lipase production significantly for R. chinensis and the aggregated mycelia were suggested to achieve high lipase production.     

The influence of culture conditions on mycelial structure and cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30

The morphology of Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30, during submerged cultivations in shake flask, was examined. The influence of the size inoculum and the composition of the fermentation medium on the morphology and cellulase production was studied. Different inoculum sizes were studied but the significative change in fungus morphology was observed for spores concentration between 10(5) and 10(7) spores/ml (i.e. 10(2) and 10(4) spores/ml in pre-culture medium). In the medium without Tween 80, at low inoculum size, the majority of the pellets were large and well individualized, in contrast, at higher inoculation densities small flocs were obtained, with higher production of soluble protein and higher filter paper activity. It was found that the average pellet size seems to be inversely proportional to the inoculum size. Medium composition, namely Tween 80, also influences the morphology of T. reesei Rut C-30 and enzyme production. The presence of Tween 80 in fermentation medium inhibited the pellet formation of this strain.     

Impeller types and feeding modes influence the morphology and protein expression in the submerged culture of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus oryzae</Emphasis>

The influences of impeller types on morphology and protein expression were investigated in a submerged culture ofAspergillus oryzae. The impeller types strongly affected mycelial morphology and protein production in batch and fed-batch fermentations. Cells that were cultured by propeller agitation grew in the form of a pellet, whereas cells that were cultured by turbine agitation grew in a freely dispersed-hyphal manner and in a clumped form. Pellet-grown cells showed high levels of protein production for both the intracellular heterologous protein (β-glucuronidase) and the extracellularly homologous protein (α-amylase). The feeding mode of the carbon source also influenced the morphological distribution and protein expression in fed-batch fermentation ofA. oryzae. Pulsed-feeding mainly showed high protein expression and homogeneous distribution of pellet whereas continuous feeding resulted in less protein expression and heterogeneous distribution with pellet and dispersed-hyphae. The pellet growth with propeller agitation paralleling with the pulsed-feeding of carbon source showed a high level of protein production in the submerged fed-batch fermentation of recombinantA. oryzae.     

Production of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state systems

Production of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger was studied in submerged and solid-state fermentation systems. With pectin as a sole carbon source, pectinesterase and polygalacturonase production were four and six times higher respectively in a solid state system than in a submerged fermentation system and required a shorter time for enzyme production. The addition of glucose increased pectinesterase and polygalacturonase production in the solid state system but in submerged fermentation the production was markedly inhibited. A comparison of enzyme productivities showed that those determined for pectinesterase and polygalacturonase with pectin as a carbon source were three and five times higher by using the solid state rather than the submerged fermentation system. The productivities of the two enzymes were affected by glucose in both fermentation systems. The membranes of cells from the solid state fermentation showed increased levels of C18:1, C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids. Differences in the regulation of enzyme synthesis by Aspergillus niger depended on the fermentation system, favoring the solid state over the submerged fermentation for pectinase production. Received 12 May 1997/ Accepted in revised form 19 September 1997