红色荧光蛋白在丝状真菌里氏木霉中的表达

目的:建立红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉中的表达方法,为深入研究里氏木霉中纤维素酶的合成机理打下基础。方法:采用PCR方法分离了里氏木霉纤维二糖水解酶Ⅰ(CBHⅠ)的启动子(Pcbh1)和终止序列(Tcbh1),将这两个片段与红色荧光蛋白(DsRed)的基因连接,得到Pcbh1-DsRed-Tcbh1表达盒。用此表达盒和质粒pAN7-1对里氏木霉QM9414的原生质体进行共转化,并用含100μg/ml潮霉素B的选择性平板进行筛选。结果:经筛选得到20个抗性转化子,在乳糖的诱导下有5个转化子可以表达红色荧光蛋白。对插入片段进行了扩增和序列测定,结果表明DsRed通过同源重组整合到了转化子的基因组DNA上,并处于cbh1启动子的下游。结论:通过cbh1启动子可以实现红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉细胞内的稳定表达。     

红色荧光蛋白在丝状真菌里氏木梅中的表达

目的：建立红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉中的表达方法,为深入研究里氏木霉中纤维素酶的合成机理打下基础。方法：采用PCR方法分离了里氏木霉纤维二糖水解酶Ⅰ（CBHI）的启动子（Pcbh1）和终止序列（Tcbh1）,将这两个片段与红色荧光蛋白（DsRed）的基因连接,得到Pcbh1-DsRed-Tcbh1表达盒。用此表达盒和质粒pAN7—1对里氏木霉QM9414的原生质体进行共转化,并用含100μg/ml潮霉素B的选择性平板进行筛选。结果：经筛选得到20个抗性转化子,在乳糖的诱导下有5个转化子可以表达红色荧光蛋白。对插入片段进行了扩增和序列测定,结果表明DsRed通过同源重组整合到了转化子的基因组DNA上,并处于cbh1启动子的下游。结论：通过cbh1启动子可以实现红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉细胞内的稳定表达。     

里氏木霉中纤维素酶的合成诱导及调控*

随着绿色化学的兴起,天然纤维素原料转化和利用的研究受到了高度重视和广泛应用。利用纤维素酶降解纤维素为燃料乙醇、生物柴油的生产铺设了道路。但纤维素酶的生产成本较高,限制了纤维素酶产业化应用。里氏木霉生产的纤维素酶组分丰富,是纤维素酶高产菌株,深入研究里氏木霉的纤维素酶诱导及表达调控机制,有助于提高其纤维素酶产率。近年来人们对里氏木霉的纤维素酶诱导过程和调控机制有了一定研究进展,综述了里氏木霉纤维素酶诱导和基因表达调控,首先介绍了纤维素、纤维二糖、槐糖、乳糖等几种诱导物及诱导物的转运蛋白,进一步综述了几种转录因子的调控作用,同时介绍了染色体调控、信号通路和光条件对纤维素酶诱导的影响。最后展望了未来里氏木霉纤维素酶诱导表达的研究方向,包括探明诱导物的本质及其具体过程、揭示转录因子之间的联系及转录调控网络、寻找信号转导关键功能蛋白及研究环境因素对纤维素酶的诱导作用等。     

沉默里氏木霉组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶基因对纤维素酶表达的影响

【背景】里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)是一种比其他真菌小很多的多细胞真核微生物,在工业上受到广泛应用,而里氏木霉QM9414是目前研究最多基因产纤维素酶丰富的突变菌株。【目的】构建里氏木霉中组蛋白赖氨酸甲基化酶(Histone Lysine Methyltransferase)基因hkmt的siRNA沉默载体和过表达载体来降低或者增强hkmt在里氏木霉QM9414中的表达量,以分析其对里氏木霉纤维素代谢的调控作用。【方法】根据里氏木霉hkmt序列设计siRNA沉默片段并用反转录的方法获得过表达hkmt片段。将沉默片段和过表达片段克隆至里氏木霉组成型表达载体中,构建沉默hkmt的载体和过表达hkmt的载体,并将其转化里氏木霉QM9414。通过荧光显微镜观察重组菌的菌丝生长情况,此外对各重组菌进行纤维素酶的滤纸酶活性(Filter Paper Enzyme Activity,FPA)和羧甲基纤维素钠酶活性(Carboxymethyl Cellulose Enzyme Activity,CMCA)的测试;利用荧光定量PCR的方法检测hkmt、纤维素酶基因cbh1、egl1及木聚糖酶激活因子xyr1的表达量变化。【结果】通过使用荧光显微镜观察,发现沉默、过表达hkmt重组菌的菌丝形态均与出发菌株无明显差异。荧光定量PCR测定结果表明,沉默载体和过表达载体可以分别沉默和促进hkmt的表达。沉默hkmt重组菌株中FPA和CMC酶活力相比出发菌平均升高2.5倍。此外,纤维素酶相关基因和激活因子在沉默hkmt重组菌中的表达量均有所增加,但是在过表达hkmt重组菌株中以上相应指标均呈现相反的趋势。【结论】组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶基因表达产物负调控里氏木霉产纤维素酶基因的表达,这为提高里氏木霉产纤维素酶水平提供了参考,并为里氏木霉产纤维素酶的表观遗传调控研究提供了新的证据。     

里氏木霉GH61家族糖苷酶的高效表达及酶学特性研究

【目的】GH61家族糖苷水解酶具有葡聚糖氧化酶活性,通过对葡聚糖链的随机氧化而破坏木质纤维素的结晶结构,从而使木质纤维素容易被纤维素酶降解。重组表达、纯化获得里氏木霉的GH61家族糖苷水解酶(TrGH61,原名为EGⅣ),并研究其在纤维素酶水解木质纤维素中的作用。【方法】通过Overlap PCR将里氏木霉丙酮酸脱羧酶的启动子、纤维二糖水解酶cbh1的信号肽、EGⅣ基因和PDC终止子依次连接构建了里氏木霉的表达盒,通过该表达盒使TrGH61蛋白基因整合到里氏木霉的基因组DNA上进行同源表达。研究表达产物TrGH61的水解活性、与纤维素酶水解协同效应,以及TrGH61作为金属氧化酶的特性研究。【结果】在PDC启动子的作用下,TrGH61得到高效表达,摇瓶培养的表达量达到2.33 g/L。TrGH61有微弱的内切葡萄糖苷酶活性,比活力为0.02 IU/mg,但能显著提高纤维素酶水解稻草粉的活性,协同度最高可达1.998。低浓度的金属离子Cu2+、Co2+和还原性电子供体还原型谷胱甘肽、L-抗坏血酸、焦性没食子酸均能显著促进其水解效应。TrGH61能够降低稻草粉纤维素聚合度和结晶度。【结论】通过PDC启动子可以实现TrGH61蛋白高效组成型表达,TrGH61作为纤维素酶活性促进因子,通过破坏纤维素结晶结构作用机制协同增强纤维素酶水解木质纤维素。     

里氏木霉产纤维素酶研究进展

木质纤维素类生物质被认为是重要且可持续的可再生能源,其主要组成部分是纤维素。纤维素酶是一种能将纤维素分解为葡萄糖的复合酶,能有效地降解木质纤维素生物质。真菌、细菌、放线菌、酵母等多种微生物均可以产生纤维素酶,其中里氏木霉具有完整的纤维素酶系结构,常作为生物技术领域中一个重要菌株,广泛应用于纤维素酶的商业生产。介绍了纤维素酶的作用机理,综述了里氏木霉产纤维素酶的发展现状和研究进展,讨论了生产工艺(如培养条件及产酶诱导物等)对纤维素酶生产的影响,阐述了通过化学诱变及基因改造构建高产纤维素酶的里氏木霉的研究进展以及纤维素酶生产的主要瓶颈,以提供更经济的生产方案,将纤维素酶广泛应用于工业生产。     

里氏木霉磷酸化蛋白质组的非标记定量分析

目的:利用液相色谱串联质谱和非标定量技术,研究里氏木霉中磷酸化蛋白在不同培养条件下的表达差异,以期获得与纤维素酶表达调控相关的磷酸化蛋白。方法:分别在阻遏条件、诱导条件和中性条件下培养里氏木霉,提取胞内总蛋白,进行酶切和非标记定量分析。结果:对比诱导条件与阻遏条件、诱导条件与中性条件、阻遏条件与中性条件下培养的里氏木霉的胞内蛋白表达量差异,分别发现差异蛋白90、61和90个。根据其功能,可将这些差异蛋白归为四类,即锌指蛋白、ATP结合蛋白、具有N-乙酰化转移酶活性的蛋白以及具有氧化还原酶活性的蛋白。它们主要参与糖酵解、蛋白质合成、DNA修复以及转录调节过程。结论:发现的这些差异蛋白为研究调控纤维素酶的表达调控提供了新的线索。     

里氏木霉绿色荧光蛋白表达载体的构建及功能鉴定

为了后续研究里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)纤维素酶基因的表达与调控,利用overlap PCR及分子克隆技术构建了含有Col E1原核复制起始位点、氨苄青霉素抗性、里氏木霉的丙酮酸脱羧酶启动子、丙酮酸脱羧酶终止子、潮霉素B抗性的筛选标记并能表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白(Zs Green)的表达载体p LXT-Zs Green。将该载体转化里氏木霉QM9414原生质细胞,使用潮霉素B筛选平板得到阳性转化子,随后使用荧光显微镜在488 nm激发光下观察菌丝,并随机挑取4个转化菌株进行Western-blot验证。结果显示,里氏木霉菌丝体可发出明亮的绿色荧光,而且Western-blot验证了该载体能够在里氏木霉中有效地表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白。上述研究表明,载体p LXT-Zs Green在里氏木霉中能够稳定高效地表达外源基因,为研究里氏木霉的基因表达调控奠定了实验基础。     

里氏木霉VPS13基因缺失对菌丝分支、生孢和纤维素酶产量的影响

【目的】丝状真菌里氏木霉是纤维素酶生产的主要工业真菌。纤维素酶分泌过程中的蛋白运输途径是控制大量纤维素酶成功输出的重要环节,因此,研究蛋白分泌途径的特定靶标基因功能将有助于鉴定纤维素酶运输分泌过程的关键调控因子。本研究借助基因敲除方法将里氏木霉液泡蛋白分选相关基因VPS13缺失,分析了该基因缺失对菌株生长、生孢尤其是纤维素酶分泌的影响。【方法】利用Double-joint PCR技术和同源重组策略构建里氏木霉VPS13基因缺失突变株,通过菌丝培养、显微观察、生孢检测、蛋白与酶活测定,系统比较VPS13基因敲除前后菌株的生长特征、菌丝形态、孢子形成、蛋白分泌以及纤维素酶活等。【结果】成功获得两株VPS13基因缺失株。与出发菌株相比,该基因突变后菌丝蔓延速率明显减慢,但菌体生物量在对数生长期后显著增多。通过显微观察,发现该基因缺失株菌丝更加密集,分支明显增多。此外,该基因缺失也导致菌株生孢延迟。纤维素底物平板分析发现VPS13基因缺失株菌落周围透明圈更加清晰,且透明圈圈径比是出发菌株的4倍,说明降解纤维素的能力有明显提高。进一步的液体发酵实验结果显示,该基因缺失导致蛋白产量及纤维素酶活力分别提高16.4%和21.9%。【结论】里氏木霉VPS13基因在菌丝生长、生孢、蛋白分泌等不同生物学过程中具有功能多样性,且该基因在菌种改良上可以作为提高纤维素酶产量的重要靶点。     

高效低成本纤维素酶诱导物的制备、筛选及应用

本研究利用玉米芯、甘蔗渣、脱木素木糖渣及粗纤维诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,对4种材料进行成份测定,然后以逐步添加的方式与微晶纤维素混合诱导里氏木霉产纤维素酶,和使用微晶纤维素诱导产酶对比,玉米芯含有的纤维素代替总纤维素的50%时,酶活力降低2个单位,蛋白减少0.8 g左右,其酶水解能力降低0.4%,对其产纤维素酶的水解能力没产生不利影响。甘蔗渣纤维素替代量可以达到30%,酶活力有1个单位的降低,蛋白分泌降低0.5 g左右,酶的水解能力提高7%左右。脱木素木糖渣纤维素替代量也可达到50%,酶活力和蛋白降低分别达到0.5个单位和0.2 g左右,酶水解能力降低了4.45%。粗纤维的利用可以达到100%替代,对里氏木霉产酶的酶活力影响有0.3个单位之差,水解能力降低1.625%。这说明这几种物质可以部分替代或者完全替代微晶纤维素,诱导里氏木霉发酵产纤维素酶,特别是由玉米芯和甘蔗渣制备的脱木素木糖渣和粗纤维有着较高的应用前景。该研究对降低纤维素酶的生产成本及其工业化应用具有重要意义。     

Dual labeling of Pseudomonas putida with fluorescent proteins for in situ monitoring of conjugal transfer of the TOL plasmid

We describe here a dual-labeling technique involving the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the red fluorescent protein (DsRed) for in situ monitoring of horizontal gene transfer via conjugation. A GFPmut3b-tagged derivative of narrow-host-range TOL plasmid (pWWO) was delivered to Pseudomonas putida KT2442, which was chromosomally labeled with dsRed by transposon insertion via biparental mating. Green and red fluorescent proteins were coexpressed in donor P. putida cells. Cells expressing both fluorescent proteins were smaller in size than cells expressing GFP alone. Donors and transconjugants in mixed culture or sludge samples were discriminated on the basis of their fluorescence by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Conjugal plasmid transfer frequencies on agar surfaces and in sludge microcosms were determined microscopically without cultivation. This method worked well for in situ monitoring of horizontal gene transfer in addition to tracking the fate of microorganisms released into complex environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that discusses the coexpression of GFP and DsRed for conjugal gene transfer studies.     

Genetically encoded FRET-pair on the basis of terbium-binding peptide and red fluorescent protein

The genetically encoded FRET-pair was developed on the basis of terbium-binding peptide and red fluorescent protein DsRed2. To study fluorescence resonance energy transfer within the FRET-pair, the engineered construction was obtained, where sequences of terbium-binding peptide and red fluorescent protein DsRed2 were fused in single reading frame. The expression of this construction in strain E. coli BL21(DE3) was studied and conditions of synthesis, isolation, and purification of recombinant protein were optimized. The hydrodynamic radius of hybrid protein was determined by the method of dynamic diffusion. Energy transfer between sensitized terbium and red fluorescent protein was confirmed by the methods of fluorescence spectroscopy. The obtained FRET-pair may be used both for studies in vitro and as reporters in living cells.     

Dual Labeling of Pseudomonas putida with Fluorescent Proteins for In Situ Monitoring of Conjugal Transfer of the TOL Plasmid

We describe here a dual-labeling technique involving the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the red fluorescent protein (DsRed) for in situ monitoring of horizontal gene transfer via conjugation. A GFPmut3b-tagged derivative of narrow-host-range TOL plasmid (pWWO) was delivered to Pseudomonas putida KT2442, which was chromosomally labeled with dsRed by transposon insertion via biparental mating. Green and red fluorescent proteins were coexpressed in donor P. putida cells. Cells expressing both fluorescent proteins were smaller in size than cells expressing GFP alone. Donors and transconjugants in mixed culture or sludge samples were discriminated on the basis of their fluorescence by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Conjugal plasmid transfer frequencies on agar surfaces and in sludge microcosms were determined microscopically without cultivation. This method worked well for in situ monitoring of horizontal gene transfer in addition to tracking the fate of microorganisms released into complex environments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that discusses the coexpression of GFP and DsRed for conjugal gene transfer studies.     

黄瓜膨胀素的重组表达及活性分析

目的:提高纤维素的酶水解效率和开发高效的纤维素酶水解过程。方法:采用RT-PCR方法从黄瓜胚轴细胞中分离了膨胀素S1的cDNA,并使之与毕赤酵母表达质粒pPICZ(A连接,形成重组质粒pPICZ(A-exs1。通过电转化方法,用质粒pPICZ(A-exs1转化巴氏毕赤酵母GS115,得到重组菌株P.pastoris-exs1。在该重组菌株中,膨胀素的基因通过同源重组整合在毕赤酵母的染色体上,并处于毕赤酵母甲醇氧化酶启动子的下游。重组菌株P.pastoris-exs1在甲醇诱导下可合成并分泌膨胀素。结果:培养上清液没有纤维素酶活性,但具有破坏滤纸纤维素结晶结构的能力。培养上清液与里氏木霉纤维素酶等量混合后,可使纤维素酶的滤纸酶活力提高50%。结论:采用巴氏毕赤酵母GS115重组成功表达了黄瓜膨胀素,其表达产物可以促进纤维素酶对滤纸的水解。     

Three-dimensional image analysis of plugging at the septal pore by Woronin body during hypotonic shock inducing hyphal tip bursting in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae

We observed that the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, grown on agar media burst out cytoplasmic constituents from the hyphal tip soon after flooding with water. Woronin body is a specialized organelle known to plug the septal pore adjacent to the lysed compartment to prevent extensive loss of cytoplasm. A. oryzae Aohex1 gene homologous to Neurospora crassa HEX1 gene encoding a major protein in Woronin body was expressed as a fusion with DsRed2, resulting in visualization of Woronin body. Confocal microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction of images visualized the septal pore as a dark region surrounded by green fluorescence of EGFP-fused secretory protein, RNase T1, on the septum. Dual fluorescent labeling revealed the plugging of the septal pores adjacent to the lysed apical compartments by Woronin bodies during hypotonic shock. Disruption of Aohex1 gene caused disappearance of Woronin bodies and the defect to prevent extensive loss of cytoplasm during hypotonic shock.     

A red fluorescent protein, DsRed2, as a visual reporter for transient expression and stable transformation in soybean

Fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria are often used as markers for transient expression and stable transformation in plants, given that their detection does not require a substrate and they can be monitored in a nondestructive manner. We have now evaluated the red fluorescent protein DsRed2 (a mutant form of DsRed from Discosoma sp.) for its suitability as a visual marker in combination with antibiotic selection for genetic transformation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Transient and stable expression of DsRed2 in somatic embryos was readily detected by fluorescence microscopy, allowing easy confirmation of gene introduction. We obtained several fertile transgenic lines, including homozygous lines, that grew and produced seeds in an apparently normal manner. The red fluorescence of DsRed2 was detected by fluorescence microscopy without background fluorescence in both leaves and seeds of the transgenic plants. Furthermore, in contrast to seeds expressing GFP, those expressing DsRed2 were readily identifiable even under white light by the color conferred by the transgene product. The protein composition of seeds was not affected by the introduction of DsRed2, with the exception of the accumulation of DsRed2 itself, which was detectable as an additional band on electrophoresis. These results indicate that DsRed2 is a suitable reporter (even more suitable than GFP) for genetic transformation of soybean.     

Characterization of hepatic sexual dimorphism in Alb-DsRed2 transgenic rats

We previously created the Alb-DsRed2 transgenic (Tg) rat that specifically expresses the red fluorescent protein, DsRed2, in the liver. Herein, we demonstrate that the DsRed2 expression is sexually dimorphic and exhibits a male-specific pattern. The profiling of sexual dimorphism in DsRed2 expression during pre-pubertal development was investigated using an in vivo fluorescent imaging analysis. The DsRed2 expression decreased gradually in both sexes until 28 days after birth. While DsRed2 expression was not persistent in the female liver, the male hepatic expression increased again at 35 days. Sexual dimorphic DsRed2 expression did not change in gonadectomized male and female Tg-rats. However, female hepatic DsRed2 was induced 72 h after the hypophysectomy. Hepatocytes isolated from the female Tg-rats also revealed DsRed2 induction by 96 h in culture. These results suggest that the pituitary hormone suppresses the female hepatic DsRed2 expression causing the sexual dimorphism of DsRed2 expression.