温度、投饵频次对白色霞水母无性繁殖与螅状体生长的影响

白色霞水母是我国近海主要大型灾害水母种类之一,其暴发性增殖严重破坏了海洋生态系统平衡.在室内控制条件下,研究了温度(7.5、11、14.5、18、21.5和25℃)和投饵频次(1次/2d、1次/8d和1次/16d)对白色霞水母无性繁殖与螅状体生长的影响.结果显示,白色霞水母足囊繁殖的适宜温度为18-25℃,足囊繁殖随温度和投饵频次的增加而增加.温度对白色霞水母横裂率和横裂次数的影响显著,温度越高,白色霞水母发生横裂生殖的时间越早,横裂生殖速度越快,重复横裂次数越多,释放的碟状体数量也越多.横裂率和横裂次数随投饵频次的增加而递增.白色霞水母螅状体在7.5-25℃范围的成活率均为100％,其生长速度随温度和投饵频次的增加而增加.温度和投饵频次对白色霞水母螅状体足囊繁殖、横裂率和螅状体生长具有明显的交互效应.螅状体的横裂次数和初生碟状幼体伞径随螅状体柄径增大而递增,呈线性相关.研究表明,温度、投饵频次即营养条件显著影响着白色霞水母的种群数量,说明海水水温上升、富营养化或渔业资源锐减导致的浮游动物量增加均可能诱发白色霞水母暴发性增殖.结论为进一步探索大型水母暴发的生态环境机理提供重要科学依据.     

盐度对不同温度下海月水母螅状体存活和无性繁殖的影响

海月水母是全球近岸海域的主要致灾水母种类之一,其螅状体的繁殖情况与种群数量是影响水母暴发的重要因素.采用实验生态学的方法分别研究了高温(21 ℃)和低温(12 ℃)条件下,不同盐度梯度对螅状体存活与无性繁殖的影响.结果表明: 高温条件下,盐度15～40时螅状体存活率均大于90%,适合出芽生殖盐度范围为20～32,其中28为最适盐度;在低盐(≤15)或高盐(≥36)环境下,螅状体会进行足囊生殖以度过不良环境条件. 低温条件下,20～40盐度组螅状体存活率均大于90%,20～32盐度组适于螅状体出芽生殖,其中28盐度组出芽生殖效率最高;20～40盐度适于横裂生殖,其中28～32盐度组最利于螅状体横裂生殖. 说明海月水母螅状体有较强的盐度耐受性,一定范围内盐度对螅状体无性生殖影响不显著.     

大型水母幼体生长的影响因子研究进展

21世纪以来,中国东、黄海,韩国西海岸以及日本海连年发生大型水母暴发现象,对海洋渔业的生产活动以及海洋生态系统带来巨大的影响。水母暴发形成机制非常复杂,解释其发生机理并有效预报是目前急待解决的问题。大型水母的生活史中有明显的世代交替现象,受精卵,浮浪幼虫,螅状体,足囊,横裂体到碟状体的幼体发育阶段属无性世代,幼蜇发育到成蜇阶段属有性世代。在早期生活史中,螅状体的足囊繁殖与横裂生殖是大型水母无性繁殖的重要方式,对其成体的数量形成至关重要。综述了国内外有关温度、盐度、光以及营养条件对大型水母早期发育阶段的影响研究进展,研究表明温度是影响螅状体发育以及足囊繁殖和横裂生殖的最主要的环境因子;盐度、光和营养条件在适温范围内,均对螅状体和横裂生殖有一定的影响,其上下限随水母种类和发育阶段有所变化。展望了大型水母早期幼体研究的发展趋势,如环境因子对不同种类的大型水母幼体生长机理的影响、多个环境因子对幼体的综合作用、动态的环境因子与大型水母幼体之间的关系等。     

环境因子对海月水母生长发育影响的研究进展

海月水母是一种广泛分布的世界性近岸种,也是我国近海海域大型水母优势种之一.近年来海月水母在世界各地频繁暴发,对海洋生态系统和沿岸经济、社会发展带来了很大危害.海月水母有复杂的生活史(营附着生活的螅状体世代和营浮游生活的水母体世代)和多种无性生殖(出芽生殖、横裂生殖、足囊生殖等)及有性生殖方式.环境因子影响海月水母生活史的各个阶段,如浮浪幼虫阶段、螅状体阶段、碟状体阶段等.这些生长阶段尤其是早期生长阶段的状态(如附着、分布、扩散等)会进一步影响海月水母的种群动态.本文以海月水母生活史为主线,系统总结分析了国内外关于环境因子对其生活史各阶段的影响,提出了一些值得进一步深入研究的问题,以期为我国近海海域水母暴发关键因子的研究提供借鉴.     

环境因子对海月水母螅状体存活与繁殖的影响

以我国黄渤海主要致灾大型水母海月水母的螅状体为实验材料,采用实验生态学方法研究了温度、盐度、光照强度、饵料量对其存活与繁殖的影响。结果表明,在0—25℃范围内,螅状体40 d的成活率均为100%,螅状体相对繁殖速度随温度的升高而增加;盐度在15—40范围内,螅状体40 d的成活率均为100%,盐度22.5组的螅状体相对繁殖速度最高,但盐度对螅状体种群数量影响不显著;螅状体相对繁殖速度随光照强度的增加而下降,黑暗条件有利于海月水母螅状体个体数量增加;螅状体相对繁殖速度随饵料量的增加而增加。研究结果说明海月水母螅状体对环境具有较强的适应性,水温升高、饵料量增加可导致海月水母螅状体种群数量快速增加。     

温度对海月水母螅状体生长及繁殖的影响

采用了实验生态学方法,研究温度对海月水母螅状体生长及繁殖的影响。实验设6个温度梯度(12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27℃),共持续56d。测定了螅状体的柄径生长,繁殖数量;观察了螅状体的无性繁殖方式;分析了温度影响下的螅状体的能量分配及繁殖策略。结果表明,温度显著影响螅状体的生长及繁殖,在较高温度组,匍匐茎生殖是螅状体无性繁殖的主要方式,随着温度降低,出芽生殖比例增加。较高温度组螅状体繁殖速率较快,新生螅状体个体较小,分布较分散;而较低温度组,新生螅状体个体较大,数量较少,均较紧密的分布在亲代螅状体周围。在培养56d的周期内,除27℃处理组外,其他各处理组螅状体柄径均有所增加,但其增加的速率随着温度的升高而降低。而27℃处理组,螅状体整体状态不好,基本不摄食,培养35d时全部死亡。综上,较低温度条件下,螅状体倾向于选择增加自身个体大小以应对不良环境,而当环境条件适宜时,螅状体倾向于选择通过无性繁殖产生更多子代的方式以扩大种群数量。温度显著影响螅状体的繁殖策略,进而显著影响螅状体的种群数量。     

秋季降温期水温和饵料量对沙蜇无性繁殖的影响

20世纪末以来,沙蜇在东亚水域频繁暴发,不仅影响正常的渔业生产活动,也给海洋生态系统健康带来极大危害。在室内模拟秋季降温条件,研究了不同水温（4种降温条件）与饵料量（0.42、1.25、和4.2 μg C螅状体^-1d^-1）对沙蜇螅状体足囊繁殖与横裂生殖的影响。结果显示：1）秋季降温速度快慢导致的积温差异对沙蜇螅状体生成足囊数有显著影响（P < 0.001）,积温越大,螅状体生成的足囊数量越多,发现两者具有较好的线性关系（y=142.59x+208.39;R²=0.967）,低积温条件下的足囊萌发也较少;2）饵料量对螅状体无性繁殖的影响是有一定阈值范围的,在一定饵料量范围内,螅状体生成的足囊数量随饵料量的增加而增加,而超过一定阈值范围,过剩的饵料影响水质对沙蜇螅状体反而产生负面影响。3）秋季新繁育出来的当龄沙蜇螅状体可在越冬前发生横裂生殖,但横裂生殖的螅状体比例和放碟数量均较少。试验结果说明,全球变化背景下,积温升高、饵料量小幅增加均可能导致沙蜇秋季有性繁殖的当龄螅状体在越冬前生成更多的足囊,促进诱发翌年水母暴发。     

温度、盐度对海月水母碟状体生长及存活的影响

海月水母为我国近海主要大型灾害水母种类之一,当自然环境适宜其生长与繁殖时,易出现暴发性的增殖现象,严重破坏了我国近岸海洋生态系统的稳点与平衡。采用实验生态学方法,研究了温度(2.5、5、7.5、10、15、20、25、27.5、30℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35、40)对海月水母碟状体存活与生长的影响,实验共进行30d。结果显示,在实验设置的温盐范围内,温度、盐度均显著影响碟状体的存活与生长。在盐度15-35条件下,海月水母碟状体可以在温度2.5-25℃存活,在15-25℃范围内可正常生长;在温度20-25℃和盐度20-30条件下适宜海月水母碟状体生长,其中温度20℃和盐度25条件下海月水母碟状体特定生长率达到最大。与盐度相比,温度对碟状体的影响较大,在盐度15-35条件下,随着温度的升高,碟状体的伞径逐渐增大,其碟状体形态向水母体形态的转变速度加快。在达到临界点25℃时,若继续升高温度,碟状体的生存率与生长率显著下降。温度与盐度对海月水母碟状体的生存与生长具有明显的交互效应,碟状体在实验过程中表现出在较低温度条件下提高了对较高盐度的适应性。研究表明,温度、盐度的变化显著影响碟状体的生长与存活,直接导致碟状体种群数量变动,进而影响成熟水母体种群数量。结论为进一步探索大型水母暴发的生态环境机理提供重要科学依据。     

温度对海蜇横裂生殖的影响

横裂生殖(strobilafion)是大多数钵水母(Scyphomedusac)特有的一种无性繁殖方式,指螅状幼体经分节(segmentation)和变态(metamorphosis)两个紧密联系的发育阶段产生碟状幼体的全过程(Spangenberg,1965)。海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta Kishinouye)生活史多次变态过程中,横裂生殖是一个重要环节(丁耕芜、陈介康,1981);就经济意义而言,人类食用的是海蜇水母型成体,只有通过横裂生殖才能产生实质为幼水母的碟状幼体。因此,阐明海蜇横裂生殖的诱导和抑制条件,无论对发育生物学研究,或以人工手段培育出大量海蜇幼水母用于水产增殖实践都具有重要意义。     

巴布亚硝水母无性生殖过程及形态变化北大核心CSCD

以巴布亚硝水母(Mastigias papua)为研究对象,观察了水螅体无性生殖产生类浮浪幼虫胞芽、类浮浪幼虫胞芽变态发育为水螅体、水螅体横裂产生碟状体以及碟状体发育为水母体的过程和形态变化。25℃时类浮浪幼虫胞芽经过93 h后变态发育为水螅体。换用带有虫黄藻的天然海水并将培养温度从25℃升至27℃后,水螅体开始横裂,萼部触手环下方产生缢痕。水螅体横裂开始47 h后,缢痕更加明显,其上方部分发育为碟状幼体,后期碟状体搏动越来越频繁,最后释放。释放后的碟状体在实验室培养条件下21 d后可发育为水母幼体。巴布亚硝水母虽然只有产生类浮浪幼虫胞芽一种无性生殖方式,但繁殖速度较快,27℃时1个水螅体平均1 d可产生1.7个类浮浪幼虫胞芽,类浮浪幼虫胞芽可在3或4 d的短时间内附着变态。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.