酵母基因中断技术

酵母基因中断技术是研究酵母基因功能的重要手段,自80年代初诞生以来经历了不断的改进和发展.PCR介导的酵母基因中断技术,大大简化了操作,实现了酵母基因的精确缺失;酵母基因的多重中断技术,可在酵母内实现多个基因的中断;可进行大规模基因中断和功能分析的酵母基因中断技术,适应了在酵母全基因组测序完成的情况下进行功能基因组学研究的要求.酵母基因中断技术对人类基因功能研究也有很大启示作用.     

酵母基因中断技术

酵母基因中断技术是研究酵母基因功能的重要手段，自80年代初诞生以来经历了不断的改进和发展.PCR介导的酵母基因中断技术，大大简化了操作，实现了酵母基因的精确缺失；酵母基因的多重中断技术，可在酵母内实现多个基因的中断；可进行大规模基因中断和功能分析的酵母基因中断技术，适应了在酵母全基因组测序完成的情况下进行功能基因组学研究的要求.酵母基因中断技术对人类基因功能研究也有很大启示作用.     

基因敲除技术研究进展

基因中断技术是研究基因功能和实现基因的精确缺失重要手段.原核中断系统最近发展较快的是利用λ噬菌体的Red系统在细茵中进行的基因敲除技术,但多在大肠杆菌中进行;真核中断系统属PCK介导的酵母基因中断技术和RNAi干涉技术发展最快.这几种中断技术都大大简化了实验操作,缩短了实验时间,在研究生物基因组中未知基因及蛋白质的功能等领域具有诱人的应用前景.     

红冬孢酵母分子遗传操作技术研究进展

红冬孢酵母(Rhodosporidium)是一种天然的微生物油脂和β-类胡萝卜素高产菌,有望被开发为工业平台菌株。近年来,基因组测序完成和各种组学研究的开展,为红冬孢酵母分子遗传操作技术开发奠定了基础。基因元件(如启动子、终止子、报告基因和筛选标记等)的挖掘和引入,基因转化方法开发以及基因操纵技术(如基因失活和过表达)等的完善,加速了红冬孢酵母的代谢工程研究进程。本文中,笔者总结了红冬孢酵母在分子遗传操作技术方面的研究进展,力图勾勒出红冬孢酵母的分子遗传操作技术研究的概貌,为后续研究提供借鉴。     

毕赤酵母基因编辑技术研究进展

巴斯德毕赤酵母是一种重要的蛋白表达系统,基因编辑技术作为代谢工程的基本工具,对于毕赤酵母的代谢改造十分重要。近十年基因编辑技术发展迅速,除传统的同源重组和Cre/loxP重组外,相继出现了许多新的基因编辑技术,例如ZFN、TALEN和CRISPR/Cas9等,这些技术的出现使基因编辑更加简便高效。本文对毕赤酵母中传统和新型基因编辑技术的原理应用和研究进展进行了简要综述,并结合相关领域的发展对毕赤酵母基因编辑技术的发展进行了展望。     

利用酵母人工染色体(YAC)减数分裂同源重组构建人免疫球蛋白κ链基因组大片段

具有同源重叠区的酵母人工染色体(YAC)可以利用酵母细胞减数分裂进行同源重组,从而构建更大的人工染色体基因组,这对生命科学基础研究和生物技术应用研究有着非常重要的意义。本实验以两个含人免疫球蛋白κ链基因簇片段的YAC克隆为材料,通过酵母改型、异型接合、二倍体发孢、单孢子筛选和分子生物学鉴定等技术和方法,利用酵母菌减数分裂同源重组机制,构建了一条包含人的免疫球蛋白κ轻链32个Vκ基因、5个Jκ基因、Cκ基因、Eκ基因和κde基因的YAC重组体,长度约400kb。同时,本实验利用溶壁酶消化法获取单孢子重组体,代替了传统的显微分孢操作。使得利用酵母人工染色体减数分裂同源重组的技术更加简便可行。     

利用酵母人工染色体（YAC）减数分裂同源重组构建人免疫球蛋白κ链基因组大片段

具有同源重叠区的酵母人工染色体(YAC)可以利用酵母细胞减数分裂进行同源重组,从而构建更大的人工染色体基因组,这对生命科学基础研究和生物技术应用研究有着非常重要的意义。本实验以两个含人免疫球蛋白κ链基因簇片段的YAC克隆为材料,通过酵母改型、异型接合、二倍体发孢、单孢子筛选和分子生物学鉴定等技术和方法,利用酵母菌减数分裂同源重组机制,构建了一条包含人的免疫球蛋白κ轻链32个Vκ基因、5个Jκ基因、Cκ基因、Eκ基因和κde基因的YAC重组体,长度约400kb。同时,本实验利用溶壁酶消化法获取单孢子重组体,代替了传统的显微分孢操作。使得利用酵母人工染色体减数分裂同源重组的技术更加简便可行。     

产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)基因工程研究进展

产朊假丝酵母是生物安全(Generally Recognized as Safe,GRAS)的微生物,也是一种重要的工业微生物。近20年来,随着分子生物学技术的发展,产朊假丝酵母的基因表达系统和基因工程研究及开发应用取得了显著的进展,使得利用该菌表达多种物质成为可能。本文概述了产朊假丝酵母的生物学特点、外源基因表达系统、基因敲除、遗传转化等方面的研究和应用进展。     

酵母菌杂交育种——Ⅲ.酵母菌麦芽糖发酵等效异位基因系的遗传分析

用啤酒酵母及卡尔斯伯酵母研究麦芽糖发酵等效异位基因,对啤酒酵母与薛氏酵母的杂种后代进行一系列杂交,结果证明啤酒酵母含有3个等效异位基因MALA、MALB及MALC基因(暂定名,因未与标准MAL基因鉴定),而薛氏酵母不含任一MAL基因,故为隐性菌株。 在卡尔斯伯酵母与球形酵母杂交试验中,发现卡尔斯伯酵母只含有1个MAL6基因,证实了Winge等人的工作。 所有这4个麦芽糖发酵基因都是互相独立的不连锁的基因。     

猪瘟病毒流行毒株E2基因密码子优化及在酵母中的高效表达

密码子的偏嗜性是影响基因异源表达的重要参数之一,优化密码子序列能够提高外源基因的表达水平。野生型猪瘟病毒E2基因在毕赤酵母中的表达量较低,为了提高E2基因在毕赤酵母中的表达水平,利用PCR基础上的定点突变技术将E2基因上的毕赤酵母低利用密码子突变为其高利用率的简并密码子。结果表明,替换野生型E2基因上24个酵母低利用密码子后,E2基因在酵母中表达水平有较显著提高,表明通过密码子优化提高E2基因在毕赤酵母中的表达这一策略是成功的。     

Cloning, disruption and sequence of the gene encoding yeast C-5 sterol desaturase

The ERG3 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by complementation of an erg3-2 mutation. ERG3 is the putative gene encoding the C-5 sterol desaturase required for ergosterol biosynthesis. The functional gene has been localized on a 2.5-kb HindIII-BamHI fragment containing an open reading frame comprising 365 amino acids. Gene disruption resulting from a deletion/substitution demonstrates that ERG3 is not essential for cell viability or the sparking function.     

Two events are responsible for an insertion in a paternally inherited mitochondrial genome of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Frequent nonhomologous recombination has been previously postulated to explain the 1045-bp insertion in one mitochondrial sperm-transmitted haplotype of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Such recombination would lead to the disruption of gene order and so the existence of a specific mechanism for maintaining the same gene order in both mitochondrial genomes of Mytilus has been proposed. Here the simpler explanation of the observed structure, involving a tandem duplication and a deletion, is presented. Their occasional occurrence in Mytilus mtDNA proves the similarity, not the difference, between animals with and without DUI.     

Gene Expression and Pathway Analysis of Effects of the CMAH Deactivation on Mouse Lung,Kidney and Heart

BackgroundN-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is generated by hydroxylation of CMP-Neu5Ac to CMP-Neu5Gc, catalyzed by CMP-Neu5Ac hydroxylase (CMAH). However, humans lack this common mammalian cell surface molecule, Neu5Gc, due to inactivation of the CMAH gene during evolution. CMAH is one of several human-specific genes whose function has been lost by disruption or deletion of the coding frame. It has been suggested that CMAH inactivation has resulted in biochemical or physiological characteristics that have resulted in human-specific diseases.Conclusions/SignificanceMice bearing a human-like deletion of the Cmah gene serve as an important model for the study of abnormal pathogenesis and/or metabolism caused by the evolutionary loss of Neu5Gc synthesis in humans.     

PCR-based gene disruption and recombinatory marker excision to produce modified industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae without added sequences

The dominant selectable Kanr marker, which confers geneticin resistance in yeast, is extensively used for PCR based disruption of genes in functional analysis studies in laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have developed a gene disruption cassette, which incorporates the Kanr marker, and direct repeat sequences designed from the target gene to enable the deletion of the gene without the introduction of added DNA sequences. We report on the disruption of the HO gene as a test case, using the hodr-Kanr-hodr cassette. The cassette was shown to integrate at the HO locus and the Kanr marker excised by recombination between the two direct repeat sequences. The disruption/excision event resulted in the removal of one direct repeat and the coding sequence of the gene, and hence in this case loss of HO function, with the introduction of no foreign or additional sequences, including the Kanr marker. Having been derived from the target site, the remaining direct repeat sequence is native sequence in its native location. This design template has the potential to be adapted to other genes, and as such will be of advantage in instances such as the optimization of strains by recombinant DNA technology where the retention of minimal or no foreign sequences is desired.     

Identification of a second trans-acting gene controlling maltose fermentation in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.

Maltose fermentation in Saccharomyces spp. requires the presence of a dominant MAL locus. The MAL6 locus has been cloned and shown to encode the structural genes for maltose permease (MAL61), maltase (MAL62), and a positively acting regulatory gene (MAL63). Induction of the MAL61 and MAL62 gene products requires the presence of maltose and the MAL63 gene. Mutations within the MAL63 gene produce nonfermenting strains unable to induce the two structural gene products. Reversion of these mal63 nonfermenters to maltose fermenters nearly always leads to the constitutive expression of maltase and maltose permease, and constitutivity is always linked to MAL6. We demonstrated that for one such revertant, strain C2, constitutivity did not require the MAL63 gene, since deletion disruption of this gene did not affect the constitutive expression of the structural genes. In addition, constitutivity was trans acting. Deletion disruption of the MAL6-linked structural genes for maltase and maltose permease in this strain did not affect the constitutive expression of a second, unlinked maltase structural gene. We isolated new maltose-fermenting revertants of a nonfermenting strain which carried a deletion disruption of the MAL63 gene. All 16 revertants isolated expressed maltase constitutively. In one revertant studied in detail, strain R10, constitutive expression was demonstrated to be linked to MAL6, semidominant, trans acting, and residing outside the MAL63-MAL61-MAL62 genes. From these studies we propose the existence of a second trans-acting regulatory gene at the MAL6 locus. We call this new gene MAL64. We mapped the MAL64 gene 2.3 centimorgans to the left of MAL63. The role of the MAL64 gene product in maltose fermentation is discussed.