蒙药材多叶棘豆中五种微量元素的形态分析

本文采用水煎法对蒙药材多叶棘豆中微量元素进行提取,并分别用微孔滤膜分离技术、大孔吸附树脂柱分离法、萃取法等分离方法对水煎液中元素各形态进行分离。利用FAAS法测定了原药材以及水煎液各形态中Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe和Ca五种微量元素含量并进行了形态分析。分析结果表明,水煎液中五种元素的总提取率在41.7%～87.0%,残留率在9.1%～26.4%,可溶态百分率在16.6%～80.0%,可溶态中五种元素的有机态与无机态的比例为36.9%～250%;该测定方法对各元素的加标回收率在90.3%～113.7%。多叶棘豆水煎液可溶态中Zn、Mn、Fe、Ca元素是以亲水性有机结合形态为主,Cu元素以无机离子型为主,多种形态共存的复杂体系。     

中药砂仁类资源植物药理活性的比较

本文对6种砂仁类中药水煎液及挥发油进行了抑菌作用和对小鼠小肠运动影响的比较研究。结果表明春砂仁、壳砂仁和建砂仁的水煎液对革兰氏阳性菌（G+）有抑制作用;川砂仁挥发油、建砂仁水煎液对革兰氏阴性菌（G-）有抑制作用;红壳砂仁挥发油及水煎液对革兰氏阳性菌（G+）与革兰氏阴性菌（G-）均有抑制作用,而绿壳砂均无抑制作用。砂仁类的水煎液对促进肠管运动有明显作用,而挥发油即使在稀释100倍的情况下对肠管运动仍起抑制作用。     

中药党参类对动物耐疲劳及抗缺氧作用的影响

作者对14个不同种类、不同产地的党参样品水煎液的抗疲劳及耐缺氧作用进行了试验研究,并与党参粗多糖、人参水煎液、人参皂甙进行了比较。党参类具有耐疲劳作用,可增加动物负重游泳时间,党参水煎液与人参皂甙无明显差异,有的甚至优于人参皂甙。党参水煎液腹腔注射可使缺氧小鼠存活时间显著延长,与人参相比无明显差异。     

九香虫水煎液主要成分分析及对乳腺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用

为检测九香虫水煎液对乳腺癌细胞体外增殖的影响及分析其主要成分,通过制备九香虫水煎液,利用MTT法、形态学观察及细胞划痕实验检测九香虫水煎液对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-453及小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1增殖和迁移的影响,采用GC-MS技术分析九香虫水煎液的主要化学成分。结果表明,九香虫水煎液对人乳腺癌MDA-MB-453及小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞的体外增殖具有显著的抑制作用,且呈剂量相关性,IC 50分别为0.034、0.101 g/mL,其对4T1细胞的迁移具有抑制作用。九香虫水煎液对乳腺癌细胞的增殖及迁移抑制作用可能与其中含有具抗肿瘤功效的反丁烯二酸、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸、腺苷、尿苷、棕榈酸等物质相关。     

枸杞子对云芝菌丝体生长和多糖含量的影响

本文主要研究了枸杞子水煎液的不同浓度对云芝菌丝体生长和云芝多糖积累的影响,试验结果表明,低浓度的枸杞子水煎液有明显的促进作用,高浓度的枸杞子水煎液不表现过强的抑制作用.     

菊花水煎液对长双歧杆菌促生长作用的探讨

目的研究菊花水煎液促进长双歧杆菌的体外增殖与活性的作用,初步探讨它作为一种双歧因子的条件。方法以菌液A600值、pH、活菌计数及发酵牛乳的凝乳时间、pH、滴定酸度等为指标,研究菊花水煎液对长双歧杆菌生长的影响,并用K—B琼脂法初步研究菊花水煎液对几种常见肠道菌群的抑／促菌作用。结果在5％添加菊花水煎液的培养基中长双歧杆菌的菌体浓度（A600值及活菌计数）均明显高于空白对照,菌液pH也均低于空白对照;长双歧杆菌发酵含有菊花水煎液的牛奶后,凝乳时间缩短,乳液的滴定酸度高于空白对照,pH也相应降低。菊花水煎液对几种常见肠道致病菌有较强的抑菌作用。结论菊花水煎液能促进长双歧杆菌的体外增殖与活性,且具有一定的选择性;菊花有可能成为一种良好的双歧因子或益生元制剂的候选物质。     

用折光计法与干燥失重法测定16种中药水煎液总固体含量的对比分析

测定中药浸出液总固体含量的药典方法是干燥失重法,该法虽然精确,但操作繁杂且费时,不便于生产中快速控制质量。根据折光计法可快速测定可溶性固形物的原理,本文用折光计法与干燥失重法对１６种中药水煎液测定总固体含量。两法相关性好。     

两种中药剂型的体外抑菌作用观察

目的比较黄连等20种中药水煎剂与免煎颗粒剂对56株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌效果。方法采用M-H琼脂稀释法检测20种中药水煎剂与免煎颗粒剂对MSSA(甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌)、MRSA(耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌)的体外抑菌作用,测定MIC50(药物抑制50%细菌时的最小浓度)、MIC90(药物抑制90%细菌时的最小浓度),MIC(最小抑菌浓度),并作比较。结果 20种中药的水煎剂和免煎颗粒对56株受试菌显示了不同程度的抑菌作用,以五倍子抑菌效果最好,水煎剂抑菌效果比相应的免煎颗粒好。结论两种中药剂型在抗感染中,均具有临床实际应用价值,而水煎剂抑菌效果稍强于相应的免煎颗粒剂型。     

用灵芝发酵人参水煎液的工艺优化及其产物的抗疲劳活性研究

以灵芝为发酵菌株,对其发酵所采用的基础培养基和人参水煎液培养基分别进行筛选,并对人参水煎液的灵芝升罐发酵工艺及其发酵产物的抗疲劳活性进行了研究,结果表明灵芝最适基础培养基为葡萄糖5%,玉米浆0.3%,豆饼粉1%,糖蜜0.6%,MgSO4 0.075%,KH2PO4 0.15%;最适人参水煎液培养基为红参水煎液,浓度为40g/L;灵芝在红参水煎液中升罐发酵的最佳条件为：发酵周期58–62h。在此优化条件下,菌丝体干重达到7.0233g/L,胞外粗多糖含量达到0.3167g/L。人参的灵芝发酵产物的高、低剂量能明显延长小鼠游泳耗竭时间,并且降低游泳休息后小鼠的血乳酸含量,其中低剂量与空白组有显著性差异（P<0.05）,高剂量与空白组有极显著性差异（P<0.01）。说明红参水煎液的灵芝发酵产物具有显著的抗疲劳作用。     

3种中药对分枝杆菌抗菌作用的研究

本文介绍野菊花、鱼腥草及鬼针草对强毒人型结核分枝杆菌(H_(37)Rv)、堪萨斯分枝杆菌和胞内分枝杆菌的抗菌作用。结果表明,对H_(37)Rv野菊花水煎剂的最低抑菌浓度为2.5mg/ml,鱼腥草水煎剂为10mg/ml,鬼针草水煎剂未见明显作用;对堪萨斯分枝杆菌野菊花和鱼腥草水煎剂的最低抑菌浓度均为10mg/ml,鬼针草水煎剂为5mg/ml;对胞内分枝杆菌3种中药水煎剂均未显示出抗菌作用。选用有抗菌作用的中药,以超薄切片技术,电镜观察细胞超微结构变化特点。野菊花作用后的H_(37)Rv主要是细胞壁发生改变,     

塔拉粉挥发性成分和塔拉豆微量元素的测定

利用气相色谱—质谱联用技术和电感耦合等离子发射光谱对云南引种的塔拉粉挥发性成分和塔拉豆微量元素进行了研究。共鉴定出43个化合物和20个微量元素。其中挥发成分主要为联苯三酚,[9,12]—十六二烯醛,十六酸,[9,17]—十八二烯醛,7—酰基—2—羟基—5—异丙基—二环[4．3．0]壬烷,[7,10,13]—十六三烯酸甲酯,3—丙基—2—丙烯酸等,联苯三酚含量最高;而微量元素主要含有Ca,Mg,S,P,K。     

Trace determination and isotopic analysis of the elements in life sciences by mass spectrometry

The main ionization methods in a mass spectrometer for isotope ratio determinations of the elements are discussed in this review. These methods are thermal ionization, spark source, electron impact, inductively coupled plasma and field desorption. As concerns thermal ionization, electron impact and field desorption, a survey of the possibilities of isotope analyses in the periodic table of the elements is given. Besides kinetic studies, trace element determination by isotope dilution technique is the main application for isotope ratio measurements of the elements. The definitive method, isotope dilution mass spectrometry, is discussed as a potential tool for achieving accurate and precise trace analyses. Using field desorption mass spectrometry, one example of calcium kinetics in man and one example of thallium trace determination in an animal tissue are given. Other metal trace analyses with the isotope dilution technique are presented for biological and medical samples using positive thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Negative thermal ions are formed for the mass spectrometric analysis of non-metals and non-metal compounds in food samples, e.g. for iodine and nitrate in milk powder. Preliminary results with the isotope dilution technique are presented for a new quadrupole thermal ionization mass spectrometer which is a low-cost instrument and can be easily handled.     

Content of trace elements and chromium speciation in Neem powder and tea infusions

Total concentrations of selected trace elements in Neem powder and in Neem tea were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data revealed that despite high total concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Al and Ni in Neem powder, their amounts dissolved in Neem tea were low. Total concentrations of the other toxic elements Pb, As and Cd were also very low and do not represent a health hazard. In contrast, total concentrations of the essential elements Fe, Cu, Zn, Se Mo and Cr in Neem powder were high and also considerable in Neem tea. Consuming one cup of Neem tea (2 g per 200 mL of water) covers the recommended daily intakes for Cr and Se and represents an important source of Mo and Cu.Speciation analysis of Cr by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to ICP-MS with the use of enriched Cr isotopic tracers to follow species interconversions during the analytical procedure demonstrated that toxic Cr(VI) was not present either in Neem powder or in Neem tea. Its concentrations were below the limits of detection of the HPLC–ICP-MS procedure applied. The speciation analysis data confirmed that even Cr(VI) was added, it was rapidly reduced by the presence of antioxidants in Neem leaves. By the use of enriched Cr isotopic spike solutions it was also demonstrated that for obtaining reliable analytical data it is essential to apply the extraction procedures which prevent Cr species interconversions, or to correct for species transformation.     

Trace element distributions in some saline lakes of the Vestfold Hills,Antarctica

The distributions of trace elements in Shield, Ace and Burton Lakes of the Vestfold Hills were investigated. Three aspects are discussed as follows: (1) the vertical distribution of 18 trace elements in the three lakes, (2) the behaviour of trace elements in the lakes, especially that of manganese in Shield Lake, and (3) the origin of trace elements in antarctic saline lakes.High concentrations of trace elements were found in these coastal saline lakes, when compared to open ocean water.We suggest that the peak of total extractable manganese, found at 20 m in Shield Lake, was related to the oxic/anoxic water interface brought about by microbiological activity. Solid phase manganese at the upper oxic layer may have precipitated and then reached the anoxic boundary to be there reduced to manganese ion. This dissolved manganese may then have diffused upwards to be reoxidized to a solid form. This cycle, repeated many times, may have produced the Mn profile.The alkali, alkaline earth elements and Cl were probably derived from relict seawater. Other elements were present in similar concentration ratios to those of South Polar aerosols. Residence time calculations indicate that fallout of aerosol particles, themselves derived from various sources, is capable of accounting for the measured concentrations of some trace elements in Shield Lake. This source of trace elements may be significant for other antarctic saline lakes.     

Trace elements in formulas based on cow and soy milk and in austrian cow milk determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

With inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the 18 trace elements Ba, (Be), (Bi), Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, (Sb), (Sn), Sr, (Tl), and Zn were quantified in the digests of 13 formulas based on cow milk, of two formulas based on soy protein, of two milk powders, from which formulas were prepared, of two samples of Austrian cow milk, and in the water, with which the powders were suspended. Concentrations in parentheses were at or below the method detection limits in the formulas. The accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure tested with milk powder reference materials BCR 063 and BCR 150 were satisfactory. The concentrations of trace elements in the powders vary considerably from batch to batch. The ratios of high to low concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 4.8 and were higher for the essential trace elements Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Sn, and Zn than for nonessential or toxic elements. The contribution of tap water from the water system of the city of Graz, Austria to the concentrations of trace elements in the formulas ranges from 45% for Pb to 0.2% for Rb and is negligible, for instance, for Cd, Cs, La, Mo, and Sn. Preformulas and follow-up formulas are partly supplemented with the essential trace elements Cu, Mn, and Zn and, therefore, concentrations of these trace elements in the formulas vary considerably. However, supplementation of a formula with a particular element must not necessarily result in higher concentrations compared to nonsupplemented formulas. Concentrations of the essential elements were in the following ranges for preformulas, follow-up formulas, soy-based formulas (in μg/kg): Co, 8.3–11.2, 4.5–13, 5.0–5.7; Cu, 330–750, 27–730, 440–530; Mn, 33–580, 40–390, 440–530; Mo, 10–32, 9–39, 44-6; Sn, <0.44-3.8, <0.44-1.0, <0.44-5.8; Zn, 3340-11,380, 4120–7100, 5590-6,840. A preformula supplemented with Mn had a 10 times higher manganese concentration than preformulas without supplementation. Concentrations of all trace elements quantified were lower in cow milk than in formulas and do not meet the dietary requirements of infants.     

Trace-element contents of human fetal liver of 12–22 weeks gestation

There are some papers in the literature on the trace element contents of fetal livers of 20-wk gestation time and over. However, there is very little information on this subject for fetal livers of less than 20-wk gestation. We have initiated a program on the measurement of trace elements in fetal livers of 12–22-wk gestation, using thick-target X-ray fluorescence analysis. The liver samples were obtained from freshly aborted fetuses. After removing blood from the samples, they were chopped into small pieces and freeze dried. The resulting material was ground into fine powder and compressed into 3-mm thick pellets, with boric acid backing. A similar pellet was also made of NBS—Bovine Liver—which was used as the standard for calculating the absolute concentrations of different trace elements. The measurements were carried out using a commercial Wave-Length-Dispersive XRF-System. Different X-ray tubes were used for different sets of elements in order to maximize the detection sensitivity. The results are compared with those of fetal liver of longer gestation and adult livers.     

Trace elements in the atmosphere.

The distribution and behaviour of particulate trace elements in the atmosphere have been studied by continuous measurements for 5 years at seven non-urban sites in the United Kingdom. Samples have been taken regularly of airborne dust, rainwater and dry deposition: these have been analysed for up to 36 elements. Concentrations of trace elements vary considerably between sites but the relative concentrations are among uniform: this suggests similarity of origin or good atmospheric mixing. By comparing the relative concentrations with those in soil it is possible to differentiate between trace elements that are derived from soil and those that may be attributed to industrial activity. This classification is supported by estimates of the particle sizes in air. The deposition of trace elements can be related to the concentrations presnet in soil and to the annual removal by crops. Retrospective analyses of stored samples from one site describe the history of trace element concentrations in air since 1957. The sea surface is considered as a possible source of atmospheric trace elements.     

Bulk and trace element analysis of spices: the applicability of k0-standardization and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

Methodology has been developed for the bulk and trace element analysis of spices such as curry powder and turmeric powder originated from Sri Lanka by the k₀-standardization method (INAA-k₀) and by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). SRM 1572 citrus leaves was used to check the accuracy of the results obtained by the two nuclear techniques. The elements determined quantitatively in these matrices by the EDXRF analysis were bromine, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, rubidium, sulphur, strontium and zinc. The results obtained by the two techniques are comparable, although a few inconsistencies were detected, requiring adequate attention for their correction, whenever possible, in future studies.     

Adaboost算法研究土壤微量元素含量与白血病的关系(英文)

目的:本文使用数据挖掘方法研究土壤中微量元素和白血病的相关性。方法:使用CFS-Adaboost算法研究我国29个省、市、自治区白血病死亡率的统计数据和土壤中微量元素含量的对应关系。结果:从29种微量元素中发现了13种微量元素与白血病相关,其中砷(As)的相关性较为明显。基于该13种微量元素,建立了土壤中微量元素和白血病致死率的数学模型,该模型的预报准确率可达到89.7%。结论:土壤中微量元素的含量与白血病有一定关系,其中砷(As)元素含量与白血病死亡率较为密切,这与近年文献报导的少量氧化砷治疗白血病效果显著相符合。以上研究发现,可以为研究土壤中微量元素和白血病的关系提供参考,对白血病的防治工作具有一定意义。