正交试验法分析环境因子对苦草生长的影响

苦草(Vallisneria natans),是我国长江中下游淡水水体中常见的沉水植物种类。通过室内模拟正交试验的方法,研究不同光照强度、温度和总氮浓度(3光照×3温度×3总氮浓度)对苦草生长的影响。结果表明:(1)苦草在5320lx光照强度、10℃、2—4mg/L水体总氮浓度的条件下生长良好。实验所设100%(12000lx)和50%(5320lx)光照条件下苦草均可正常生长;但对于30℃的高温胁迫耐受性较差;苦草在总氮浓度为4mg/L的水体中各生长指标达到最大值,2mg/L或8mg/L的总氮浓度均会抑制其生长。(2)5320lx的光照强度和10℃的温度对苦草光合色素的合成较为有利;而单纯总氮浓度的变化对苦草光合色素的合成影响不大。(3)苦草的生理活性在高于12000lx或低于1025lx的光强、高于30℃的温度以及8mg/L的总氮浓度下均会受到一定程度的抑制。(4)方差分析结果显示,苦草生长发育的过程中,光照强度和温度是主效环境因子;上述3个环境因子对苦草光合色素的合成均有极显著的影响,并且光强与温度的交互作用对其也有显著影响;光照强度、温度以及这两个环境因子的交互作用为影响苦草生理活性的主效因子。苦草作为不能形成冠层的基生叶莲座型沉水植物,对光强要求不高,对低温的耐受性较好,但较不耐高营养盐浓度,因此,在得到一定修复的富营养化水体中,可以作为秋、冬季水生植物恢复和重建的关键物种。     

铈对亚洲苦草铜害的缓解效应

铈能减缓铜毒害导致的亚洲苦草根叶可溶性蛋白含量的下降及超氧阴离子 (O2-· )、丙二醛(MDA)的累积。与同浓度的单一铜处理相比 ,加入 2 0mg·L-1 的铈后 ,根和叶超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性和抗坏血酸 (AsA)含量不同程度的增强或增多 ,而过氧化物酶 (POD)的活性先降后升 ,暗示铈可能通过提高亚洲苦草活性氧清除能力以增强对铜的抗性和耐性。比较来看 ,铈对叶的缓解效应较根明显。     

盐胁迫对大米草幼苗某些生理指标的影响

研究了大米草幼苗在不同培养盐度(0、20、30、50、100mmol/LNaCl)下,MDA、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量以及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性等生理指标的变化情况。结果表明:保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在盐胁迫40d前逐渐上升且达显著差异。随着胁迫时间延长,MDA含量与CK相比逐渐降低。随着盐分胁迫浓度的增加及盐胁迫时间延长,大米草叶片中游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。在盐胁迫下,渗透调节物质的积累作用是大米草对盐胁迫的主要响应过程,其体内的抗氧化保护酶在此过程中也发挥了重要的作用。     

镉、铜和锌胁迫下黑藻活性氧的产生及抗氧化酶活性的变化研究

研究了不同Cd、Cu、Zn处理浓度对黑藻体内活性氧()产生及对抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性的分子毒理学效应以探讨高等水生植物抗氧化酶对重金属胁迫的反应。结果表明,三种重金属都不同程度地加快了产生速率;Cu使SOD、POD、CAT活性下降;Cd也都减弱了SOD和POD活性,而CAT活性在0.5—5mg/L处理浓度时增加;Zn对SOD活性也为抑制作用,当浓度为0.5—5mg/L时POD和CAT活性都上升。关联度分析发现Cd、Cu和Zn胁迫下黑藻起主要保护作用的分别为SOD、POD和CAT,而SOD最易受到影响。Cd、Cu处理下的叶绿素含量也都呈下降趋势,而0.5—5mg/L的Zn浓度刺激了叶绿素合成。所有Zn处理、0.5mg/L的Cu处理和0.5—1mg/L的Cd处理的叶绿素a/b值都大于对照值。除了Cu使可溶性蛋白含量减少外,0.5—5mg/L的Zn和0.5—1mg/L的Cd都使其含量增加。综合起来,Cu的毒性最强,其次为Cd,Zn最弱。致死阈浓度分别为:Cu:0.5—1mg/L;Cd:1—2mg/L;Zn:5—6mg/L。SOD是评价重金属对沉水植物毒性效应的灵敏指标。黑藻对水环境Cu污染反应敏感。       

Cr^3＋胁迫对苦草叶片活性氧清除系统和叶细胞超微结构的影响

研究了不同浓度Cr^3＋胁迫对苦草[Vallisneria natarts（Lour．）Hara]叶片活性氧清除系统及细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明,随Cr^3＋浓度的提高（0．5-15．0mg·L^-1）,苦草叶片中O2^-·和MDA含量、SOD和POD及CAT活性均呈现先上升后显著下降的变化趋势,且在10．0和15．0mg·L^-1 Cr^3＋胁迫条件下显著低于对照（P〈0．05）。在1．0mg·L^-1Cr^3＋胁迫条件下,O2^-·的含量达到最高（0．96 OD·g^-2）;在2．0mg·L^-1Cr^3＋胁迫条件下,MDA含量和SOD、POD及CAT活性最高。随Cr^3＋胁迫浓度的提高,苦草叶片细胞超微结构受损程度逐渐加深,导致核仁和高尔基体消失;线粒体脊突膨胀,线粒体膜受损并出现囊泡状结构;叶绿体变形、类囊体膨胀受损并最终导致叶绿体破损。表明高浓度Cr^3＋胁迫对苦草叶片细胞产生了不可逆的伤害。     

Hg2+、Cd2+和Cu2+对菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用

研究了Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对高等水生沉水植物菹草光合系统及保护酶系统的毒害作用。结果表明 :3种离子均使菹草叶片叶绿体自发荧光强度、叶绿素含量、光合速率降低。Hg2 、Cd2 、Cu2 对菹草保护酶系统存在不同的影响 ,短时间低浓度条件下 ,诱导超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD )、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升 ,随着污染时间的延长、污染浓度的增加 ,酶活性下降 ,其中SOD活性上升持续时间最长 ,下降最慢。 3种离子均使菹草可溶性蛋白含量减少。Hg2 、Cu2 毒性较强 ,Cd2 毒性较弱。Hg2 、Cu2 对菹草的致死浓度为 0 .5～ 1mg/L ,Cd2 为 1～ 2 .5mg/L     

水体铜污染对苦草生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

该文以苦草(Vallisneria natans)为材料,研究了不同浓度铜污染水体对其叶/根长、生物量、光合色素含量、体内重金属含量及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:随着水体铜浓度的增加,苦草的叶长、根长、生物量均显著下降;光合色素含量逐渐下降,其中叶绿素a比叶绿素b下降明显,类胡萝卜素下降幅度最小;叶片铜含量随铜浓度的增加显著上升(P0.05),各处理组根铜含量没有显著性差异,在水中铜低于0.5mg·L-1的环境中苦草具有正常的光合活性。除0.5 mg·L-1处理组外,最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)与有效量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]均比对照组显著降低(P0.05),而非光化学淬灭效率(qN)、调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NPQ)]、非调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NO)]均呈上升趋势,其中Fv/Fo对铜污染反应最为灵敏。综合各参数变化情况,随着水体铜浓度的增加,苦草生长受到抑制,叶片利用光能的效率下降,PSⅡ反应中心的电子传递受到明显的抑制;苦草通过自身调节以热的形式将过剩光能耗散,以减轻PSⅡ反应中心受伤害的程度;苦草是铜超富集植物,其可作为低浓度铜污染水体生态修复的备选物种。     

干旱胁迫下蒭雷草的生理响应

为探讨蒭雷草(Thuarea involuta)在热带珊瑚岛干旱环境下的适应能力,对干旱胁迫下蒭雷草叶片抗逆生理指标的变化进行了研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫初期,叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量随胁迫程度增加的差异不显著;随胁迫时间的延长,除重度胁迫下先迅速增加后急速下降外,其余处理的变化较小。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随干旱胁迫程度增加而升高;随时间延长,SOD活性不断上升,POD活性基本稳定,CAT活性则先下降后上升。除轻度胁迫下可溶性蛋白(SP)含量低于对照外,其余处理均随干旱胁迫程度增加而增加;干旱胁迫下的脯氨酸(Pro)含量随时间延长呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,但在处理第18天时不同胁迫程度间均差异不显著。因此,蒭雷草具有较强的抗旱能力,可用于南海诸岛的人工植物群落构建和植被恢复以营造良好生态环境。     

水杨酸和热锻炼诱导的高羊茅幼苗的耐热性与抗氧化的关系

研究了水杨酸（SA）处理和热锻炼（HH）对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schred.)幼苗耐热性的影响和在耐热性诱导过程中植物体内可溶性蛋白含量与超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,过氧化的酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）等3种抗氧化酶的活性变化。结果表明：0.5mmol/L男SA预处理能显著提高高羊茅幼苗在42℃热胁迫（HS）后转至常温下恢复生长18d时的苗高,绿叶数和绿叶指数;在常温下SA提高高羊茅幼苗的CAT活性,降低POD活性,而对SOD的影响不显著;SA和HH均能降低高羊茅幼苗在HS下细胞外渗液电导率,提高可溶性蛋白的含量和SOD、CAT活性,但不能显著提高POD活性。因此,推测SA与HH提高耐热性上具有相似的机理。     

芘对苦草的生物毒性效应

通过静态模拟实验,研究了不同浓度(0.01、0.02、0.05、0.07和0.1 mg·L^-1)芘暴露10 d后,芘在苦草中的富集,以及芘对苦草茎叶中自由基含量、抗氧化系统以及叶绿素、可溶性糖等的影响.结果表明: 芘能够大量富集在苦草叶部;自由基信号强度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量持续升高;当污染加重时,这种升高现象有减弱的趋势,且三者有较好的相关性;谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)活性和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量持续增加,而还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量持续降低;随着芘浓度的增加,叶绿素含量降低,而可溶性糖含量升高.苦草对芘暴露比较敏感,0.01 mg·L^-1即已显示胁迫效应.     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Theoretical Study of Antagonists and Inhibitors of Mammalian Adenosine Deaminase: I. Adenosine and Its Aza- and Deazaanalogues

Aza- and deazaanalogues of adenosine, including their 1-protonated forms (except for that of 1-deazaadenosine), were studied by computer computation to find a relationship between their molecular structures and substrate properties for the mammalian adenosine deaminase. The atomic charge distribution and maps of the electrostatic potential around their van der Waals molecular surface were calculated for these compounds using the ab initio STO-3G method. The conformational studies are carried out by the MM⁺ method of molecular mechanics. The mechanism that determines the substrate selectivity of mammalian adenosine deaminase is discussed.     

Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the growth and sporulation of several biocontrol fungi

Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio on six biocontrol fungal strains are reported in this paper. All fungal strains had extensive growth on the media supplemented with 6–12 g l⁻¹ carbon and C:N ratios from 10:1 to 80:1, and differed in nutrient requirements for sporulation. Except for the two strains of Paecilomyces lilacinus, all selected fungi attained the highest spore yields at a C:N ratio of 160:1 when the carbon concentration was 12 g l⁻¹ for Metarhizium anisopliae SQZ-1-21, 6 g l⁻¹ for M. anisopliae RS-4-1 and Trichoderma viride TV-1, and 8 g l⁻¹ for Lecanicillium lecanii CA-1-G. The optimal conditions for P. lilacinus sporulation were 8 g l⁻¹ carbon with a C:N ratio of 10:1 for M-14 and 12 g l⁻¹ carbon with a C:N ratio of 20:1 for IPC-P, respectively. The results indicated that the influence of carbon concentration and C:N ratio on fungal growth and sporulation is strain dependent; therefore, consideration for the complexity of nutrient requirements is essential for improving yields of fungal biocontrol agents.     

Pericarp structure and phylogeny of theLamiaceae-Verbenaceae-complex

Pericarp structure was investigated in 158 species of the familiesLamiaceae andVerbenaceae. Data from 221 out of 262 genera ofLamiaceae s.l. and a few ofVerbenaceae s.str. were collected in a table. A cladistic analysis was performed on the basis of pericarp characters only. The abandonment of subfam.Pogostemonoideae as a taxonomic unit is considered. Examples of groups given additional support by similarities in pericarp characters are: (1) the gynobasic-styled labiates (subfamiliesPogostemonoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae); (2) aLamioideae-Pogostemonoideae-group; (3)Nepetoideae; (4) aWestringia-Hemigenia-Hemiandra-Microcorys group (in subfam.Chloranthoideae); (5) aLepechinia-Chaunostoma-group (inNepetoideae); (6) aPrunella-Cleonia-group (inNepetoideae).     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Origin and development of Tool-making behavior in Africa and Asia

Around two-and-a-half million years ago, some hominid populations in Africa began to modify stones and bones in a manner that can be recognized by prehistorians as artifacts, and, by definition, produced the earliest identifiable archaeological record. It is likely that earlier hominid groups also may have had relatively rich tool-using behavioral repertoires similar to that seen in modern chimpanzees (McGrew, 1992), such tools may have been made of perishable materials or minimally modified and thus difficult to identify. This review will focus on the earliest archaeological traces and the spread of hominids out of Africa and into Eurasia.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of morel fruiting

The biotic and abiotic factors conditioning morel fruit body production are incompletely known. We examined spatial and temporal patterns of Morchella esculenta fruiting over five years in a wooded site in Missouri, USA. Fruiting onset was inversely correlated with spring air and soil temperatures, whereas abundance was positively correlated with rain events (>10 mm) during the 30 d preceding fruiting. The two years with the greatest fruiting had the shortest fruiting seasons (6–7 d). Fruiting season length was positively correlated with soil warming, suggesting that a narrow range of optimum soil temperatures favour the explosive production of fruit bodies. All woody stems of at least 1 cm diam were mapped and stem diameter and crown condition were noted. Morel fruit bodies were significantly closer to stems of Carya spp., Tilia americana and Ulmus americana than predicted by the frequencies of these woody species or their contribution to the total basal area on the site. Although intra-annual clustering of fruit bodies was often observed, inter-annual clustering was not. The spatial pattern of M. esculenta fruiting appears to be associated with vegetation pattern, whereas the onset and abundance of fruiting are determined by the interaction of spring temperatures with availability of supporting precipitation.