灵芝液态发酵高产胞外多糖菌株筛选及多糖特性分析

对10株灵芝菌株发酵菌丝体生物量、胞内多糖含量、胞外粗多糖得率及其多糖含量和单糖组成特征进行了系统分析。结果表明,随着培养时间的延长,10株菌株的生物量均有不同程度增加,但不同菌株胞内多糖含量和胞外粗多糖得率变化趋势有所不同。在培养至7d时,G0023和G0160菌株胞外粗多糖得率均较高,分别为3.02g/L和3.14g/L,其多糖含量分别达到了84.11%和91.03%,可作为发酵高产胞外多糖的优良菌株。分级醇沉胞外多糖分析结果表明,各菌株胞外液20%乙醇沉淀所得20E组分的得率和多糖含量均高于50%乙醇沉淀所得的50E组分,说明胞外液中主要以大分子量多糖为主。20E主要由葡萄糖组成,含有少量木糖和甘露糖;50E主要由葡萄糖和甘露糖组成,含有少量木糖和半乳糖。胞外液表观粘度随剪切速率变化曲线分析结果显示,各菌株胞外液均呈现剪切变稀非牛顿流体特性,其表观粘度大小与菌株对应20E组分的得率及多糖含量呈正相关。     

pH对香菇多糖含量及合成关键酶基因转录水平的影响

香菇是一种药食两用真菌,其主要代谢产物香菇多糖具有较高药用价值,研究香菇多糖代谢途径对提高香菇多糖含量具有较大参考价值。以香菇新808为材料,苯酚-硫酸法测定不同pH发酵条件下香菇多糖的含量,通过荧光定量PCR及3个软件(GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper)筛选出了不同pH条件香菇稳定表达的内参基因,并以此为基础分析多糖代谢途径中3个关键酶基因的转录表达水平。结果表明,在实验用pH值范围内(5.0-7.0),香菇菌丝体生物量和胞内多糖含量随着pH值的升高而增加,而胞外多糖含量则呈下降趋势;18S和rpl4分别被鉴定为不同pH发酵条件下最稳定和最不稳定表达的内参基因。不同pH发酵条件UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶基因(UGP)的相对表达量明显高于葡萄糖磷酸变位酶基因(PGM)与葡萄糖磷酸异构酶基因(PGI);PGM相对表达量小且稳定,PGI相对表达量较小,但随pH值的变化波动较大。不同pH对香菇生物量及多糖含量的影响存在差异,3个关键酶基因的转录表达水平与多糖含量之间无明显相关性。     

响应面法优化蛹虫草与厚朴双向液体发酵工艺

为提高蛹虫草液体发酵胞外多糖含量和菌丝体生物量,以厚朴为药性基质,对蛹虫草进行双向液体发酵。在单因素实验的基础上,应用Box-Behnken实验设计,对发酵过程关键影响因素进行优化。结果表明,在厚朴添加量5g、接种量15.5mL、发酵温度25℃的条件下发酵9d,蛹虫草双向液体发酵产物中胞外多糖含量为3.11mg/mL,菌丝体生物量为18.81mg/mL。各发酵因素中,发酵液胞外多糖含量受接种量影响最大,菌丝体生物量则主要受发酵温度影响。优化所得发酵工艺可行性高、周期短、生产过程可控,为进一步提高人工培育蛹虫草质量、增加其关键活性产物的产量提供了参考。     

13种野生灵芝菌丝体中胞内三萜与多糖含量的比较

为探究不同野生灵芝的主要活性成分以及对野生灵芝的开发利用价值,对13种野生灵芝菌株在同一条件下进行液体发酵,采用化学分析的方法,比较菌丝体胞内三萜和多糖的含量差异。结果显示,13种灵芝菌株的三萜和多糖含量有很大差异,其中无柄紫灵芝Ganoderma mastoporum、亮盖灵芝G. lucidum和树舌灵芝G. applanatum的三萜含量较高;树舌灵芝G. applanatum、紫芝G. sinense和褐灵芝G. brownii的多糖含量较高。目前国内广泛栽培灵芝G. lingzhi的野生菌株发酵产物中的三萜和多糖含量并不是最高的,研究结果表明不同种类的野生灵芝还有进一步挖掘的潜在价值。     

16种茯苓菌株液体发酵产胞内多糖与三萜的比较研究

筛选茯苓高产胞内多糖和胞内三萜的优良液体发酵出发菌株。采用PDA富集固体平板培养与液体发酵培养测定菌丝体生长速率;采用液体发酵策略分析16种茯苓菌株产胞内多糖与胞内三萜的潜能。实验结果表明菌株生长于固体培养基与种子培养基的生长速率之间没有关联性;降低一级种子培养基初始pH值到4.0时能有效缓解茯苓菌株培养物褐化现象;AS5.137胞内多糖含量最高,达377.60±0.10 mg/g,而DB菌株显示出最高的胞内多糖产量,达1.01±0.13 g/L;Y1菌株胞内三萜含量最高,达83.89±4.28 mg/g,而Jingzhou28菌株胞内三萜产量最高,达136.63±26.66 mg/L。就生产茯苓胞内多糖与胞内三萜而言,AS5.137与DB菌株适合作为液体发酵产胞内多糖的出发菌株;Y1,Jingzhou28,Z(z)与Xingpinzhong菌株均较适合作为液体发酵产胞内三萜的出发菌株。     

蛹虫草多糖发酵工程研究

报道了蛹虫草(Gordyceps militaris)多糖发酵工程中的关键因子对菌丝体生物量和多糖产量影响的研究结果.对蛹虫草液体发酵培养基中的碳源、氮源和温度进行了正交试验,考察了三因子对蛹虫草生物量以及多糖的综合效应.实验结果表明:各因素不同水平间的组合对蛹虫草生物量、胞外多糖、胞内多糖以及总多糖的影响不同.其中.在6%的碳源和1%的氮源以及25℃的条件下.能获得蛹虫草的最大生物量以及总多糖和胞外多糖的最大产量;碳源为6%、氮源为1%、温度为22℃时.胞内多糖的产量达到最高.     

一株结皮真菌胞外多糖的初步研究

探究一株真菌胞外多糖最佳生产时间及其组成成分。通过对其发酵液胞外多糖含量及上清液黏度的测定,确定其最佳产糖时间,并用此条件提取胞外多糖粗品,用蒽酮-比色法测得提取的胞外多糖粗品的糖含量,薄层色谱法对所得的胞外多糖进行组分分析。当发酵至第5天时该株真菌的生物量、胞外多糖产量及发酵液的黏度均达到最高峰,分别为0.606 4 g/60 mL、20.22 μg/mL和4.74 mPa/s,并且胞外多糖含量与发酵上清液黏度在一定程度上呈正相关。用蒽酮-比色法测得提取的胞外多糖粗品的糖含量为19.58 μg/mL,并用4 mol/L的硫酸完全水解,硅胶G薄层层析,甲醇-氯仿(1:1,体积比）展层,苯胺-二苯胺-磷酸显色,表明其组成成分可能为D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖和D-葡萄糖。该菌株所产的胞外多糖具有提高结皮能力和防沙保水作用,为利用微生物治沙提供参考和种质资源。     

香菇基因型及对蔗渣降解水平的研究

在江南一些地方采集九株野生香菇,分析担孢子基因型并测定A、B不亲和因子等位基因的数目及差异,保藏以A_xB_x(或A-yB_y)标记的单核菌丝体。实验结果表明,每一菌株的四个基因型呈随机分配。香菇A·B因子具有地区性,重复频率很低,等位基因差异明显。九个菌株的单核菌丝体的基因型从A_1B_1到A_(18)B_(18)不同。进一步对14个菌株(包括上述野生菌株)在蔗渣培养基上生长70天后对主要基质降解程度的测定表明,除个别菌株比较适合用蔗渣进行栽培外,其它菌株对蔗渣中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的分解利用能力都较差。     

1株结皮真菌胞外多糖的初步研究

探究一株真菌胞外多糖最佳生产时间及其组成成分。通过对其发酵液胞外多糖含量及上清液黏度的测定,确定其最佳产糖时间,并用此条件提取胞外多糖粗品,用蒽酮-比色法测得提取的胞外多糖粗品的糖含量,薄层色谱法对所得的胞外多糖进行组分分析。当发酵至第5天时该株真菌的生物量、胞外多糖产量及发酵液的黏度均达到最高峰,分别为0.606 4 g/60 mL、20.22μg/mL和4.74 mPa/s,并且胞外多糖含量与发酵上清液黏度在一定程度上呈正相关。用蒽酮-比色法测得提取的胞外多糖粗品的糖含量为19.58μg/mL,并用4 mol/L的硫酸完全水解,硅胶G薄层层析,甲醇-氯仿(1:1,体积比)展层,苯胺-二苯胺-磷酸显色,表明其组成成分可能为D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖和D-葡萄糖。该菌株所产的胞外多糖具有提高结皮能力和防沙保水作用,为利用微生物治沙提供参考和种质资源。     

灵芝深层发酵优良菌株的筛选

灵芝种类多,种间与品种间的不同均可能引起有效成分在产量表达上的差异,为了能筛选适宜深层发酵法生产的灵芝菌株,以8个灵芝菌株为研究对象,比较不同菌株在固体培养基上的菌丝体及液体发酵的菌球萌发菌丝生长速度、液体发酵产物、子实体多糖等指标。结果表明:8个菌株菌丝体生长速度有一定差异,以灵芝G9、红芝早萌发且生长速度快,甜芝、紫芝、灵芝G8、血芝其次,灵芝5760、黑芝最慢。8个菌株深层发酵产物由于生物学特性不同而有差别,同时菌株菌丝体生物量与次生代谢产物多糖之间无必然的联系,甜芝菌丝体生物量最大但自溶速度最快,灵芝5760菌球细小,速度最慢,血芝次生代谢产物多糖最高。菌丝体多糖与子实体多糖比较,各个菌株的菌丝体多糖含量均高于子实体多糖含量。提取多糖工艺以超声波辅助破壁处理后,再以热水浸提法提取多糖的得率明显提高,紫芝、黑芝提高了2倍以上。     

A new alternative process for Kraft E1 effluent treatment

Lentinus edodes (UEC-2019 strain) was selected after screening 51 ligninolytic strains of fungi for their ability to decolorize phenolic industrial effluent with high content of lignin peroxidases, Mn-peroxidases and beta-glucosidases. This strain removed 73 % of color in theEucalyptus Kraft E1 effluent in 5 days without any additional carbon sources. A 13% mycelial adsorption was found. Correlation between mass loss, COD, TOC and decolorization was observed. When an effluent pre-irradiated (10 min) in the presence of ZnO was treated withL. edodes, a marked enhancement of the decolorization at 48 h was obtained.L. edodes is an active fungus in this pre-treatment and biobleaching process. The combined photo-biological decolorization procedure appears to be an efficient decontamination method with great potential in industrial effluent treatment.Abbreviation COD Chemical oxygen demand - TOC Total organic carbon     

Relationship between the Molecular Structure of the Nitrogen Source and the Activity of the Extracellular Lectins of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] upon Submerged Cultivation

The activity of the extracellular lectins of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] and the formation of a pigmented mycelial film by this fungus upon submerged cultivation in a synthetic medium were found to depend on the presence of some amino acids (particularly, asparagine) and Ca²⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions in the medium. Quantum-chemical calculations suggest that the different character of the interaction of amino acids with the aforementioned ions is due to differences in the hydrophobicity of the amino acids rather than to differences in the electron structure of the amino acid zwitterions.     

Hemagglutinating activity of the fungusLentinus edodes (Berk.) sing [Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Pegler]

The hemagglutinating (HA) activity of the submerged mycelium and the culture liquid (CL) of four strains ofLentinus edodes was studied. The HA activity of the CLs proved to be much higher than that of mycelia. The carbohydrate specificity of fungal agglutinating factors was determined. HA activity was investigated as a function of the inoculum size, cultivation temperature, and culture age. The agglutinating activity of different morphogenetic structures ofL. edodes F-249, including mycelium, brown mycelial mat (MM), primordia, and fruiting bodies, was studied. MM was found to possess the maximum HA activity, which can be explained by the possible involvement of agglutinins in the formation of MM, which is composed of glued hyphae.     

Effects of different levels of wheat bran, rice bran and maize powder supplementation with saw dust on the production of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer)

The cultivation of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) is increasing rapidly in Bangladesh due to its nutritional and medicinal importance with excellent flavor and longer shelf life. With the aim of increased production, we have cultivated L. edodes on saw dust (SD) supplemented with different levels (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%) of wheat bran (WB), rice bran (RB), maize powder (MP) and their combination (WB+RB+MP = 1:1:1) to investigate the growth, yield and quality of this mushroom. Most of the growth, yield and quality parameters varied significantly when mushrooms were cultivated with different levels of supplementation. The yield of mushroom was increased with the level of each supplementation upto a certain level, and then decreased. SD supplemented with 25% WB produced the highest number of fruiting bodies (34.8/500 g packet), highest biological yield (153.3/500 g packet), and biological efficiency (76.6%) of L. edodes. But the yield of the best quality mushroom was observed on SD with 40% WB supplementation; however, the qualities were not always supplementation dose dependent. In this study, we report that 25% WB supplementation with SD may be very effective for higher yield and 40% WB supplementation for better quality of L. edodes.     

The Pectinase produced by Tubercularia vulgaris in submerged culture using pectin or orange-pulp pellets as inducer

The growth of four strains of the shiitake mushroom Lentinus edodes in solid substrate fermentation in synthetic oak sawdust logs was studied over a 14-week period. Total extracellular phenol oxidase activity and soluble protein were monitored and biomass estimated as the ergosterol content of the fermented sawdust. It was observed that two of the strains had a similar pattern of phenol oxidase activity with two cycles with maxima at 2 and 8 weeks of mycelial growth prior to fruiting. With the other two strains there was a maximum at week 4. For each strain, phenol oxidase activity increased with the cold shock used to induce fruiting. Phenol oxidase activity was not found to be correlated with either soluble protein or total fungal biomass in the fermented sawdust, which were correlated for each strain. Quantification of biomass from submerged liquid culture on the basis of dry weight and ergosterol contents showed that the strains fell into the same two groups with respect to the ergosterol to biomass ratio, which was markedly lower than that for a strain of L. lepideus.Correspondence to: B. C. Okeke     

出芽短梗霉Aureobasidium sp. SRF的菌株特性分析及胞外多糖结构鉴定

菌株SRF是1株从意大利树莓(Rubus corchorifolius)果实表面分离、可产胞外多糖的新菌株。在鉴定其分类归属的基础上,对其产生的胞外多糖进行了结构分析和发酵条件优化,为寻找微生物多糖提供新的菌株,为开发利用资源微生物提供借鉴。通过形态学和ITS序列对比分析进行菌株鉴定;通过薄层层析和红外光谱分析,确定胞外多糖结构;通过单因素检测试验,确定影响产糖量的主要因素;响应面Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken设计筛选发酵产胞外多糖的最优条件。结果表明,出发菌株SRF隶属于出芽短梗霉属,命名为Aureobasidium sp. SRF;SRF所产胞外多糖为普鲁兰多糖;单因素检测表明,对多糖产量影响最大的因素为碳源浓度、氮源浓度、无机离子浓度,其次是碳源、氮源、无机离子、pH值;根据响应面结果确定最优发酵条件为麦芽糖8%(质量分数)、酵母提取物3%(质量分数)、钙离子0.3 g/L、pH 6,产糖量达5.93 g/L。SRF是1株来源于树莓浆果表面,可产胞外普鲁兰多糖的出芽短梗霉新菌株,是1株产微生物多糖的候选菌株。     

蝉拟青霉液体发酵条件优化

采用液体发酵蝉拟青霉,对蝉拟青霉的发酵条件进行优化,以提高蝉拟青霉胞外多糖产量及生物量。摇瓶发酵条件下,在单因素基础上设计正交实验确定各因素的最佳组合。优化后得最佳发酵培养基:蔗糖8%,牛肉膏0.75%,酵母膏0.125%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.3%,KH_2PO_4 0.2%,麸皮0.5%。该条件下胞外多糖产量为5.96 g/L,生物量为42 g/L,较优化前提高了1倍。采用发酵罐进行扩大培养,对分批发酵时的初糖浓度进行了优化,并分析了补料分批发酵对发酵过程的影响。发酵罐培养时最适初糖浓度为5%,此时生物量最高为38 g/L,多糖含量最高为5.5 g/L;采用补料分批发酵时,多糖产量最高为5.89 g/L,生物量最高为40 g/L,效果优于分批发酵。     

Enzymes of the xylotrophic basidiomycete Lentinus edodes F-249 in the course of morphogenesis

It has been shown that the fungus Lentinus edodes grown on a solid wort agar substrate produces intracellular enzymes, including Mn-dependent peroxidase, laccase, and tyrosinase as a family of isoforms. The composition of the complex (containing one to four forms of each enzyme) varied during the basidiomycete life cycle. The activity of oxidases was maximal at the stage of nonpigmented mycelium and at the stages of a brown mycelial mat and a fruit body. The activity of tyrosinase increased in the course of mycelium pigmentation and had two maxima: at the stage of a brown mycelial mat and at the stage of a fruit body. Laccase and tyrosinase activities were shown to increase sharply upon addition of oak sawdust extract to the culture medium as compared with the enzyme activities of mycelium grown on wort agar alone. It was established that the effect of phenol oxidase substrates on the growing mycelium consists in a twofold acceleration of the process of morphogenesis in the fungus L. edodes.     

Fruiting body productivity of protoplast-derived clones inLentinula edodes

More than 100 dikaryotic clones (protoclones) derived from mycelial protoplasts of aLentinula edodes dikaryon were examined for their mycelial growth and fruiting body productivity. These protoclones exhibited a variety of vegetative mycelial growth rates, but no apparent difference in colonial morphology compared with the original (parental) dikaryon. Protoclones were cultivated on wood logs under natural conditions, and they exhibited a very wide range of fruiting body yields. Of the 134 protoclones, four were selected that produced a 30–40% increase in dry weight of fruiting body yield over that of the original dikaryon. This high productivity of fruiting bodies was maintained for at least several years. The present results suggest thatL. edodes protoclones can be practically used in strain improvement to increase the capability of fruiting body formation. Contribution No. 287 from the Tottori Mycological Institute.