利用突变技术研究苏云金杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白的进展

本文综述了近年来利用突变技术研究苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白（Insecticidal crystal proteins,ICP)杀虫作用机制所取得的进展。其中结构域Ⅰ参与不可逆结合及影响离子通道的形成;结构域Ⅱ参与与受体的结合,包括可逆结合和不可逆结合;结构域Ⅲ保持三维结构稳定,同时可能参与结合受体的过程,插膜以及离子通道调节。利用突变技术改变Bt杀虫晶体蛋白一级结构是Bt改良的一条诱人途径。     

定点突变技术研究苏云金杆菌Cry1类晶体蛋白结构与功能的进展

近年来利用定点突变技术研究苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiesis,Bt）杀虫晶体蛋白（Insecticidal crystal proteins,ICP）作用机制已取得良好进展.杀虫晶体蛋白不同结构域上氨基酸残基的突变将影响其稳定性,与受体的结合,不可逆的昆虫中肠膜插入及离子通道活性的强弱等.突变研究表明,结构域Ⅰ参与不可逆结合及插入昆虫中肠膜过程;结构域Ⅱ参与受体结合,包括初始结合与不可逆结合;结构域Ⅲ在杀虫特异性和维持三维结构的稳定性方面起重要作用,同时,可能参与离子通道的形成,受体结合和插入昆虫中肠膜过程.利用各种定点突变技术对各位点进行突变可以研究单一位点的功能,到目前为止,已有很多关于这方面的研究,并且筛选到了毒力提高的工程菌株.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白作用的分子机制研究进展

本文主要综述了苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白在分子水平上作用机制的研究进展。杀虫晶体蛋白经蛋白酶活化后形成的毒性肽一般由三个结构域组成。在杀虫过程中,毒性肽首先通过结构域Ⅱ或结构域Ⅲ的特殊部位与昆虫中肠上皮细胞膜上的受体蛋白发生专一性结合。这一结合开始是可逆的,随后发生紧密的不可逆结合。继而诱发毒性肽分子发生空间构象变化,使得结构域Ⅰ中的某些α螺旋从α螺旋束中弹出并插入细胞膜,并通过寡聚合作用造成膜穿孔,导致细胞渗透平衡破坏、中肠破裂、昆虫死亡 。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白作用的分子机制研究进展

本文主要综述了苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）杀虫晶体蛋白在分子水平上作用机制的研究进展。杀虫晶体蛋白酶活化后形成的毒性肽一般由三个结构域组成。在杀虫过程中,毒性肽首先通过结构域Ⅱ或结构域Ⅲ的特殊部位与昆虫中肠上皮细胞膜上的受体蛋白发生专一性结合。这一结合开始是可逆的,随后发生紧密的不可逆结合。继而诱发毒性肽分子发生空间构象变化,便得结构域Ⅰ中的某些α－螺旋从α－螺旋束中弹出并插入细胞膜,并通过寡聚合作用造成膜穿孔,导致细胞渗透平衡破坏、中肠破裂、昆虫死亡。     

鳞翅目昆虫中肠Bt杀虫蛋白受体研究进展

杀虫晶体蛋白(insecticidal crystal proteins,ICPs;含有Cry和Cyt 2大家族)和营养期杀虫蛋白(vegetative insecticidal proteins,Vips)等Bt杀虫蛋白可有效防治鳞翅目害虫,其中Cry应用最广泛。然而,一些地区的鳞翅目害虫已对Bt杀虫蛋白产生了抗性。目前,普遍认为鳞翅目昆虫中肠受体与Bt杀虫蛋白结合能力的改变是导致其对Bt杀虫蛋白产生抗性的最主要因素。在鳞翅目昆虫中,Cry受体是研究得最为透彻的Bt受体,已经被证实的有氨肽酶N、钙黏蛋白、碱性磷酸酶和ABC转运蛋白等。Vips杀虫蛋白类与鳞翅目昆虫中肠受体的结合方式与Cry杀虫蛋白相似,但结合位点与Cry杀虫蛋白不同。本文从结构特点、作用机制及不同鳞翅目昆虫间的表达差异等角度对以上4种鳞翅目昆虫中肠Bt受体进行了综述,并提出如下展望:(1)以棉铃虫或小菜蛾等鳞翅目昆虫为农业害虫模式生物进行深入研究,阐明其对Bt杀虫蛋白产生抗性的机制,为研究其他鳞翅目农业害虫对Bt杀虫蛋白产生抗性的机制提供理论借鉴;(2)鉴于在不同鳞翅目昆虫间,中肠Bt受体与Bt杀虫蛋白结合存在差异,且同一Bt杀虫蛋白与鳞翅目昆虫Bt受体并不专一性结合,Bt杀虫蛋白多基因组合策略是较为有效的田间鳞翅目昆虫防治策略,是今后一段时间内Bt杀虫蛋白应用的发展方向。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白毒性片段的结构域在毒杀昆虫中的作用

苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Bacillusthuringiensis)杀虫晶体蛋白的毒性片段包含三个不同的结构域。通过对毒性片段编码基因的定点诱变和体外重组 ,已经对结构域的功能有了较清晰的认识。一般认为结构域Ⅰ参与孔道的形成 ,结构域Ⅱ决定毒素与受体的特异性结合 ,结构域Ⅲ主要调节毒素的活性。本文根据国外研究 ,从毒素蛋白质结构的不同组织层次 ,阐述了这些区域的结构与其功能的关系。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白毒性片段的结构域在毒杀昆虫中的作用

苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Bacillusthuringiensis)杀虫晶体蛋白的毒性片段包含三个不同的结构域。通过对毒性片段编码基因的定点诱变和体外重组 ,已经对结构域的功能有了较清晰的认识。一般认为结构域Ⅰ参与孔道的形成 ,结构域Ⅱ决定毒素与受体的特异性结合 ,结构域Ⅲ主要调节毒素的活性。本文根据国外研究 ,从毒素蛋白质结构的不同组织层次 ,阐述了这些区域的结构与其功能的关系。     

Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因及其转基因育种研究进展

本文简要介绍了Bt杀虫晶体蛋白及其编码基因,以及目前通过基因工程方法获得的转Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因植物,着重分析和探讨了目前转Bt杀虫晶体蛋白基因植物及转基因育种研究中存在的一些问题,并就这些问题及合理持续利用Bt杀虫晶体蛋白提出了一些见解。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白及其分子设计

cry1Ac编码的杀虫晶体蛋白是苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)产生的多种杀虫晶体蛋白中对鳞翅目昆虫有很高毒性的蛋白.第一个Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白最早在库斯塔克亚种HD73中以伴胞晶体形式分离获得,其编码区为3 534 bp,编码蛋白分子量为133 kD,含1 178个氨基酸,等电点为4.84.自此以来,Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白结构、功能以及应用研究一直是Bt杀虫晶体蛋白研究的重要方向.本文介绍了苏云金芽孢杆菌中应用最广泛的Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白家族的结构、功能及其基因分类,并进一步就基于苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白的基因工程研究做了分析,提出了持续利用BtCry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白的一些见解.     

昆虫中肠Bt杀虫晶体蛋白毒素受体氨肽酶N的研究进展

鳞翅目昆虫中肠上皮细胞刷状缘膜(BBM)上的Bt杀虫晶体蛋白毒素受体氨肽酶N(APN)的结构和位点密度的改变是昆虫对Bt毒素的主要抗性机制之一,该文简要综述了APN受体的研究进展。每种昆虫中肠上皮细胞中有数种APNs,彼此间同源性较高,其中部分APNs为crylA家族毒素的功能性受体。不同种类昆虫的APNs受体,甚至同一种昆虫的不同类型APNs,其所结合的毒素种类可能不同。APNs决定该昆虫对crylA类毒素的敏感程度差异。有些抗性昆虫的APNs基因编码区发生了多个点突变。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.