棉铃虫中肠氨肽酶APN4与Cry1Ac、Cry2Aa结合能力的比较

【目的】Bt杀虫蛋白(Bacillus thuringiensis)具有高度的靶标特异性,已经被广泛用于农业害虫防治。Bt杀虫蛋白要发挥杀虫活性,必须首先与其受体蛋白结合,氨肽酶N(Aminopeptidase N)是一类重要的Bt受体蛋白。因此,分析该受体与Bt杀虫蛋白的结合能力,可为进一步明确不同Bt的分子作用机制、Bt的抗性治理以及新Bt的开发应用等提供借鉴。【方法】本文利用Ligand blot和Elisa方法比较了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera中肠APN4(Aminopeptidase N4,APN4)与Cry1Ac、Cry2Aa的结合能力。【结果】原核表达的APN4片段与活化的Cry1Ac、Cry2Aa都可以结合,解离常数(Kd)分别是48.59 nmol/L和21.73 nmol/L。【结论】APN4片段与Cry1Ac、Cry2Aa的结合能力在数量级上不存在显著性差异。     

受体介导的鳞翅目昆虫对Bt毒素抗性机制进展

苏云金芽孢杆菌作为一种对人畜安全、环境友好型绿色杀虫剂在全球被广泛使用。Bt毒素与昆虫中肠上特定毒素受体结合并发挥作用,形成毒素穿孔导致昆虫死亡是其重要的杀虫机制之一,靶标害虫对Bt毒素产生抗性是制约转Bt作物长期有效种植和Bt毒素持续使用的重要因素。文中从鳞翅目昆虫中肠细胞Bt毒素重要受体的研究阐述昆虫对Bt的抗性机制,为Bt抗性机制的深入研究和对害虫的防控与治理提供了一定的理论参考。     

Bt杀虫晶体蛋白受体分子的结构与功能

苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)杀虫蛋白与昆虫中肠细胞膜上受体的结合是Bt毒素作用的关键环节和决定Bt杀虫蛋白选择性的关键因素。受体与Bt杀虫蛋白结合能力的改变可能是昆虫对Bt产生抗性的主要原因,也因此成为近年来国际上的研究热点和焦点,并取得了突破性的进展。该文就昆虫体内Bt毒素的４种受体：氨肽酶N、类钙粘蛋白、碱性磷酸酶以及最近报道的糖脂类受体的结构、功能、受体与毒素的结合特性、受体基因在离体细胞中的表达特性以及受体基因的突变与害虫对Bt毒素的抗性等方面进行了综述。     

鳞翅目昆虫氨肽酶N与Bt毒素的结合及其与Bt抗性的关系

随着Bt Cry作物在我国的广泛应用和推广,靶标害虫对其抗性风险已成为Bt Cry作物生态安全研究的重要内容.氨肽酶N(Aminopeptidase N,APN)是位于昆虫中肠刷状缘膜囊泡(Brush Border Membrane Vesicles,BBMV)上Bt Cry毒素重要的受体蛋白之一,它与Bt Cry毒素...     

Cry毒素自然进化与作用机制研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌(简称Bt)产生的杀虫Cry毒素被广泛的运用于转基因作物害虫的有效防治。在Cry毒素家族中,Cry毒素的三维结构域引导它们自然进化,并产生大量结构和行为方式相似但在不同的昆虫中表现出不同特异性的Cry蛋白,同时Cry毒素家族也是对昆虫特异性分子研究的基础。简述了Bt本身及其发展历程,还详细阐述了Cry毒素在自然中完成昆虫特异性的进化及其作用机制。最后,对于Cry毒素杀虫活性的进化提出了一般性的策略。     

昆虫Bt毒素受体蛋白的研究进展

Bt是一种被广泛应用的生物杀虫剂,昆虫Bt受体蛋白在Bt发挥毒性过程中起到非常重要的作用,而且受体蛋白与Bt结合能力的改变可能是昆虫对Bt产生抗性的主要原因,近年来已成为国际研究的热点。该文从昆虫Bt受体蛋白的分离鉴定,结合动力学,与Bt杀虫毒性、抗性的关系及其分子本质等方面综述受体蛋白的研究进展。     

增强Bt Cry毒素杀虫作用的重要途径:增效因子的利用及晶体蛋白的遗传改良

Bt Cry毒素广泛应用于害虫防治,但存在杀虫谱窄、活性低、靶标害虫易产生抗性等缺点.为了弥补这些不足,采取适当措施增强Cry毒素的杀虫作用十分必要.本文围绕Cry毒素的作用机理,论述了利用丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、几丁质酶、增效蛋白、钙粘蛋白片段和Cyt毒素等增效因子提高Cry毒素的杀虫活性,延缓昆虫抗性的研究进展;探讨了利用基因定点突变、蛋白融合和杂交以及晶体蛋白末端小片段的去除等分子技术手段对毒素蛋白进行遗传改良,改善Cry毒素的杀虫性能,扩大其杀虫范围.     

钙粘蛋白片断可使Bt毒素增效

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bt）可以分泌产生有杀虫性的结晶状蛋白，它已被广泛地应用到农业害虫防治中，且起到了重要的作用。钙粘着蛋白Bt—R1是一种结合蛋白，存在于烟草天蛾中肠上皮细胞里，可结合BtCry1A毒素。Adang等科学家先前鉴定出Bt—R1区很接近细胞膜的CR12-MPED区（Cry1Ab介导的细胞毒素途径所必需的一个结合区）。2007年8月28日《PNAS》报道了一个含有CR12-MPED区的肽，并在大肠杆菌中表达，可作为Cry1A毒性的增效剂，防治鳞翅目幼虫。CR12-MPED肽结合在刷状缘膜囊和中肠微绒毛上，但不改变中肠上Cry1Ab或Cry1Ac结合位点。通过BIAcore分析，证明Cry1Ab可结合在CR12-MPED的高、低2个亲合位点上。     

棉铃虫中肠钙粘蛋白、氨肽酶N及碱性磷酸酯酶的抗血清对Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa毒力的影响

【目的】Cry1A和Cry2A类Bt蛋白通过特异性地与昆虫中肠上的受体蛋白结合而发挥杀虫作用,现已广泛应用于转基因抗虫作物。本研究旨在进一步明确Cry2A类蛋白的作用机制和Cry1A受体蛋白在Cry2A发挥毒力中的作用。【方法】本研究首先提取了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的BBMV,制备了钙粘蛋白(CAD)、氨肽酶N(APN)和碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)3种受体蛋白的抗体和抗血清;然后,利用Western blot检测BBMV上这3种受体蛋白后,利用抗体封闭技术比较了敏感棉铃虫和Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)中3种受体蛋白的抗血清对Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa毒力的影响。【结果】对敏感品系棉铃虫,这3种已知的Cry1Ac受体蛋白抗血清显著地降低了Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa的毒力。其中APN抗血清对Cry1Ac毒力的影响最大,棉铃虫幼虫的死亡率降低了84.44%;ALP抗血清对Cry2Aa的毒力影响最大,棉铃虫幼虫死亡率比对照降低了71.04%。Cry1Ac对Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)的毒力显著降低,Cry2Aa的毒性也减弱。在Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)中,3种受体抗血清对Cry1Ac的影响比在敏感棉铃虫中的影响小,尤其是CAD和APN抗血清对Cry1Ac毒力的抑制率显著低于在敏感棉铃虫中的抑制作用;CAD和ALP抗血清对Cry2Aa毒力的影响与在敏感棉铃虫中的影响差异不显著,但APN抗血清可以显著降低Cry2Aa对Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫(BtR)的毒力。【结论】棉铃虫CAD,APN和ALP不仅参与了Cry1Ac的杀虫过程,也对Cry2Aa毒力有一定的影响,而且这3种蛋白可能与棉铃虫对Cry1Ac和Cry2Aa产生抗性及交互抗性相关。     

昆虫类钙粘蛋白与Bt Cry1A蛋白之间的相互作用

类钙粘蛋白(cadherin-likeprotein)位于昆虫中肠刷状缘膜囊泡(brushbordermembranevesicles,BBMV)上,是苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)产生的杀虫晶体蛋白(BtCry蛋白)的主要受体之一。它能够与BtCry蛋白结合,引起细胞膜的渗透性发生改变,促进BtCry蛋白对敏感昆虫的毒杀作用。类钙粘蛋白基因的突变还能导致敏感昆虫对BtCry蛋白产生抗性。因此,研究昆虫类钙粘蛋白与BtCry蛋白之间的相互作用,将有助于揭示BtCry蛋白杀虫作用机理。文章对昆虫类钙粘蛋白种类、结构特征、在昆虫体内的分布、及其与BtCry蛋白之间的相互作用等方面的研究现状进行详细论述。     

Effectiveness in the field of Bt rice lines against target pests under various cultural regimes

China has a long history of rice cultivation, incorporating several cultural practices known to influence damage by insect pests. Transgenic Bt rice expresses lepidopteran‐specific insecticidal proteins that primarily target lepidopteran insect pests. However, the effectiveness of Bt rice against target insect pests under different cultural regimes has not been evaluated. In this study, the effectiveness of Bt rice lines against rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), was evaluated under various transplanting densities, crop establishment methods, and planting times. The results showed that Bt rice lines (T2A‐1 and T1C‐19, containing Cry2A and Cry1C, respectively) could prevent damage by these target pests under a range of cultural practices. Injury by C. medinalis or C. suppressalis on rice did not differ with the rice lines under various transplanting densities. Direct‐seeded non‐Bt rice MH63 suffered heavier injury by C. medinalis and C. suppressalis than it did with transplanting, whereas injury to the two Bt rice lines did not differ with planting methods. Planting time significantly affected injury by C. medinalis or C. suppressalis on non‐Bt rice, whereas injury to Bt rice lines did not differ with planting time. These results suggest that transplanting density, planting method, and planting time did not significantly affect the resistance of two Bt rice lines, due to their high insecticidal activity against target insects.     

Helicoverpa armigera cadherin fragment enhances Cry1Ac insecticidal activity by facilitating toxin-oligomer formation

The interaction between Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal protein Cry1A and cadherin receptors in lepidopteran insects induces toxin oligomerization, which is essential for membrane insertion and mediates Cry1A toxicity. It has been reported that Manduca sexta cadherin fragment CR12-MPED and Anopheles gambiae cadherin fragment CR11-MPED enhance the insecticidal activity of Cry1Ab and Cry4Ba to certain lepidopteran and dipteran larvae species, respectively. This study reports that a Helicoverpa armigera cadherin fragment (HaCad1) containing its toxin binding region, expressed in Escherichia coli, enhanced Cry1Ac activity against H. armigera larvae. A binding assay showed that HaCad1 was able to bind to Cry1Ac in vitro and that this event did not block toxin binding to the brush border membrane microvilli prepared from H. armigera. When the residues ¹⁴²³GVLSLNFQ¹⁴³⁰ were deleted from the fragment, the subsequent mutation peptide lost its ability to bind Cry1Ac and the toxicity enhancement was also significantly reduced. Oligomerization tests showed that HaCad1 facilitates the formation of a 250-kDa oligomer of Cry1Ac-activated toxin in the midgut fluid environment. Oligomer formation was dependent upon the toxin binding to HaCad1, which was also necessary for the HaCad1-mediated enhancement effect. Our discovery reveals a novel strategy to enhance insecticidal activity or to overcome the resistance of insects to B. thuringiensis toxin-based biopesticides and transgenic crops.     

Knockout of three aminopeptidase N genes does not affect susceptibility of Helicoverpa armigera larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A and Cry2A toxins

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins have been globally utilized for control of agricultural insects through spraying or transgenic crops. Binding of Bt toxins to special receptors on midgut epithelial cells of target insects is a key step in the mode of action. Previous studies suggested aminopeptidase N1 (APN1) as a receptor or putative receptor in several lepidopteran insects including Helicoverpa armigera through evidence from RNA interefence‐based gene silencing approaches. In the current study we tested the role of APNs in the mode of action of Bt toxins using clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9‐mediated gene knockout. Three APN genes (HaAPN1, HaAPN2 and HaAPN5) were individually knocked out in a susceptible strain (SCD) of H. armigera to establish three homozygous knockout strains. Qualitative in vitro binding studies indicated binding of Cry1Ac or Cry2Ab to midgut brush border membrane vesicles was not obviously affected by APN knockout. Bioassay results showed that none of the three knockouts had significant changes in susceptibility to Cry1A or Cry2A toxins when compared with the SCD strain. This suggests that the three HaAPN genes we tested may not be critical in the mode of action of Cry1A or Cry2A toxins in H. armigera.     

Protease activities in the midgut of Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)

The Western corn rootworm is one of the most economically important pests in corn. One possibility for controlling this pest is the cultivation of transgenic corn expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, such as Cry3A, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1, and Cry3Bb1. However, widespread cultivation of the resulting Bt corn may result in the development of resistant pest populations. The Bt toxins are processed by proteases in the midgut of susceptible insects. Thus, protease activity studies were conducted using the midgut juice (pH 5.75) from third instars larvae of the susceptible Western corn rootworm. As a result, the activities of the serine endopeptidases trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, cathepsin G, plasmin, and thrombin; the cysteine endopeptidases cathepsin L, papain, cathepsin B, and cathepsin H; the aspartic endopeptidase pepsin; the metallo endopeptidase saccharolysin; the exopeptidase aminopeptidase, and the omegapeptidase acylaminoacylpeptidase were detected. These results are of basic interest but also lead to reference systems for the identification of protease-mediated resistance mechanisms in potentially resistant individuals.     

Tobacco plants expressing the Cry1AbMod toxin suppress tolerance to Cry1Ab toxin of Manduca sexta cadherin-silenced larvae

Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria are insecticidal proteins used worldwide in the control of different insect pests. Alterations in toxin-receptor interaction represent the most common mechanism to induce resistance to Cry toxins in lepidopteran insects. Cry toxins bind with high affinity to the cadherin protein present in the midgut cells and this interaction facilitates the proteolytic removal of helix ??-1 and pre-pore oligomer formation. Resistance to Cry toxins has been linked with mutations in the cadherin gene. One strategy effective to overcome larval resistance to Cry1A toxins is the production of Cry1AMod toxins that lack helix ??-1. Cry1AMod are able to form oligomeric structures without binding to cadherin receptor and were shown to be toxic to cadherin-silenced Manduca sexta larvae and Pectinophora gossypiella strain with resistance linked to mutations in a cadherin gene.We developed Cry1AbMod tobacco transgenic plants to analyze if Cry1AMod toxins can be expressed in transgenic crops, do not affect plant development and are able to control insect pests. Our results show that production of the Cry1AbMod toxin in transgenic plants does not affect plant development, since these plants exhibited healthy growth, produced abundant seeds, and were virtually undistinguishable from control plants. Most importantly, Cry1AbMod protein produced in tobacco plants retains its functional toxic activity against susceptible and tolerant M. sexta larvae due to the silencing of cadherin receptor by RNAi. These results suggest that CryMod toxins could potentially be expressed in other transgenic crops to protect them against both toxin-susceptible and resistant lepidopteran larvae affected in cadherin gene.     

转基因抗虫作物中苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry蛋白的食品安全问题

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)微生物制剂是农业、林业和饮用水等领域用来控制靶标害虫幼虫的有效工具,至今已经有50余年的使用历史。同时其在美国、欧洲和其他一些国家被广泛用于经过认证的有机农业生产之中。目前已获审批的转基因Bt作物中最常使用的是Cry蛋白。Cry蛋白的作用机制、食品安全性以及致敏性已经经过啮齿类动物、农场动物和人体内试验和生物信息学研究的严格检验。Cry蛋白的杀虫作用只在靶标害虫的碱性消化道内,与中肠上皮细胞的特异蛋白受体结合才能起到杀虫作用,而其他非靶标生物体内(人类、猕猴、小鼠、大鼠和牛等)都被证明没有这种特异蛋白质受体。美国、欧洲和其他国家的管理机构都已经证实了转基因Bt作物和Cry蛋白在农作物和饮用水中残留的安全性。食物加工过程能够最大化地减少转基因作物中功能性Cry蛋白的摄入。转基因抗虫作物有利于降低农药杀虫剂的使用的同时,也能够有效防止玉米中伏马菌毒素的污染。