利用突变技术研究苏云金杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白的进展

本文综述了近年来利用突变技术研究苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白（Insecticidal crystal proteins,ICP)杀虫作用机制所取得的进展。其中结构域Ⅰ参与不可逆结合及影响离子通道的形成;结构域Ⅱ参与与受体的结合,包括可逆结合和不可逆结合;结构域Ⅲ保持三维结构稳定,同时可能参与结合受体的过程,插膜以及离子通道调节。利用突变技术改变Bt杀虫晶体蛋白一级结构是Bt改良的一条诱人途径。     

利用突变技术研究苏云金杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白的进展

本文综述了近年来利用突变技术研究苏云金杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白(Insecticidalcrystalproteins,ICP)杀虫作用机制所取得的进展。其中结构域Ⅰ参与不可逆结合及影响离子通道的形成;结构域Ⅱ参与与受体的结合,包括可逆结合和不可逆结合;结构域Ⅲ保持三维结构稳定,同时可能参与结合受体的过程,插膜以及离子通道调节。利用突变技术改变Bt杀虫晶体蛋白一级结构是Bt改良的一条诱人途径 。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白作用的分子机制研究进展

本文主要综述了苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白在分子水平上作用机制的研究进展。杀虫晶体蛋白经蛋白酶活化后形成的毒性肽一般由三个结构域组成。在杀虫过程中,毒性肽首先通过结构域Ⅱ或结构域Ⅲ的特殊部位与昆虫中肠上皮细胞膜上的受体蛋白发生专一性结合。这一结合开始是可逆的,随后发生紧密的不可逆结合。继而诱发毒性肽分子发生空间构象变化,使得结构域Ⅰ中的某些α螺旋从α螺旋束中弹出并插入细胞膜,并通过寡聚合作用造成膜穿孔,导致细胞渗透平衡破坏、中肠破裂、昆虫死亡 。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白作用的分子机制研究进展

本文主要综述了苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）杀虫晶体蛋白在分子水平上作用机制的研究进展。杀虫晶体蛋白酶活化后形成的毒性肽一般由三个结构域组成。在杀虫过程中,毒性肽首先通过结构域Ⅱ或结构域Ⅲ的特殊部位与昆虫中肠上皮细胞膜上的受体蛋白发生专一性结合。这一结合开始是可逆的,随后发生紧密的不可逆结合。继而诱发毒性肽分子发生空间构象变化,便得结构域Ⅰ中的某些α－螺旋从α－螺旋束中弹出并插入细胞膜,并通过寡聚合作用造成膜穿孔,导致细胞渗透平衡破坏、中肠破裂、昆虫死亡。     

昆虫中肠Bt晶体蛋白受体的研究进展

苏云金芽孢杆菌Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ杀虫作用的主要成份是胞内产生的伴孢晶体,晶体蛋白经昆虫吞食,在肠道降解为激活的毒性肽。普遍认为毒性肽的作用机制主要有两个步骤：１）与中肠表面的受体专一结合;２）在细胞膜上形成跨膜通道。杀虫晶体蛋白的专一性与中肠细胞膜表面的受体蛋白紧密相连,晶体蛋白的杀虫作用是通过昆虫中肠细胞的专一性受体而起作用。本文通过说明受体蛋白的生物学特性、分子本质及与昆虫抗性的关系,概述了近年来中肠受体蛋白的研究进展。１　昆虫中肠受体蛋白的生物学特性１１　受体蛋白…     

昆虫类钙粘蛋白与Bt Cry1A蛋白之间的相互作用

类钙粘蛋白(cadherin-likeprotein)位于昆虫中肠刷状缘膜囊泡(brushbordermembranevesicles,BBMV)上,是苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,Bt)产生的杀虫晶体蛋白(BtCry蛋白)的主要受体之一。它能够与BtCry蛋白结合,引起细胞膜的渗透性发生改变,促进BtCry蛋白对敏感昆虫的毒杀作用。类钙粘蛋白基因的突变还能导致敏感昆虫对BtCry蛋白产生抗性。因此,研究昆虫类钙粘蛋白与BtCry蛋白之间的相互作用,将有助于揭示BtCry蛋白杀虫作用机理。文章对昆虫类钙粘蛋白种类、结构特征、在昆虫体内的分布、及其与BtCry蛋白之间的相互作用等方面的研究现状进行详细论述。     

昆虫中肠Bt杀虫晶体蛋白毒素受体氨肽酶N的研究进展

鳞翅目昆虫中肠上皮细胞刷状缘膜(BBM)上的Bt杀虫晶体蛋白毒素受体氨肽酶N(APN)的结构和位点密度的改变是昆虫对Bt毒素的主要抗性机制之一,该文简要综述了APN受体的研究进展。每种昆虫中肠上皮细胞中有数种APNs,彼此间同源性较高,其中部分APNs为crylA家族毒素的功能性受体。不同种类昆虫的APNs受体,甚至同一种昆虫的不同类型APNs,其所结合的毒素种类可能不同。APNs决定该昆虫对crylA类毒素的敏感程度差异。有些抗性昆虫的APNs基因编码区发生了多个点突变。     

鳞翅目昆虫中肠Bt杀虫蛋白受体研究进展

杀虫晶体蛋白(insecticidal crystal proteins,ICPs;含有Cry和Cyt 2大家族)和营养期杀虫蛋白(vegetative insecticidal proteins,Vips)等Bt杀虫蛋白可有效防治鳞翅目害虫,其中Cry应用最广泛。然而,一些地区的鳞翅目害虫已对Bt杀虫蛋白产生了抗性。目前,普遍认为鳞翅目昆虫中肠受体与Bt杀虫蛋白结合能力的改变是导致其对Bt杀虫蛋白产生抗性的最主要因素。在鳞翅目昆虫中,Cry受体是研究得最为透彻的Bt受体,已经被证实的有氨肽酶N、钙黏蛋白、碱性磷酸酶和ABC转运蛋白等。Vips杀虫蛋白类与鳞翅目昆虫中肠受体的结合方式与Cry杀虫蛋白相似,但结合位点与Cry杀虫蛋白不同。本文从结构特点、作用机制及不同鳞翅目昆虫间的表达差异等角度对以上4种鳞翅目昆虫中肠Bt受体进行了综述,并提出如下展望:(1)以棉铃虫或小菜蛾等鳞翅目昆虫为农业害虫模式生物进行深入研究,阐明其对Bt杀虫蛋白产生抗性的机制,为研究其他鳞翅目农业害虫对Bt杀虫蛋白产生抗性的机制提供理论借鉴;(2)鉴于在不同鳞翅目昆虫间,中肠Bt受体与Bt杀虫蛋白结合存在差异,且同一Bt杀虫蛋白与鳞翅目昆虫Bt受体并不专一性结合,Bt杀虫蛋白多基因组合策略是较为有效的田间鳞翅目昆虫防治策略,是今后一段时间内Bt杀虫蛋白应用的发展方向。     

Bt杀虫晶体蛋白受体分子的结构与功能

苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)杀虫蛋白与昆虫中肠细胞膜上受体的结合是Bt毒素作用的关键环节和决定Bt杀虫蛋白选择性的关键因素。受体与Bt杀虫蛋白结合能力的改变可能是昆虫对Bt产生抗性的主要原因,也因此成为近年来国际上的研究热点和焦点,并取得了突破性的进展。该文就昆虫体内Bt毒素的４种受体：氨肽酶N、类钙粘蛋白、碱性磷酸酶以及最近报道的糖脂类受体的结构、功能、受体与毒素的结合特性、受体基因在离体细胞中的表达特性以及受体基因的突变与害虫对Bt毒素的抗性等方面进行了综述。     

杀虫晶体蛋白的序列特征与其杀小菜蛾活性间关系的定量模型

采用定点突变技术改造杀虫晶体蛋白, 是提高其杀虫活性的有效途径, 但目前在突变位点和氨基酸种类的选取上还存在很大的盲目性。以杀小菜蛾活性明确的23个杀虫晶体蛋白上的4个关键结构域为研究对象, 用主成分分析法处理20种氨基酸1369种性质参数后的第一个主成分的得分向量来表征氨基酸差异, 实现序列数据化。通过逐步回归找到了6个关键氨基酸位点: X3、X9、X12、X13、X14和X19, 并进一步通过偏最小二乘二次多项式回归寻根最优氨基酸残基L/X3、S/X9、S/X12、T/X13、A/X14和G/X19, 从而建立了杀虫晶体蛋白的序列特征与其杀小菜蛾活性间关系的定量模型。这有助于快速地预测出有利于提高杀小菜蛾活性的氨基酸位点和种类, 从而提高定点突变改造杀虫晶体蛋白的效率。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.