水分胁迫下钙螯合剂与CPZ抑制剂对棉花根和下胚轴两种ATPase…

水分胁迫下棉花根和下胚轴质膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ和Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力,表现Ｋｍ值以及Ｖｍａｘ降低。－０．３ＭＰａ和－１．１ＭＰａ胁迫下质膜ＡＴ－Ｐａｓｅ活力随时间延长分别呈“Ｖ”字形变化和下降趋势。钙螯合剂、ＣａＭ抑制剂对棉花根和下胚轴质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性有明显的抑制效应,抑制程度为－１．１ＭＰａ大于－０．３ＭＰａ大于对照。     

Cr6+污染对菱叶中矿质元素含量的影响

研究Ｃｒ＾６＋污染后菱浮水叶和沉水叶中Ｃｒ、Ｋ、Ｍｇ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ元素的含量,结果显示：Ｃｒ含量随培养浓度的上升而上升,Ｋ、Ｍｇ随培养浓度的上升而下降,Ｆｅ含量随培养浓度的上升而出现先上升后下降,Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ与Ｃｒ＾６＋的培养浓度无明显的相关关系。     

花生幼苗下胚轴质膜Ca2+-ATP酶及其对低温胁迫的反应

经６％－１２％ＤｅｘｔｒａｎＴ７０密度梯度离心,获得了纯度较高的７ｄ龄花生幼苗下胚轴质膜制剂,质膜Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ在反应系统不存在Ｍｇ＾２＋时,可正常表现水解ＡＴＰ的活性,但此活性明显低于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ不受Ｎａ３ＶＯ４抑制,不被Ｋ＾＋激活,而被Ｃｌ＾－抑制,Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的最适,ｐＨ不同于Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ,低温胁迫显著提高质膜Ｃ     

盐或低温胁迫对花生幼苗下胚轴ATP酶和质膜中PIP2含量的影响

经６％－１２％Ｄｅｘｔｒａｎ Ｔ７０密度梯度离心,获得了纯度较高的７ｄ龄花生幼苗下胚轴质膜和液泡膜制剂。１５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＣｌ或１０℃低温处理花生幼苗２４ｈ,其下胚轴质膜上的Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性分别提高了３７．６％和１７．２％;Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性分别提高４５．８％和３３．６％。上述盐或低温处理也提高了液泡膜上Ｍｇ＾２＋激活的ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,分别为对照的１４１．２％和１     

渗透胁迫对绿豆下胚轴延伸生长及H^＋分泌的影响

－０．９ＭＰａ甘露醇渗透胁迫处理,明显抑制绿豆幼苗下胚轴延伸生长和生长部位Ｈ＾＋分泌,而且随胁迫时间延长抑制程度增大。ＰＭＨ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性在渗透胁迫下先下降而后升高并超过对照水平。     

荧光光谱法研究铈离子与二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱（DPPC）脂质体的相互作用

通过荧光光谱法研究了稀土Ｃｅ＾３＋与二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱（ＤＰＰＣ）脂质体的相互作用,结果表明,Ｃｅ＾３＋－ＤＰＰＣ体系的激发波长在２４７ｎｍ,２９４ｎｍ,发射波长在３４４ｎｍ,与水合Ｃｅ＾３＋的荧光光谱完全不同。这表明Ｃｅ＾３＋与ＤＰＰＣ形成了复合物,该复合物的荧光光谱同Ｃｅ＾３＋－ＤＨＰ复合物的荧光光谱一致,可以认为Ｃｅ＾３＋与ＤＰＰＣ分子上的磷酸基团相作用。     

乙醇能消除二环已基碳二亚胺对H^＋—ATPase复合体的抑制效应

本文发现线粒体Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ复合体先用０．５ｕｇ／ｍｌ的ＤＣＣＤ（二环已基碳二亚胺预保温处理,再经１２．５％（Ｖ／Ｖ）乙醇进一步保温处理,则乙醇可完全消除ＤＣＣＤ引起的Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的抑制效应。若Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ用ＤＣＣＤ和乙醇同时预保温处理,则ＤＣＣＤ同样消失其抑制作用。用相同浓度的甲醇代替乙醇,则仅可部分的消除ＤＣＣＤ的抑制作用。用相同浓度的ＤＭＳＯ（二甲基亚砜）代替乙醇,则不     

小麦根液泡膜上存在两种类型ATPase

采用Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４Ｂ柱层析的方法在小麦根液泡膜中分离出两种ＡＴＰａｓｅ,一种需Ｍｇ＾２＋存在于表现催化活性,受质子通道抑制剂ＤＣＣＤ（二环已基碳二亚胺）的抑制和Ｃｌ＾－的激活,为需Ｍｇ＾２＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ,另一种不需Ｍｇ＾２＋就可表现出催化活性,受Ｃａ＾２＋的强烈激活,不受ＤＣＣＤ的抑制和Ｃｌ＾－激活,可能前者与转运质子有关,后者与Ｃａ＾２＋的转运有关。     

鼎湖山地区人类活动对马尾松年轮13C/12C的影响

南亚热带鼎湖山保护区的非核心地带的旅游活动和附近工厂区污染气体的排放,影响了 年轮中的δ＾１３Ｃ值和窃据的δα值。旅游点年轮的δ＾１３Ｃ值自１９６５－１９９２年以年均－０．０２６‰速率下降,１９８０－１９９２年年均下降速率增至－０．０４４‰。工厂点的年轮δ＾１３Ｃ则随时间而递增,气体污染改变了δ＾１３Ｃ值的年际变化图式。１９８０－１９９２年,对照点、旅游点和工厂点空气ＣＯ２浓度年均增高速率分别为０     

小麦根液泡膜H~+-ATPase的解离和重组

ＫＩ诱导小麦根液泡膜Ｈ－ＡＴＰａｓｅ解离地温度敏感,在４℃时比在２０℃时解离更迅速;该过程为Ｍｇ＾２＋和ＡＴＰ的加强。其它阴离子诱导酶活性丧失的有效性依次为“ＳＣＮ〉Ｉ〉ＮＯ３〉Ｂｒ〉Ａｃ〉ＳＯ３＾２－〉ＳＯ４＾２－〉Ｃｌ〉ＨＣＯ３。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ的结果显示酶活性的丧失伴随着Ｖ。与Ｖ１的解离。通过透析去除解离剂可部分恢复泵质子活性和ＡＴＰ水解活性,这表明Ｖ０与Ｖ１进行重新组装。这种解离和重组的能     

Distribution and Translocation of 141Ce (III) in Horseradish

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Rare earth elements (REEs) are used in agriculture and a large amount of them contaminate the environment and enter foods. The distribution and translocation of (141)Ce (III) in horseradish was investigated in order to help understand the biochemical behaviour and toxic mechanism of REEs in plants. METHODS: The distribution and translocation of (141)Ce (III) in horseradish were investigated using autoradiography, liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and electron microscopic autoradiography (EMARG) techniques. The contents of (141)Ce (III) and nutrient elements were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). RESULTS: The results from autoradiography and LSC indicated that (141)Ce (III) could be absorbed by horseradish and transferred from the leaf to the leaf-stalk and then to the root. The content of (141)Ce (III) in different parts of horseradish was as follows: root > leaf-stalk > leaf. The uptake rates of (141)Ce (III) in horseradish changed with the different organs and time. The content of (141)Ce (III) in developing leaves was greater than that in mature leaves. The results from EMARG indicated that (141)Ce (III) could penetrate through the cell membrane and enter the mesophyll cells, being present in both extra- and intra-cellular deposits. The contents of macronutrients in horseradish were decreased by (141)Ce (III) treatment. CONCLUSIONS: (141)Ce (III) can be absorbed and transferred between organs of horseradish with time, and the distribution was found to be different at different growth stages. (141)Ce (III) can enter the mesophyll cells via apoplast and symplast channels or via plasmodesmata. (141)Ce (III) can disturb the metabolism of macronutrients in horseradish.     

有机磷农药生产废水氧化塘处理的静态和动态模拟试验

马拉硫磷、对硫磷、乐果、二甲基二硫代磷酸酯和二乙基硫代磷酸酯在藻菌共生系统中是可以被分解的,它们的半分解期分别为2、5、2、42和62天。氧化塘模拟试验结果指出,废水中TOC、COD、和有机磷的去除率分别为65.1%、68.7%和67.8%。根据试验,提出了采用多级串联氧化塘处理葛店化工厂农药废水的参数以及控制鸭儿湖地区污染的方案。       

Pathways of ornamental and aquarium fish introductions into urban ponds of Epping Forest (London,England): the human vector*

To examine the role of humans in the non‐native fish introductions, we measured the frequency of occurrence and density of non‐native fishes in ponds (Epping Forest, Essex, England) that had been restored (drained of water and voided of fish or treated with rotenone) on a known date and into which no piscivorous or non‐native fishes had subsequently been stocked intentionally. For each pond, the period of time since pond restoration, pond area, distance to nearest residential housing, distance to nearest footpath, distance to nearest water body or stream, and the proportion of pond vegetated were measured. The occurrence of both non‐native and unexpected native fish species was non‐random, and the number of ornamental varieties was found to increase as pond distance from the nearest road decreased. Variety richness of each of three categories of fish (non‐native, goldfish Carassius auratus and native) was significantly correlated with at least two of the following variables: distance from nearest road, nearest footpath and nearest pond. The rate of non‐native fish introductions (adjusted variety richness per year) could also be estimated from pond distance to the nearest road, being about 3.5 ornamental varieties introduced per year in ponds adjacent to roads, but the rate appears to be much greater in ponds that had recently (<1.5 years) undergone restoration. Implications for conservation and management, as well as the potential role of societal issues such as recreational activities, cultural and religious practices, are discussed.     

Assessing the Risk of Hydroxybenzene Contamination in Fish Raised on a Chinese Aquaculture Farm

We estimated the risk posed by hydroxybenzene in farm-raised Crucian carps (Carassius carassius) from a pond on a fish farm in Beijing, China, by analyzing a time-series of observed hydroxybenzene concentrations in fish within a culturing season in year 2006. We used the basic linear regression to model the data and forecast the probability of hydroxybenzene concentration in pond fish exceeding selected health effect criteria (the risk) using Monte Carlo simulation. The risk is highly correlated with the time a fish stays in the pond. The results indicate that the risk–days in pond relationship resembles a sigmoid function with an inflection point around 150 days. The resulting model can be used to demonstrate the benefit of improving water quality in terms of increased fish production.     

Behavioral responses to fish kairomones and autotomy in a damselfly

The threat-sensitivity hypothesis predicts that prey species assess and adjust their behavior in accordance with the magnitude of the threat posed by a predator. A largely overlooked characteristic of a prey that will affect its sensitivity to predators is its history of autotomy. We studied threat-sensitive behavior to fish kairomones in larvae of Ischnura elegans damselflies, which had undergone autotomy, from a fishpond and from a fishless pond. In agreement with their higher perceived risk, larvae from the fishpond showed fewer rigid abdomen bends, foraged less and walked more slowly than larvae from the fishless pond. In line with their higher vulnerability to predators, larvae without lamellae spent less time foraging than larvae with lamellae. There was a decrease in swimming activity in the presence of fish kairomones except for larvae with lamellae from the fishless pond. This may reflect differences in vulnerability of larvae without lamellae between pond types. Such context-dependent responses in activity to kairomones should be kept in mind when evaluating the ability of a prey to recognize kairomones.     

The effects of predation by planktivorous juvenile fish on the microbial food web

The feeding impact of planktivorous fish on microbial organisms is still poorly understood. We followed the seasonal dynamics of the food web in two natural fishponds for two years: one was stocked with planktivorous whitefish while the other had no planktivorous fish. The aim of the study was the simultaneous assessment of the feeding behaviours of planktivorous fish and of bacterivorous meta-/protozooplankters. We hypothesized that in the presence of planktivorous fish there would be fewer metazooplankton, more protozoans and decreased numbers of bacteria. Our results showed that the amount of metazooplankton eaten by the fish was indeed negatively correlated with metazooplankton biomass. The feeding impact of planktivorous fish in shaping the microbial loop was remarkable. The main grazers of bacteria in the fishpond were ciliates, whereas in the pond without fish these were heterotrophic nanoflagellates. In the fishless pond the role of the top predator shifted to the predaceous metazooplankter Leptodora kindtii which controlled the abundance of herbivorous metazooplankters. We found a negative relationship between the number of bacteria and flagellates in the fishless pond, while the number of bacterivorous ciliates was suppressed by predaceous ciliates. Therefore the bacteria-grazing activity was higher in the absence of planktivorous fish.     

Integrated vermi-pisciculture--an alternative option for recycling of solid municipal waste in rural India

Vermicomposts as a biofertilizer can be a great option for pond manuring as they never cause any long term harm to the soil like chemical fertilizer. In this study vegetable and horticulture waste was used as an important media for vermiculture. Three separate cemented tanks (6 m(3) each) were used in the system as control tank, vermicompost fertilized tank and inorganic fertilizer manured tank. Monoculture of fish was carried out with cat fish, Clarias batrachus. The produced earthworms were used as fish feed. Regular monitoring of water parameter was conducted in three different ponds. Specifically, the algal biomass variation was quite helpful in analyzing the behavior of the ponds. NPK value of soil samples were analyzed intermittently to know the eutrophication level. Despite the hot summer temperature in northern part of India, which is not ideal for fish growth, we have recorded an encouraging growth performance in organic manured pond along with inorganic fertilizer treated and control pond. Among eutrophicated pond, the fish biomass from vermicompost fed pond showed an increasing trend compared to inorganic fertilizer treated pond. Water retention capacity of vermicompost pond soil was better in comparison to other ponds. Result shows that the low cost model by integrating two production system vermiculture and pisciculture could be a commercially and environmentally viable option.     

净化养殖水体紫色非硫光合细菌的筛选与鉴定

本研究从杭州养鱼塘水样及底泥样品中富集分离得到三株紫色非硫光合细菌,分别命名为HZ-3,HZ-4,HZ-5。 通过比较这三株菌对鱼、虾养殖水体的净化效果,筛选出菌株HZ-5 净化能力较强 ,经过5天的处理,该菌株使养鱼塘水样的COD 降低24.87%;使养虾池塘水样的COD 降低 36.99%;使养鱼塘水样的亚硝态氮的降解率达到97.79%。对菌株HZ-5进行了形态学观察、生理生化鉴定、活细胞吸收光谱以及16S rDNA序列分析。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明该菌株与沼泽红假单胞菌的16S rDNA序列有高达99％的同源性,结合形态特征和生理生化特性以及活细胞吸收光谱特征等,将其鉴定为沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）。     

池塘养殖匙吻鲟与鳙胃肠道饵料生物的比较

通过对同一试验池中匙吻鲟（Polyodon spathala）和鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）胃肠道内含物的连续3次分析,揭示他们滤食的天然饵料生物组成及差异。首先根据物种鉴定结果对2种鱼的胃肠道内饵料生物组成进行了UPGMA聚类分析,结果显示:相同采样时间同一池塘内2种鱼饵料生物组成存在差异,分别聚为不同的分枝;分析匙吻鲟和鳙胃肠道内饵料生物种类时还发现不同采样时间前者枝角类和桡足类种类数均多于后者。同时对2种鱼胃肠道内各饵料生物的生物量进行分析,结果显示:当大型饵料生物充足时,枝角类和桡足类的生物量在2种鱼胃肠道内没有显著差异（P0.05）;当大型饵料生物减少时,匙吻鲟摄食强度减小,但其枝角类和桡足类的生物量仍显著较大（P0.05）;当大型饵料生物消失后,轮虫生物量在匙吻鲟胃肠道内显著增加 （P0.05）;相比较,鳙在各采样期则主要滤食较小型的浮游动物和浮游植物。另外,当动物性饵料减少后,匙吻鲟和鳙均通过大量滤食植物絮团来补充能量。综上,同一试验池养殖的匙吻鲟和鳙存在摄食竞争压力,该压力的大小与环境中大型饵料生物的丰富度密切相关。       

乌塘鳢对51Cr、60Co、131I、141Ce的吸收和积累

本文以河口底栖鱼类,不具鳞片,对环境适应力强的乌塘鳢为材料,研究它们以摄食和渗透两种方式对~(51)Cr,~(60)Co、~(131)I和~(141)Ce的吸收。为了观察在渗透吸收期间个体的差异,测定了单条活鱼的放射性。在实验中采用多核素示踪法并用S-80智能多道分析器和Ge(Li)探头测量放射性。 结果发现,当~(131)I的浓度为3.4×10~(-7)居里/升时,在10小时内所有的乌塘鳢都被杀死,而~(131)I在鱼体各组织器官的积累是明显的。器官积累核素数量的顺序是~(131)I>~(141)Ce>~(51)Cr,在任何组织器官均未检出~(60)Co。 在渗透吸收实验里,对单条活鱼的测量结果表明,核素是能够通过皮肤的渗透积累在鱼体内,并且存在个体差异。同时表明,生命元素的同位素如~(131)I,~(60)Co容易渗透到鱼体内部器官,而非生命元素的同位素例如~(141)Ce、~(51)Cr的渗透是慢的。 ~(51)Cr、~(60)Co、~(131)I、~(141)Ce是沿海核设施常见的放射性废物成分,有的是具有生态学意义的核素(Goldberg,1957),随着沿海核电站的不断兴建,它们在河口港湾存在的机会越来越多。虽然海洋鱼类和淡水鱼类对它们的浓集有过报道(Hiyama et al.,1964),但河口生物,特别是河口的底栖鱼类对它们的吸收和积累,则研究甚少。 乌塘鳢是生活在河口滩涂的底栖鱼类,适应于半咸淡的水质,