分支肽在血清学诊断中检测HIV～特异抗体及使用甘氨酸隔离物增强敏感性的优越性

本文用ELISA试验对分支肽和单体肽与抗体的反应性进行了比较,发现在检测低浓度抗体下,分支肽优于单体肽。这是通过使用单克隆抗体和几例HIV～阳性个体血清中的抗体观察到的。为研究分支肽的物理状态(这对敏感性的增强是重要的),把不同长度的甘氨酸隔离物置于分支的赖氨酸核心和能与单抗起反应的表位之间。我们研究了甘氨酸残基数量对抗体检测敏感性和出现给定反应所需分支肽的量的影响,甘氨酸残基数量以4～5个最为适宜。还讨论了产生上述现象的本质认为将分支肽用于常规血清学诊断既敏感又节约。     

谷胱甘肽的生物学功能

谷胱甘肽的生物学功能郑云郎（浙江省台州卫生学校３１７０００）谷胱甘肽是一种由谷氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸三种氨基酸组成的小肽,有还原型和氧化型之分。还原型谷胱甘肽分子中含有活泼的流基（－ＳＨ）,故以ＧＳＨ表示。２分子ＧＳＨ脱氢生成氧化型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＳＧ...     

用Bacillus subtilis NX-2菌株谷氨酰转肽酶催化合成S-苄基-谷胱甘肽

S-苄基-谷胱甘肽是合成谷胱甘肽的一种重要前体化合物。以L-谷氨酰胺为供体,S-苄基-半胱氨酰甘氨酸为受体．用Bacillus subtilis NX-2的γ-谷氨酰转肽酶催化进行转肽反应,合成得到S-苄基-谷胱甘肽。该化合物进行了质谱及核磁共振分析,并得到了初步鉴定。     

核酸类化合物对C~(14)—甘氨酸参入大腸杆菌原生质体制剂的影响

用Lissapol处理的大腸杆菌原生貭体的制剂具有C~(14)-甘氨酸的参入活性,RNA有提高参入的能力,但不稳定;碱水解的RNA則有更显著的作用。四种2′,3′-核苷酸对甘氨酸参入都有刺激,一般以尿嘧啶核苷酸的效应为高,核苷的刺激作用較核苷酸为差,核糖无影响,碱基稍有抑制,用羧肽酶水解及2,4-二硝基氟苯处理标記的蛋白貭,証明C~(14)-甘氨酸参入到蛋白貭的肽鏈中。     

一种新的摄食相关肽——obestatin

最近从大鼠胃组织中发现一种新的摄食相关肽,命名为obestatin。Obestatin是一种ghrelin相关肽,与ghrelin来自同一基因。Obestatin由23个氨基酸组成,分子量2516．3,氨基酸序列为FNAPFDVGIKLSGAQYQQHGRALNH2,C末端甘氨酸残基带有酰胺化修饰基团。Obestatin是G蛋白偶联孤儿受体（GPR39）的内源性配体。功能研究表明,obestatin与ghrelin截然相反,给小鼠腹腔或脑室注射obestatin,均呈时间和剂量依赖性抑制摄食：抑制大鼠的体重增加;持续件抑制冒排卒;减少宰肠肌条的收缩活动,     

模拟谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性三肽的制备及其性质研究

开发一种制备硒代谷胱甘肽（ＧＳｅＨ）的新方法,以合成的谷氨酰－γ丝氨酰－甘氨酸（Ｇｌｕ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｇｌｙ）三肽为原料,经苯甲基磺酰氟（ＰＭＳＦ）活化,用Ｈ２Ｓｅ突变Ｓｅｒ成硒代半胱氨酸（ＳｅＣｙｓ）制成ＧＳｅＨ．用元素分析及氨基酸分析确定此三肽的组成并推导出此三肽的结构,研究了ＧＳｅＨ的性质,结果表明,此三肽具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＰＸ）的活性,其活力比其它一些小分子有机模拟物高,在性质上出有于它     

腺病毒载体纤突结的改造及改造后的特性研究

目的:采用一种简便方法在复制缺陷型腺病毒载体纤突结(fibre knob)的HI loop插入精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(arginine-glycine-aspartate,RGD)肽,构建纤突结修饰的腺病毒载体,观察其对RD和T24肿瘤细胞的感染效率以及机体针对外源基因的抗体反应.方法:以PCR方法将RGD插入到pA...     

提高Xa因子酶切效率的策略

为提高Xa因子对融合蛋白CBD-IGF和CBD-PACAP的酶切效率 ,以便高效释放非融合的重组多肽 ,利用基因工程技术在两个融合蛋白中Xa因子识别位点 (Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg↓ )前均引入 7个氨基酸组成的富含甘氨酸柔性短肽 (Gly-Thr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly)。纤维素亲和层析纯化各个融合蛋白 ,比较Xa因子对引入短肽前、后融合蛋白的酶切效率。比较结果表明 :短肽的引入不同程度地提高了融合蛋白CBD-IGF和CBD-PACAP对Xa因子的敏感性 ;但总体上CBD-IGF对Xa因子的敏感性比CBD-PACAP低。此研究结果提供了一种提高Xa因子酶切效率的策略。     

甘丙肽对幼鼠三叉神经主核突触传递的抑制

甘丙肽是Ｔａｔｅｍｏｔｏ于 83年从猪小肠提取物中发现的一种 2 9肽 ,其Ｎ和Ｃ端分别为甘氨酸和丙氨酸残基。研究表明 ,甘丙肽广泛分布于中枢和外周组织 ,具有调节胃肠平滑肌收缩、抑制胰岛素分泌、加强吗啡镇痛效应和参与记忆等功能 ,尤其在损伤组织的修复过程中发挥了重要作用 ,因而受到越来越广泛的重视 ,在国际神经学界出现了研究热潮。损伤初级感觉神经元末梢后 ,残存的感觉神经元内甘丙肽浓度显著增加。为了了解该浓度增加的生理作用及其意义 ,我们运用细胞内记录和全细胞膜片钳的方法 ,以三叉神经主核 (ＰｒＶ)神经元为受试对象进行…     

模拟谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性三肽的制备及其性质研究

开发一种制备硒代谷胱甘肽（ＧｓｅＨ）的新方法。以合成的谷氨酰－γ－丝氨酰－甘氨酸（Ｇｌｕ－Ｓｅｒ－Ｇｌｙ）三肽为原料,经苯甲基磺酰氟（ＰＭＳＦ）活化,用Ｈ＿２Ｓｅ突变Ｓｅｒ成硒代半脱氨酸（ＳｅＣｙｓ）制成ＧＳｅＨ。用元素分析及氨基酸分析确定此三肽的组成并推导出此三肽的结构。研究了ＧＳｅＨ的性质．结果表明,此三肽具有谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＰＸ）的活性,其活力比其它一些小分子有机模拟物高,在性质上也有优于它们的一些特点,其动力学行为与天然ＧＰＸ类似。     

The secondary structure analysis of a potent Ser14Gly analog of antiAlzheimer peptide, Humanin, by circular dichroism.

The structure of a highly potent Ser14Gly analog of antiAlzheimer peptide, Humanin, was examined by circular dichroism (CD). The secondary structure is more disordered in water than in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The peptide structure in water is little dependent on both peptide concentration and temperature. On the contrary, the peptide structure was significantly different in PBS from the structure in water, which is more apparent at a higher peptide concentration and temperature. The observed different structure in PBS appears to be due to self-association of the peptide, which is enhanced by elevated temperature and, hence, via hydrophobic interactions. The wild-type Humanin also behaved similarly, i.e., it assumed a disordered structure in water but underwent conformational changes in PBS. Although high peptide concentrations for CD measurements are not encountered in vivo, the results suggest the tendency of the peptide to interact hydrophobically with other structures as well as with itself.     

Amino terminal fragments of human progastrin from gastrinoma

Two peptides which copurified from a human gastrinoma were found to correspond to the amino acid sequence deduced for the amino terminal portion of human and porcine progastrin. The sequence of peptide A is Ser-Trp-Lys-Pro-Arg-Ser-Gln-Gln-Pro-Asp-Ala-Pro-Leu-Gly-Thr-Gly-Ala-Asn- Arg-Asp-Leu-Glu-Leu which is identical to an amino terminal portion of human progastrin. The sequence of peptide. B is identical to that of peptide A except it is missing the first five amino acids. If peptide A corresponds to the amino terminus of progastrin, the signal peptidase cleaves at an Ala-Ser bond.     

Expression, purification and structural studies of a short antimicrobial peptide

We have produced a small antimicrobial peptide PFWRIRIRR in bacteria utilizing production in the form of insoluble fusion protein with ketosteroid isomerase. The recombinant peptide was rapidly and efficiently isolated by acidic cleavage of the fusion protein based on the acid labile Asp-Pro bond at the N-terminus of the peptide. The peptide has antibacterial activity and neutralizes macrophage activation by LPS. The selectivity of the peptide against bacteria correlates with preferential binding to acidic phospholipid vesicles. Solution structure of the peptide in SDS and DPC micelles was determined by NMR. The peptide adopts a well-defined structure, comprising a short helical segment. Cationic and hydrophobic clusters are segregated along the molecular axis of the short helix, which is positioned perpendicular to the membrane plane. The position of the helix is shifted in two micellar types and more nonpolar surface is exposed in anionic micelles. Overall structure explains the advantageous role of the N-terminal proline residue, which forms an integral part of the hydrophobic cluster.     

Total synthesis and further characterization of the gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing "sleeper" peptide from Conus geographus venom

The total synthesis of the Gla-containing "sleeper" peptide (Gly-Glu-Gla-Gla-Leu-Gln-Gla-Asn-Gln-Gla-Leu-Ile-Arg-Gla-Lys-Ser-Asn-NH2 ) from Conus geographus is described. A new strategy for the synthesis of acid-sensitive peptide amides was developed, which allowed complete deprotection and cleavage of the L-gamma-carboxyglutamate-containing peptide from the 2,4-dimethoxybenzhydrylamine resin. Synthetic sleeper peptide, after preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, was shown to be identical with the native peptide by all criteria (coelution experiments of HPLC, sequence analysis, and biological activity). In addition, a developmental switch in the behavioral symptoms induced by the peptide after intracerebral administration in mice was documented. At low doses of the peptide (4-30 pmol/g), a sleeplike state was induced in mice under 2 weeks old; in contrast, older mice became markedly hyperactive. It is proposed that, in the presence of Ca2+, the sleeper peptide assumes an alpha-helical configuration in which all the gamma-carboxyglutamate residues are located on the same side of the alpha-helix.     

A synthetic peptide shows retro- and anterograde neuronal transport before disrupting the chemosensation of plant-pathogenic nematodes

Cyst nematodes are a group of plant pathogens each with a defined host range that cause major losses to crops including potato, soybean and sugar beet. The infective mobile stage hatches from dormant eggs and moves a short distance through the soil to plant roots, which it then invades. A novel strategy for control has recently been proposed in which the plant is able to secrete a peptide which disorientates the infective stage and prevents invasion of the pathogen. This study provides indirect evidence to support the mechanism by which one such peptide disrupts chemosensory function in nematodes. The peptide is a disulphide-constrained 7-mer with the amino acid sequence CTTMHPRLC that binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A fluorescently tagged version of this peptide with both epifluorescent and confocal microscopy was used to demonstrate that retrograde transport occurs from an aqueous environment along bare-ending primary cilia of chemoreceptive sensilla. The peptide is transported to the cell bodies of these neurons and on to a limited number of other neurons to which they connect. It appears to be localised in both neuronal processes and organelles adjacent to nuclei of some neurons suggesting it could be transported through the Golgi apparatus. The peptide takes 2.5 h to reach the neuronal cell bodies. Comparative studies established that similar but less abundant uptake occurs for Caenorhabditis elegans along its well studied dye-filling chemoreceptive neurons. Incubation in peptide solution or root-exudate from transgenic plants that secrete the peptide disrupted normal orientation of infective cyst nematodes to host root diffusate. The peptide probably undergoes transport along the dye-filling non-cholinergic chemoreceptive neurons to their synapses where it is taken up by the interneurons to which they connect. Coordinated responses to chemoreception are disrupted when the sub-set of cholinergic interneurons secrete the peptide at synapses that have post-synaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.     

Synthesis and processing of glycoprotein gG of herpes simplex virus type 2.

Monoclonal antibody 13 alpha C5-1-A11 immunoprecipitated two major polypeptides of molecular weights 108,000 and 120,000 from extracts of herpes simplex virus type 2-infected BHK-21 cells labeled with [35S]methionine or [3H]glucosamine. In pulse-chase experiments, both labels were chased from the 120,000-molecular-weight peptide (120K peptide) into the 108K molecule. Endoglycosidase H (endo H) reduced the 120K peptide to a 112K peptide but did not affect the 108K peptide. Similar profiles were obtained with monoclonal antibody AP-1 which reacts with a 92K glycoprotein, gG, which maps to the short unique region of the genome. Cross-absorption experiments indicated that both antibodies reacted with the same peptides, suggesting that the 120K peptide is a partially glycosylated high-mannose-type precursor of gG (pgG1). Immunoprecipitation from monensin-treated cells indicated that pgG1(120K) may undergo peptide cleavage to form a 74K high-mannose-type peptide (pgG2) and that this 74K peptide may be further processed into an endo H-resistant 110K to 116K peptide. In the presence of tunicamycin, gG(108K) was replaced by 110K and 105K peptides which were resistant to both endo H and endoglycosidase F. The 105K peptide was the only molecule labeled by [3H]galactose or [3H]glucosamine in the presence of tunicamycin, and none of the peptides were labeled with [3H]mannose, indicating the probable presence of O-linked sugars in the 105K peptide. Our results imply that cotranslational glycosylation of the unglycosylated precursor 110K peptide results in the high-mannose-type pgG1(120K), which probably undergoes peptide cleavage. This putative cleavage product may then mature into gG (108K) by the trimming of sugars and the addition of complex and probably O-linked sugars; the high-mannose-type pgG2(74K) is probably an intermediate peptide formed in this process.     

Met-enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 immunoreactivity in a human neuroblastoma cell line: effect of dibutyryl 3':5'-cyclic AMP and reserpine

The carboxy terminal part of the proenkephalin A sequence is the 31 amino acid peptide B, which has as its final seven amino acids the sequence of the opioid peptide Met-enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7. Using a radioimmunoassay which recognises both these peptides we have investigated the relative amounts of peptide B and Met-enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 in a human neuroblastoma cell line. We show that these cells contain peptide B-like immunoreactivity but not its heptapeptide fragment. This may be due to lack of proteolytic activity cleaving Met-enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 from its precursor, peptide B. On treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP the level of immunoreactivity approximately doubles, due to increased amounts of peptide B-like immunoreactivity. Treatment with reserpine, which increases conversion of peptide B to the heptapeptide in bovine chromaffin cells in culture does not stimulate the accumulation of Met-enkephalyl-Arg6-Phe7 in the human neuroblastoma cells. The results are discussed with respect to peptide processing.     

Synthetic peptides as carriers for cellular import of drugs

Summary We describe the solid phase synthesis of an amphipathic peptide C-terminated by a cysteamide group which allows further addition after removal from the resin and cleavage of the side-chain protecting groups. The peptide is shown to be rapidly internalized by cells with a nuclear localization of the peptide. When the peptide is linked to an oligonucleotide, the conjugate is also internalized with a final localization that is mainly cytoplasmic.     

Peptide YY. Structure of the precursor and expression in exocrine pancreas

Peptide YY is a 36-residue gastrointestinal hormone which inhibits both pancreatic and gastric secretion. We have isolated a cDNA encoding the peptide YY precursor by screening a rat intestinal lambda gt11 cDNA library with an antiserum directed against the porcine hormone. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encodes a 98-residue protein (molecular weight, 11, 121) which has an amino acid sequence identical to that of porcine peptide YY. Rat peptide YY is preceded immediately by a signal sequence and followed by a cleavage-amidation sequence Gly-Lys-Arg plus 31 additional amino acids. Thus the peptide YY precursor is similar in structure to that of two related peptides, pancreatic polypeptide and neuropeptide Y. RNA blot hybridizations reveal that the peptide YY gene is much more actively expressed in pancreas than previously realized. In situ hybridizations localized peptide YY cells exclusively to the exocrine pancreas. The abundance of peptide YY in one of its target organs, the pancreas, suggests a paracrine mechanism for peptide YY in regulating pancreatic enzyme secretion.     

The chaperonin assisted and unassisted refolding of rhodanese can be modulated by its N-terminal peptide

Thein vitro refolding of the monomeric, mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1), which is assisted by theE. coli chaperonins, is modulated by the 23 amino acid peptide (VHQVLYRALVSTKWLAESVRAGK) corresponding to the amino terminal sequence (1–23) of rhodanese. In the absence of the peptide, a maximum recovery of active enzyme of about 65% is achieved after 90 min of initiation of the chaperonin assisted folding reaction. In contrast, this process is substantially inhibited in the presence of the peptide. The maximum recovery of active enzyme is peptide concentration-dependent. The peptide, however, does not prevent the interaction of rhodanese with the chaperonin 60 (cpn60), which leads to the formation of the cpn60-rhodanese complex. In addition, the peptide does not affect the rate of recovery of active enzyme, although it does affect the extent of recovery. Further, the unassisted refolding of rhodanese is also inhibited by the peptide. Thus, the peptide interferes with the folding of rhodanese in either the chaperonin assisted or the unassisted refolding of the enzyme. A 13 amino acid peptide (STKWLAESVRAGK) corresponding to the amino terminal sequence (11–23) of rhodanese does not show any significant effect on the chaperonin assisted or unassisted refolding of the enzyme. The results suggest that other sequences of rhodanese, in addition to the N-terminus, may be required for the binding of cpn60, in accord with a model in which cpn60 interacts with polypeptides through multiple binding sites.