桂西南喀斯特山地雉类的生态分布和空间生态位分析

桂西南喀斯特地区位于中国广西的西南部,属于全球生物多样性热点地区。通过自2003年以来,对该地区雉类进行的调查,共记录到7种雉类,分别是中华鹧鸪(Francolinus pintadeanus)、褐胸山鹧鸪(Arborophila brunneopectus)、棕胸竹鸡(Bambusicola fytchii)、灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracica)、原鸡(Gallus gallus)、白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)和环颈雉(Phasianus colchicus)。对该地区雉类的生态分布状况及栖息地的植被类型和坡位等空间生态位进行分析和比较的结果表明,原鸡的综合生态位最宽,灰胸竹鸡第二,最窄为中华鹧鸪。综合生态位重叠值最大的是中华鹧鸪--环颈雉和灰胸竹鸡--原鸡。分布范围狭窄、种群数量相对较少及生态适应性较低的褐胸山鹧鸪应该是该地区最易受到威胁的种类。     

江西老虎脑省级自然保护区鸟类资源调查

2017年11—12月、2018年7—8月、2018年11—12月,在江西老虎脑省级自然保护区开展鸟类资源调查,调查发现该保护区有鸟类17目53科240种。其中,非雀形目16目22科94种,雀形目31科146种。本区鸟类中有留鸟115种,冬候鸟57种,夏候鸟42种,旅鸟26种;古北界87种,广布种22种,东洋界131种。其中,国家重点保护鸟类31种,列入中国红色名录濒危等级(EN)物种有1种,黄胸鹀Emberiza aureola;易危等级(VU)物种有2种,白颈长尾雉Syrmaticus ellioti、白眉山鹧鸪Arborophila gingica;近危等级(NT)物种有19种。中国特有种4种,灰胸竹鸡Bambusicola thoracica、白颈长尾雉、白眉山鹧鸪、黄腹山雀Parus venustulus。多样性分析结果显示,该区鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数分别为4.135、0.778,通过与周围包括武夷山、井冈山、齐云山、九连山4个保护区比较,显示研究区域物种种数较高。     

湖南省鸡形目鸟类及其分布

鸡形目鸟类有很大的经济意义和观赏价值。近 40多年来我国鸟类学者做了大量卓有成效的工作 ,对湖南省的鸡形目也进行过广泛调查。 195 7年梁启等首次记录了竹鸡和环颈雉 ;196 5年梁启等又在桑植发现白冠长尾雉 ;1981年李焕宁报道绥宁产红腹锦鸡 ;1984年沈猷慧报道鸡形目 9种雉及其习性产地 ,其中有 5种是省的新记录 ,它们是鹌鹑、红腹角雉、黄腹角雉、白鹇指名亚种、勺鸡 ;1990年李金声报道吉首发现白颈长尾雉 ;1993年邓学建报道了白鹇福建亚种新记录。鉴于湖南省的特殊动物地理位置 ,许多珍稀雉类分布区范围延伸到湖南境内为止。查明雉…     

笼养灰胸竹鸡的繁殖行为

于1999年3－7月对笼养条件下灰胸竹鸡的繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明,笼养灰胸竹鸡仍保留求偶,交配和产卵等野外繁殖行为,但营巢,邻域,孵卵和育雏行为基本消失,求偶和交配于3出现,5月达到高峰,8月以后繁殖行为基本消失,本文还分析了笼养灰胸竹鸡繁殖期的觅食行为。     

两种竹鸡线粒体DNA的遗传变异

采用PCR和直接测序的方法测定灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracica)与棕胸竹鸡(B.fytchii)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区1142bp的序列,分析二者间的遗传变异。两种竹鸡间共发现32个变异位点,其中20个转换,12个颠换。灰胸竹鸡mtDNA控制区的碱基含量T34.26%、C25.98%、A24.84%和G14.96%,棕胸竹鸡的分别是T34.47%、C25.60%、A25.03%和G14.93%。t-检验分析显示,两种竹鸡mtDNA控制区的T和C含量差异显著。在系统发生树上,两种竹鸡在系统发生树各聚成一支,支持率达到100%。两种竹鸡间的遗传距离是0.0396。根据分子钟计算,它们大约在200万年前分歧进化。推测它们的物种形成主要受更新世第二次寒冷期的影响。     

江西官山自然保护区四种雉类的生境选择差异

2009年10月—2010年11月在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉、白鹇、勺鸡和灰胸竹鸡4种雉类的生境选择进行了研究:共调查了6条样线上的388个样方,选取了与这四种雉类栖息地相关的17个生态因子进行观测和测量。结果显示,4种雉类均偏好阔叶林和针阔混交林、阳坡或半阴半阳坡的生境。Kruskal-Wallistest检验表明,4种雉类在海拔、坡度、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、灌木数量、灌木高度、草本盖度、草本种类、草本数量、落叶层盖度和水源距离11个生态因子上存在极显著差异(P<0.01),乔木种类存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余生态因子无显著差异(P>0.05)。典则判别函数图显示,4种雉类在生境选择上存在一定程度的重叠,又有比较明显的差异。逐步判别表明在区分4种雉类生境选择差异方面有一系列的生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为海拔、草本数量、灌木高度、水源距离、灌木盖度、乔木盖度、坡度、落叶层盖度、灌木数量、草本盖度。由这10个变量构成的方程对4种雉类生境选择差异的正确区分率为74.7%。     

贵州麻阳河国家级自然保护区红外相机鸟兽监测

为进一步查清贵州麻阳河国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性, 丰富生物编目, 我们于2018年7月至2019年8月利用红外相机进行公里网格全境布设监测。共记录兽类5目10科18属20种、鸟类7目18科34属42种, 其中新增保护区记录11种, 记录国家I级重点保护野生动物2种, 分别是黑叶猴(Trachypithecus francoisi)和白颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus ellioti), 国家II级重点保护野生动物大灵猫(Viverra zibetha)、白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)等7种。相对多度指数计算结果表明, 小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)和野猪(Sus scrofa)是该区域内常见兽类, 而地栖雉类则以红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)和灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracicus)为主。分时段的相对多度指标表明, 小麂在6:00-15:00和17:00-21:00两个时段均保持活跃, 猪獾则偏好5:00-6:00和19:00-23:00活动, 野猪在6:00-7:00最为活跃, 红腹锦鸡活动高峰在12:00-13:00, 而灰胸竹鸡的活动高峰分别为14:00-15:00和16:00-17:00。在物种丰度上, 单个相机位点的平均拍摄物种数显示, 在缓冲区、灌丛及针阔混交林以及800-1,200 m海拔段上物种较多。监测结果有利于进一步掌握此区域的动物多样性资源并促进资源的保护与管理。     

灰胸竹鸡的生物学特性及经济价值

本文从形态特征、生活习性、繁殖和血液生理生化特点等方面介绍了灰胸竹鸡生物学特性和经济价值,对灰胸竹鸡的人工驯养与繁殖,以及保护性开发具有重要意义。     

雉科8种中央尾羽分类特征探究

观察348个标本的中央尾羽,测量其性状并统计,结果表明:1)雉科8种中央尾羽色斑格局不相同:2)中央尾羽长、内翈宽、外翈宽都存在显著差异(P<0.05),以白冠长尾雉中央尾羽(118,3±18,89)cm最长,内翈(2.44±0.21)cm最宽,以红腹锦鸡外翈(2.80±0.82)cm最宽,而灰胸竹鸡的中央尾羽(9.51±0.78)cm最短,内翈(1.02±0.13)cm和外嘲(0.99±0.10)cm最窄.以上有助于分辨雉科此8种鸟类.     

笼养灰胸竹鸡的活动时间分配

采用直接观察法对灰胸竹鸡在笼养条件下的活动时间分配及行为特点进行研究,结果表明笼养条件下灰胸竹鸡的主要行为有走动、站立、取食、静卧4种,一天中有两个活动高峰,雄鸡的活动强于雌鸡;白天休息时间占40%以上,采食集中在上午和傍晚进行;站立、取食、静卧发生的频次在雌雄之间无显著差异（P〉0．05）,而走动的频次雄鸡极显著的高于雌鸡（P〈0．01）,各行为每频次在持续时间上差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes: an examination of the process of karyotypic evolution by comparison of the molecular cytogenetic findings with the molecular phylogeny

To define the process of karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes on a molecular basis, we conducted genome-wide comparative chromosome painting for eight species, i.e. silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera), Lady Amherst's pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae), ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), Chinese bamboo-partridge (Bambusicola thoracica) and common peafowl (Pavo cristatus) of the Phasianidae, and plain chachalaca (Ortalis vetula) of the Cracidae, with chicken DNA probes of chromosomes 1-9 and Z. Including our previous data from five other species, chicken (Gallus gallus), Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis) of the Phasianidae, guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) of the Numididae and California quail (Callipepla californica) of the Odontophoridae, we represented the evolutionary changes of karyotypes in the 13 species of the Galliformes. In addition, we compared the cytogenetic data with the molecular phylogeny of the 13 species constructed with the nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and discussed the process of karyotypic evolution in the Galliformes. Comparative chromosome painting confirmed the previous data on chromosome rearrangements obtained by G-banding analysis, and identified several novel chromosome rearrangements. The process of the evolutionary changes of macrochromosomes in the 13 species was in good accordance with the molecular phylogeny, and the ancestral karyotype of the Galliformes is represented.     

Mitochondrial DNA diversification among the subspecies of the Silver and Kalij Pheasants, Lophura nycthemera and L. leucomelanos, Phasianidae

The taxonomic status of the pheasant superspecies Lophura leucomelanos and Lophura nycthemera has been unclear since 1948. Molecular techniques provided the opportunity to clarify the situation. Using sequences of mitochondrial DNA (800 nucleotides from the D-loop, plus 400 from the cyt b ) from 49 specimens belonging to 10 subspecies (plus two outgroups), we constructed a phylogeny of the subspecies of L. nycthemera and L. leucomelanos . Our data support the monophyly of both species. L. l. lineata and L. l. crawfurdi belong to L. leucomelanos and not to L. nycthemera (suggested by other authors). Our data also confirm a northern locality of origin (Central Buthan) for L. l. moffitti , and have clarified the relationships between subspecies within each species: there are three groups within L. leucomelanos and two within L. nycthemera .     

高黎贡山雉类生境预测

物种分布信息对野生动物的保护和管理至关重要。基于物种访查数据和气候数据,采用基于物种生境偏好、利比希最小因子定律和谢尔福德耐受性定律构建的生态位模型,综合考虑物种出现点和环境变量,预测了高黎贡山白尾梢虹雉Lophophorus sclateri、血雉Ithaginis cruentus、白鹇Lophura nycthemera、白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae的潜在分布区域。结果表明,模型对4种雉类的预测均达到较好效果;白尾梢虹雉、血雉、白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境总面积分别为6 432 km^2、8 464 km^2、9 573 km^2和13 691 km^2,白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境面积大于白尾梢虹雉和血雉,但后两者具有更多的高质量生境。高黎贡山北段是4种雉类潜在生境的重叠区,为高黎贡山雉类保护的优先区域,尤其是白尾梢虹雉,建议加大该区域的雉类调查和保护力度。     

Hybrid origin of the imperial pheasant Lophura imperialis (Delacour and Jabouille, 1924) demonstrated by morphology, hybrid experiments, and DNA analyses

The imperial pheasant Lophura imperialis was described in 1924 from a captive pair that was obtained in Vietnam, and that became the sole founders of a captive line in France. Always considered a highly endangered and mysterious species, and despite concerted searches, L. imperialis was not found again in the wild until one was trapped in 1990, and the captive population gradually died out. Its status as a distinct species was unquestioned until the late 1990s when the possibility of a hybrid origin was raised. To elucidate the taxonomic status of L. imperialis , we studied all the existing museum specimens, carried out captive hybridization experiments, and analysed mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites. All these lines of evidence demonstrate congruently and conclusively that L. imperialis is an occasional hybrid between silver pheasant L. nycthemera and Edwards's pheasant L. edwardsi, with the 1990 bird probably being a hybrid between L. nycthemera and Vietnamese pheasant L. hatinhensis. Thus L. imperialis has no taxonomic standing and should be removed from lists of species of conservation concern. However, hybridization with L. nycthemera may pose a further threat to the survival in the wild of the endangered L. edwardsi and L. hatinhensis .  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 80 , 573–600.     

白鹇的种下分类探讨

白鹇Lophura nycthemera是广布于我国南方和中南半岛的鸡形目鸟类,目前共记录有15个亚种。由于受河流、不适宜栖息地等环境的阻隔,白鹇现代分布区呈现部分连续、间断分布的地理格局,且成年雄鸟的上体羽色在亚种间具有明显变化,呈现复杂的羽色多态性。本文通过测量15个亚种的262号标本,从羽色和量度特征上对各个亚种进行了分组和比较。发现部分邻域分布的亚种在羽色和量度特征上相近或重叠,不具有稳定的可区分的外形特征,难以达到亚种的分类标准。进而指出了目前依赖于模式概念建立的种下分类系统存在的缺陷,提出了需要结合分子系统地理学方法从进化历史角度厘定白鹇种下分类的必要性。同时,对白鹇的起源与扩散、羽色演化和保护生物学等研究方向进行了展望。     

鸟疟原虫一新种—竹鸡疟原虫的记述（孢子纲：疟原虫科）

本文描述采自粤北灰胸竹鸡Ｂａｍｂｕｓｉｃｏｌａ ｔｈｏｒａｃｉｃａ的一种小型疟原虫,该虫与近似种海南联核疟原虫Ｐ．ｊｕｘｔａｎｕｃｌｅａｒｅ甚接近,但存在显著的差别,经鉴定为诺维虫亚属Ｎｏｖｙｅｌｌａ中一新种,即竹鸡疟原虫Ｐｌａｓｍｏｄｉｕｍ（Ｎｏｖｙｅｌｌａ）ｂａｍｂｕｓｉｃｏｌａｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存在中山大学生物学系寄生虫学研究室。     

利用红外相机技术对九连山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类资源的初步调查

九连山国家级自然保护区是我国中亚热带与南亚热带常绿阔叶林的过渡地带,动植物种类丰富多样。为进一步掌握该保护区野生动物资源现状,我们于2014年11月至2015年7月在保护区布设了31个红外相机监测点,对大中型兽类和林下活动鸟类进行了初步摸底调查。相机累计工作4 692个捕获日,共获得有动物的独立有效照片3 341张,鉴定出鸟兽物种共10目16科33种（兽类12种,鸟类21种）。属于国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物有斑灵狸（Prionodon pardicolor）、白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）和灰脸鵟鹰（Butastur indicus）等。兽类以赤腹松鼠（Callosciurus erythraeus）、白腹鼠种类（Niviventer rats）、小泡巨鼠（Leopoldamys edwardsi）和倭松鼠（Tamiops maritimus）等物种的相对丰富度指数较高。相对丰富度指数较高的鸟类物种依次为白鹇、紫啸鸫（Myophonus caeruleus）和黑领噪鹛（Garrulax pectoralis）等。结合以往记录,灰头绿啄木鸟（Picus canus）、乌灰鸫（Turdus cardis）、绿翅金鸠（Chalcophaps indica）、白眉鸫（Turdus obscurus）和白冠燕尾（Enicurus leschenaulti）等为保护区的鸟类新记录种。本研究的调查结果为进一步在九连山自然保护区开展鸟兽资源的长期监测奠定了基础。     

A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic

Cytochrome b and D-loop nucleotide sequences were used to study patterns of molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships between the pheasants and the partridges, which are thought to form two closely related monophyletic galliform lineages. Our analyses used 34 complete cytochrome b and 22 partial D-loop sequences from the hypervariable domain I of the D-loop, representing 20 pheasant species (15 genera) and 12 partridge species (5 genera). We performed parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance analyses to resolve these phylogenetic relationships. In this data set, transversion analyses gave results similar to those of global analyses. All of our molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that the pheasants and partridges arose through a rapid radiation, making it difficult to establish higher level relationships. However, we were able to establish six major lineages containing pheasant and partridge taxa, including one lineage containing both pheasants and partridges (Gallus, Bambusicola and Francolinus). This result, supported by maximum likelihood tests, indicated that the pheasants and partridges do not form independent monophyletic lineages.