细胞色素c在后处理抗大鼠肠缺血-再灌注损伤细胞凋亡中的变化

本文旨在研究细胞色素c在后处理抗大鼠肠缺血-再灌注损伤细胞凋亡中的变化。将Sprague-Dawley大鼠32只随机分为4组(n=8):假手术(Sham)组、缺血-再灌注(I/R)组、缺血预处理(IPC)组、缺血后处理(IPOST)组。应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜检测各组大鼠肠黏膜细胞线粒体跨膜电位的变化。用Western blot方法检测肠黏膜细胞线粒体内细胞色素c及caspase-3表达的变化。末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)和DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法检测大鼠肠黏膜细胞凋亡发生情况。实验结果显示,与缺血-再灌注组相比,缺血后处理组大鼠肠黏膜细胞线粒体跨膜电位显著升高(P0.05),线粒体内细胞色素c蛋白表达水平显著增加(P0.05),caspase-3蛋白表达降低(P0.05),细胞凋亡率明显降低(P0.05)。缺血后处理组与缺血预处理组相比各项指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。上述结果提示缺血后处理可通过阻止线粒体释放细胞色素c抑制凋亡发生,减轻大鼠肠缺血-再灌注损伤。     

ROS在镉诱导HK-2细胞氧化损伤和凋亡中的作用研究

该文研究了活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)在镉(Cadmium, Cd)诱导HK-2细胞氧化损伤和凋亡中的作用。不同浓度CdCl2处理HK-2细胞不同时间后,通过MTT法、DCFH-DA标记、JC-1染色、彗星实验和流式细胞术分别检测细胞活性、ROS、线粒体膜电位Δψm、DNA损伤及细胞凋亡情况。结果显示, CdCl2处理引起HK-2细胞形态皱缩、变圆,活性下降,且呈时间和剂量依赖性; CdCl2处理导致ROS水平升高、线粒体膜电位Δψm下降、DNA损伤和caspase-3活化,最终导致细胞凋亡,且60μmol/L处理组及高浓度组与对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01)。采用ROS清除剂NAC与CdCl2共处理细胞24 h,发现细胞形态明显恢复、ROS水平显著降低、线粒体膜电位Δψm显著升高、彗星尾部长度和DNA百分比显著下降、凋亡细胞减少(P0.01)。综上所述, ROS介导了Cd诱导的HK-2细胞氧化损伤和凋亡。     

二烯丙基三硫通过线粒体依赖性途径诱导人肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡

二烯丙基三硫(diallyl trisulfide,DATS)对多种肿瘤有抗癌作用,但机制尚不完全清楚．为探讨DATS对人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞凋亡的影响,用丫啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB)法观察细胞凋亡情况,在显微镜下计数凋亡细胞数．JC-1荧光染色观察线粒体膜电势变化．Western blot法检测细胞色素c蛋白分布,ELISA法检测caspase-3活性． 结果显示,DATS诱导HepG2细胞凋亡,用 50 μmol/L 与100 μmol/L DATS处理48 h,细胞凋亡率分别达到60.33%和93.67%,并引起HepG2细胞线粒体膜电势降低．Western blot显示,DATS能诱导胞浆细胞色素c增加,与此同时,线粒体细胞色素c减少,诱导HepG2细胞caspase-3活化．提示：DATS可通过降低线粒体膜电势,促进细胞色素c由线粒体膜释放到胞浆中,激活caspase-3途径诱导人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞凋亡．     

西达本胺诱导胰腺癌细胞凋亡

目的：观察西达本胺对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3和PANC-1生长抑制及诱导细胞凋亡作用,探讨西达本胺抗胰腺癌的机制。方法：西达本胺处理BxPC-3和PANC-1细胞后,用流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率,用罗丹明123和DCFH—DA染色方法测定细胞线粒体膜跨膜电位变化和活性氧（ROS）的产生,用Western印迹检测Bcl-2家族和γH2AX蛋白表达的变化。结果：西达本胺对胰腺癌细胞BxPC-3和PANC-1具有生长抑制和诱导细胞凋亡的作用,且呈时间和剂量依赖关系;处理72h后,胰腺癌细胞内ROS产生增强导致DNA损伤发生,且线粒体跨膜电位明显下降;促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达,抑制抑凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和Mcl—1的表达。结论：西达本胺具有抑制胰腺癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡的作用;西达本胺增强胰腺癌细胞内ROS的产生并导致DNA损伤,最终诱导细胞凋亡的发生。     

高糖通过线粒体途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡

线粒体途径是细胞凋亡的重要途径之一. 在特定的刺激下,例如高糖条件,可以通过caspase依赖性和非依赖性两种途径诱导多种细胞凋亡.但线粒体凋亡途径在高糖引起成骨细胞凋亡中所起的作用,目前尚不清楚.本研究证明,高糖可以通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡.Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞学检测显示,高糖可诱导MC3T3-E1细胞凋亡.Western印迹检测发现,不同浓度D-葡萄糖（11,22,33 mmol/L）可以引起线粒体中Bax蛋白表达的增加,使Bax蛋白由细胞质中易位到线粒体,激活了线粒体凋亡途径.JC-1荧光探针检测证实,高糖处理成骨细胞后,线粒体膜电位明显降低,表明线粒体途径被激活.而细胞质中的细胞色素c、凋亡诱导因子（AIF）表达增加,细胞色素c和AIF从线粒体中释放到细胞质中,释放到细胞质中的细胞色素c使caspase-3、caspase-9剪切活化,从而激活了caspase依赖性凋亡途径.因此,线粒体凋亡途径可能是高糖诱导成骨细胞凋亡过程中一个重要的途径.     

镉通过引发氧化应激和线粒体损伤诱导PK-15细胞凋亡

镉（cadmium,Cd）是一种生物累积性的有毒重金属元素,能够在肾组织大量蓄积并引起肾发生病变和功能损伤。前期研究证实,Cd处理能够引起猪肾PK-15细胞的活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平升高和细胞死亡,但详细机制有待进一步研究。本研究以PK-15细胞为研究对象,通过CCK-8检测、透射电镜观察、DCFH-DA标记、JC-1染色、彗星实验和流式细胞术等研究手段,分别检测Cd处理后的细胞活性、形态变化、ROS生成、线粒体膜电位Δψm、DNA损伤及细胞凋亡情况。CCK-8实验结果显示,CdCl2处理后PK-15细胞活性下降,且呈时间和剂量依赖性;形态学观察发现,CdCl2处理引起PK-15细胞皱缩、变圆,细胞核固缩、染色质凝聚,线粒体肿胀、线粒体嵴减少或消失;荧光染色和流式细胞术检测结果显示,CdCl2处理引起PK-15细胞内ROS水平升高、线粒体膜电位Δψm下降和DNA损伤,最终导致细胞凋亡。Western印迹结果显示,CdCl2处理组中促凋亡蛋白质Bax表达量上调,抑凋亡蛋白质Bcl-2表达量下调,并且CdCl2处理组检测到了活化状态的裂解胱天蛋白酶3(cleaved caspase 3)。此外,ROS清除剂N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸（N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC）缓解了CdCl2引起的线粒体损伤、DNA损伤和细胞凋亡。综上所述,Cd通过引发氧化应激和线粒体损伤诱导PK-15细胞凋亡。     

细胞色素c的释放是多巴胺诱导PC12细胞凋亡的重要环节

通过末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导dUTP缺口翻译法和DNA凝胶电泳观察多巴胺(DA)对PC12细胞凋亡的诱导作用, 并经蛋白质印迹法检测胞浆细胞色素c、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白以及活化型半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(caspase-3)水平. 结果表明, 在DA诱导PC12细胞凋亡的过程中, 可见PC12细胞中活化型caspase-3蛋白表达, 胞浆中细胞色素c水平明显增高, 同时Bcl-2蛋白水平下降, 而Bax蛋白水平明显增加. 环孢菌素A预处理对细胞色素c释放和caspase-3激活有明显的抑制作用, 而对Bcl-2和Bax蛋白影响不明显. 结果提示, Bcl-2和Bax蛋白、细胞色素c以及caspase-3可能参与DA诱导PC12细胞凋亡, 线粒体细胞色素c向胞浆释放可能是其中的中心环节.     

色胺酮对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的诱导作用

目的:探讨色胺酮(Tryptanthrin,Try)对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法:利用MTT方法检测Try(1.56-100μmol/L)对细胞增殖的影响;透射电镜观察细胞的形态学改变;流式细胞术检测细胞周期、凋亡情况及线粒体跨膜电位等指标。结果:MTT结果显示,Try在12.5-100μmol/L浓度范围内能明显抑制MCF-7细胞的增殖,并具有时间和浓度依赖性;透射电镜下可见Try作用48h后,MCF-7细胞有典型的凋亡样改变。Annexin V-FITC与PI双染,流式细胞仪检测结果显示:50、100μmol/LTry作用后,细胞的凋亡情况明显,与对照组相比差异显著;且影响了MCF-7的细胞周期分布,将细胞阻滞于G1期,抑制其DNA的合成;并导致细胞线粒体跨膜电位下降。结论:色胺酮能明显抑制MCF-7细胞增殖并具有诱导细胞发生凋亡的作用。     

α-倒捻子素通过激活ROS/p38 MAPK/Bax级联反应诱导B淋巴瘤Ramos细胞凋亡的机制研究CSCD

本文以B淋巴瘤Ramos细胞为研究对象,探讨α-倒捻子素(α-mangostin,α-Ma)对B淋巴瘤的增殖抑制作用并初步阐释其分子机制。首先通过CCK-8法探究α-Ma对Ramos细胞的增殖抑制作用;再利用倒置显微镜成像法观察α-Ma对Ramos细胞形态的影响;随后利用DCFH-DA、JC-1、Annexin V-FITC/PI荧光染色和流式细胞术检测α-Ma对Ramos细胞活性氧水平、线粒体膜电位、凋亡的影响;并通过蛋白免疫印迹技术测定α-Ma作用Ramos后细胞凋亡相关蛋白及信号通路蛋白的表达情况。CCK-8分析结果显示,α-Ma以药物浓度依赖和时间依赖的方式抑制Ramos细胞增殖,其24 h和48 h的IC值分别为14.84μmol/L和8.087μmol/L;倒置显微镜成像法发现α-Ma能减少Ramos细胞数量并诱导细胞形态发生凋亡样改变;流式细胞术检测发现,α-Ma能增加Ramos细胞内活性氧水平、降低细胞线粒体膜电位,同时诱导细胞凋亡;蛋白免疫印迹结果显示,α-Ma下调caspase-3/9的表达,上调cleaved caspase-3/9、cleaved PARP、Bax、Bim和p-p38 MAPK的表达。综上所述,α-Ma对B淋巴瘤Ramos细胞具有增殖抑制作用,其可能机制是α-Ma活化ROS/p38 MAPK/Bax级联反应诱导B淋巴瘤细胞凋亡。     

棉酚对Jurkat T细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

研究棉酚(gossypol)对Jurkat T细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及可能机制.将不同浓度的棉酚作用于Jurkat T细胞,用MTS比色法检测细胞存活率;以膜联蛋白V-PE染色分析细胞凋亡;用Hoechst33342染色观察核形态:用荧光染料Mitocapture结合流式细胞术和激光共焦显微镜检测线粒体跨膜电位变化.结果显示棉酚作用Jurkat T细胞24 h、48 h、72 h,其IC50值分别为77.2μmol/L、57.3 μmol/L、23.3 μmol/L,对细胞的抑制作用与药物存在时间-剂量依赖关系;终浓度为8、16、32 μmol/L的棉酚处理24 h后的细胞凋亡率分别为5.30%、15.20%、51.19%,对照组凋亡率为3.43%;高浓度棉酚作用后大量细胞核呈现染色质固缩、核碎裂和致密浓染等凋亡特征;随着浓度增加细胞线粒体跨膜电位明显降低.研究表明棉酚能有效抑制Jurkat T细胞增殖和诱导其发生凋亡,并呈现出时间-剂量依赖关系,其诱导凋亡的作用可能依赖于线粒体途径.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.