PEG修饰牛血红蛋白的计算机模拟研究

对αβ二聚牛血红蛋白晶体结构的分析和氨基酸钱基溶剂可及表面积的计算表明,牛血红蛋白表面Ｌｙｓ上的氨基适合进行聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）修饰,对其修饰不会影响携氧能力,在此基础上设计了连接物连接ＰＥＧ和牛血红蛋白。分子模拟研究结果显示ＰＥＧ修饰牛血红蛋白产物是无免疫原性的。     

PEG和DBBF修饰猪血红蛋白及其携氧性质

采用聚乙二醇 (PEG)修饰蛋白质可以增大蛋白质的分子量 ,改善其生物相容性和在生物体内的停留时间。而小分子交联修饰则可以稳定血红蛋白的高级结构 ,改善其对组织的递氧能力。比较了 4种方法活化的PEG衍生物对猪血红蛋白的修饰效率、修饰产物的携氧功能和稳定性等。PEG的分子量、轭合PEG的数量及变构效应物的存在与否都会影响修饰产物的性质 ;考察了双 3,5二溴水杨酸延胡索酸酯 (DBBF)修饰猪血红蛋白的反应条件以及修饰产物的物理特性和携氧能力 ,并进一步采用PEG和DBBF联合修饰猪血红蛋白。结果证明 ,联合修饰产物具有稳定的四聚体结构 ,分子量达 10 70 0 0 ,半饱和氧分压P50 在 3.33kPa左右 ,接近于生理条件下人体红细胞的P50 值。     

蛋白质药物的聚乙二醇修饰

聚乙二醇被广泛应用于蛋白质药物的化学修饰,修饰后的蛋白质药物的性质发生多方面变化,如:增加了此类药物的溶解度和稳定性,耐酶水解的能力增强,减弱或消除免疫原性,增加药物在体内的半衰期等。近年来,聚乙二醇修饰剂的种类和修饰方法发展较快,蛋白质分子上的氨基、巯基、羧基均成为化学修饰的研究对象。本文综述了聚乙二醇修饰的原理与方法,修饰方法的比较与优化,修饰后产品的鉴定与检测。     

聚乙二醇修饰重组人天冬酰胺酶的研究

天冬酰胺酶对治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病和某些肿瘤疾病有很好的疗效,但由于其在人体内所产生的副作用———过敏反应限制了它的应用。目的:运用化学修饰剂聚乙二醇对天冬酰胺酶进行化学修饰,以降低其免疫原性,提高其在体内的半衰期;并使修饰后的天冬酰胺酶的活性保持较高的水平。结果:修饰后的天冬酰胺酶的免疫原性降低为原来的20-30%;用胰酶水解24h没有变化;而其比活力为未修饰酶的23%。该结果已经具备了很大的临床应用价值。     

牛血红蛋白PLGA纳米粒的制备及其体外功能的研究

目的:利用poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA)和poly(styrene-co-4-styrene-sulfonate)(PSS)制备带负电荷的牛血红蛋白纳米粒,并对其载氧性能和体外性能进行评价.方法:采用溶剂蒸发法制备出空白的PLGA-PSS的空白纳米粒,通过改变pH值,吸附牛血红蛋白,从而制备出牛血红蛋白PLGA纳米粒.通过TEM、粒径、Zeta电位、包裹率和载药量、体外释放及其携氧能力对该纳米粒进行了综合分析.结果:Hb-PLGA-PSS-NPsTEM电镜下呈类球形,平均粒径为226.8±23.4nm,Zeta电位为-68.62 mV,优化条件后最大包裹率约为99.3%,载药量约为28.6%,在37℃,pH7.4的PBS溶液中释放缓慢.通过对Hb结构的分析表明此工艺未对蛋白的结构造成影响,体外携氧实验测量了P50(29mmHg)和Hill系数(2.036),结果说明该Hb纳米微囊具有良好携氧功能.结论:成功制备了一种Hb-PLGA-PSS-NPs纳米粒,稳定性好,具有很好的携氧能力.     

修饰血红素提高血红蛋白类过氧化物酶活性

利用苯酚或对羟基联苯对血红蛋白的血红素辅基进行化学修饰,将修饰后的血红素与脱辅基血红蛋白进行重组得到新的血红蛋白。以光吸收扫描分析修饰血红素和重组血红蛋白,证明新的重组血红蛋白构建成功。酶活力测定表明,修饰血红素得到的重组血红蛋白的类过氧化物酶活性都比天然血红蛋白的酶活力高,用对羟基联苯修饰血红素得到的重组血红蛋白的酶活提高明显,约是天然血红蛋白的1.6倍。     

聚乙二醇大分子化猪血红蛋白对其携氧特性的影响

用PEG共轭结合猪血红蛋白(pHb)以增大总分子量是延长它在血液循环系统中存留时间的有效方法。作为一种线性的亲水大分子,PEG对pHb的共轭会对它的携氧特性产生显著影响。研究了pHb处于不同空间构象(脱氧的T构象或氧合的R构象)、PEG修饰程度的高低、修饰用PEG的分子量的大小、有无别构效应调节剂等不同条件下PEG修饰对pHb携氧能力的影响。进而又用了PEG修饰已经用双(3,5-二溴水杨酸)延胡索酸酯(DBBF)分子内交联的pHb,考察修饰对这种内交联pHb携氧功能的影响。还比较了4种不同方法活化的PEG衍生物,对pHb修饰效率、对修饰产物携氧功能的影响及修饰产物稳定性等。本文认为,DBBF分子内交联的pHb,在有别构效应调节剂的存在下,再用PEG修饰,可以获得携氧能力好、分子量适宜、四聚体稳定的修饰产物。     

聚乙二醇修饰牛血清白蛋白的反应与分析

采用N,N′-羰基二咪唑活化法活化单甲氧基聚乙二醇5000分子一端的羟基,对活化后的单甲氧基聚乙二醇分子进行了元素分析。用该活化产物对牛血清白蛋白的赖氨酸侧链氨基进行化学修饰。应用毛细管电泳对聚乙二醇修饰后的产物进行了分析,并与高效液相色谱分析结果作了对照研究,表明毛细管电泳对修饰后的牛血清白蛋白有更好的分析效果。     

组蛋白修饰酶对基因转录的调控

基因在转录过程中,需招募多种组蛋白修饰酶来对组蛋白进行化学修饰,这些化学修饰包括:组蛋白的甲基化、乙酰化、磷酸化、泛素化和SUMO化等.大多数组蛋白修饰酶能与不同的转录因子形成复合物,并引起组蛋白和DNA之间相互作用的改变,从而调控基因的转录.本文总结了各种组蛋白修饰酶复合物的组成、结构及功能方面的研究进展.     

基于高通量测序的RNA修饰检测技术

转录后修饰广泛存在于各种RNA分子中,对RNA发挥功能至关重要。目前,RNA上的化学修饰已达到160余种(https://iimcb.genesilico.pl/modomics/),其中甲基化修饰是最常见的修饰类型。薄层层析、高效液相色谱及质谱等传统的检测方法对RNA修饰的鉴定和定量做出了重要贡献。然而,RNA修饰的精确定位以及对低丰度RNA分子的修饰检测等则依赖于近些年发展的适用于修饰检测的高通量测序技术。《生命科学》2018年发表的"RNA修饰检测技术"一文已对一些传统的RNA检测方法和部分高通量测序检测方法进行了系统的介绍。在此基础上,该文整理了目前常见的基于高通量测序的RNA修饰检测技术,并对其工作原理和应用展开介绍。     

A novel cross-linking reagent for bovine hemoglobin modification

A novel cross-linking reagent, methoxypolyethelene glycol-glutamic acid, was synthesized and used to modify bovine hemoglobin. Bis-tetrameric hemoglobin with moderate affinity for O₂ was obtained under the controlled reaction conditions.     

A novel tetrafunctional reagent for simultaneous intramolecular and intermolecular cross-linking of bovine hemoglobin

A novel tetrafunctional reagent, alpha,gamma,alpha',gamma'-tetra-succinimidyl-hexanediamide-di-glutamate ester (HDG(OSu)(4)), was successfully synthesized, and a well-defined cross-linked bovine hemoglobin (mainly 128 kDa) was prepared with this reagent. Due to the spatial structure of this cross-linking reagent, the intramolecular and intermolecular cross-linking of bovine hemoglobin was formed simultaneously in one reaction. Although the cross-linked bovine hemoglobin showed a slight decrease in half-saturated O(2) pressure value (P(50), from 28.1 mm Hg to 21.7 mm Hg) and Hill coefficient (from 2.5 to 2), due to the cross-linkage, it still performed well for O(2) delivery.     

Synthesis of "long", hydrophilic, protein-cross-linking reagents

Since most of the protein cross-linking reagents in use are strongly hydrophobic, their length cannot be increased beyond approximately 20 Å between the protein-reactive groups, before denaturation of most proteins becomes noticeable at already a very few cross-links per molecule. The synthesis of longer reagents, coupling to lysine or cysteine side chains, and containing strongly hydrophilic oligoproline chains, is described. As they bear an azodye, linking the oligoproline parts, the cross-links effected are amenable to a mild cleavage by reduction with dithionite. A trifunctional reagent was constructed by reacting trimesinic acid chloride with β-alanine ethyl ester; the carboxyl groups of this amino acid could then be activated for protein cross-linking by reactions leading to the hydrazide, and azides.To compare the new reagents with the compounds in use at present, they were tested out on hemoglobin. The amount of reagent molecules coupled to the protein, and the fractions bifunctionally attached, as well as interchain linking were determined. The “long” reagents reached a distinctly higher efficiency in interchain cross-linking in this system, while showing smaller denaturing effects upon the protein. Thus, more than 11 reagent residues could be coupled to the hemoglobin tetramers without changes in its spectrum indicating denaturation of the heme environment, while shorter and more hydrophobic reagents had permitted the attachment of not more than four to six crosslinks.     

Modulation of phosphofructokinase behavior by chemical modifications during the immobilization process

Phosphofructokinase was immobilized within a protein membrane or on soluble protein polymers using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent. The native enzyme was also modified chemically, using the cross-linking reagent alone. A comparative kinetic investigation of these preparations was carried out. The catalytic activity of the chemically modified enzyme and its affinity towards fructose 6-phosphate decreased significantly; the modified enzyme lost its cooperative properties and the allosteric regulation by AMP was affected. When the chemical treatment was performed in the presence of effectors (AMP or ATP) the allosteric transition induced by AMP was restored, suggesting that the cross-linking reagent modified the AMP regulatory sites, albeit no higher-substrate-affinity enzyme conformation was frozen. Molecular data showed that glutaraldehyde produced intramolecular then intermolecular bonds as its concentration increased. When the enzyme was immobilized into protein membranes or on soluble polymers, the enzyme behavior was quite similar: decrease of affinity towards fructose 6-phosphate but no changes in cooperative properties and modifications of allosteric transition induced by AMP. When AMP was present during the immobilisation process, the enzyme immobilized in this way was no longer sensitive to effectors, either AMP or ATP. It showed Michaelian behavior and higher substrate affinity quite similar to that of the native enzyme. The data suggested that a higher-substrate-affinity enzymatic form was most probably stabilized by immobilization.     

Molecular necklaces. Cross-linking hemoglobin with reagents containing covalently attached ligands

Hemoglobin can be cross-linked and converted to a bioconjugate in one step by a "molecular necklace", a reagent that contains two reacting sites and a pendant ligand. The compound to be conjugated is activated as an electrophile. The activated material is then combined with a reagent (3-aminoisophthalic acid) that contains a nucleophilic (amino) site and two latent (carboxyl) sites. The latent sites of the product are activated as 3,5-dibromosalicylates to produce the cross-linker. Illustrative examples of cross-linking are presented with pendant biotin [bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) N-biotinyl-5-aminoisophthalate] and pendant N-trifluoroacetyl-L-isoleucylglycine [bis(3,5-dibromosalicyl) N-(N-trifluoroacetyl-L-isoleucylglycyl)-5-aminoisophthalate) ]. The resulting modified hemoglobins contain two principal types of cross-link: (beta-Lys-82-beta'-Lys-82) and (alpha-Lys-99-alpha'-Lys-99). The functional properties of the modified hemoglobin containing biotin in a (beta-Lys-82-beta'-Lys-82) cross-link are (pH 7.4, 55 microM heme, 25 degrees C, 0.1 M chloride, and 50 mM Bis-Tris) P(50) = 4.9 Torr, n(50) = 3.0, values which are approximately the same as for native hemoglobin. The results of affinity chromatography of the biotinylated cross-linked hemoglobin using a column of immobilized avidin indicate that the pendant biotin is much less accessible than free biotin. We suggest that the results are consistent with the pendant species being strongly attracted into the hemoglobin environment.     

Chemical probes of extended biological structures: Synthesis and properties of the cleavable protein cross-linking reagent [35S]dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate)

The synthesis and properties of a new cleavable protein cross-linking reagent, [³⁵S]dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate), are detailed. Free primary and secondary aliphatic amino groups are quantitatively acylated by the reagent in either organic or aqueous media within two minutes at 23 °C. By contrast, the half-time for hydrolysis of the active ester termini in buffer at pH 7 is four to five hours, so that protein cross-linkage can be optimized by application of low concentrations of reagent. Accessible amino groups of hemoglobin are acylated with extreme rapidity of 0 °C in pH 7 buffer when [³⁵S]dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) is applied in 0.4 to 9-fold molar excess. Submicrogram quantities of the cross-linked hemoglobin subunits which result are detectable by monitoring the ³⁵S distribution in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. In addition to amine acylation, two of the six thiol groups in hemoglobin, tentatively located at cysteine 93 of the β chains, are reversibly modified at 0 °C by mercaptan-disul-fide interchange with the reagent or its bis amide analogs. This equilibrium-controlled, pH-dependent reaction occurs at a slower rate than acylation, and is blocked by short preincubation of the protein with N-ethylmaleimide or by addition of 3,3′- dithiodipropionamide (or other disulfides) to the reaction mixture. Disulfides introduced into hemoglobin by acylation and interchange are quantitatively cleaved by reduction for 30 minutes at 37 °C with 10 mm-dithioerythritol buffered at pH 8.5.The properties of high reactivity under mild conditions, long solution half-life, and the radioactive label make [³⁵S]dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) a particularly useful and versatile probe of extended structures in a variety of biological systems.     

Investigation of the properties of bovine heart creatine kinase cross-linked with dimethyl suberimidate

Dimeric bovine heart creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2, ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase) has been cross-linked with the bifunctional reagent dimethyl suberimidate at several concentrations to yield modified enzyme with enhanced stability towards heat denaturation. The degree of thermal stability is dependent on the degree of cross-linking with optimal stabilization occurring when approx. half of all the available amino groups are covalently attached to dimethyl suberimidate. Accelerated storage studies were performed and the results used to predict the storage time of the native and modified enzyme at lower temperatures. The cross-linked derivative was predicted to have a longer shelf-life at 4 degrees C than the native enzyme. Modification caused a reduction in the specific activity of the enzyme. The pH profile was altered following cross-linking, but the Michaelis constants were not changed. The modified enzyme exhibited a marked resistance to the action of some denaturing agents.     

Effect of glutaraldehyde on hemoglobin: functional aspects and M?ssbauer parameters

Glutaraldehyde is widely used for the cross-linking of hemoglobin for blood substitute research or for technological purposes. The effects of this reagent on the biochemical properties of hemoglobin were correlated with M?ssbauer data. Human hemoglobin was cross-linked by glutaraldehyde as soluble polymers and insoluble particles. Effects of cross-linking on oxygen affinity, oxidation-reduction potential, autoxidation kinetics, and thermal stability were studied. Stability of cross-linked hemoglobin was specifically studied by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Oxygen affinity is increased, redox potential is decreased, autoxidation rates are increased, and stability towards thermal denaturation is increased. The regeneration of partially denatured hemoglobin by glutaraldehyde cross-linking is shown. Effects of cross-linking on biochemical properties are explained by the hypothesis of the opening of the heme pocket on the distal-histidine side and the concomitant charge transfer from the iron to the oxygen.     

Chemically synthesized non-radioactive biotinylated long-chain nucleic acid hybridization probes.

A new method for the chemical labelling of nucleic acid with biotin to produce non-radioactive probes has been developed. NN'-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine (spermine) and long-chain diamino compounds (diaminohexane, diaminodecane and diaminododecane) were linked covalently to biotin and the resultant conjugates were attached to nucleic acid by using a cross-linking reagent (glutaraldehyde or diepoxyoctane). Iodoacetylation and biotinylation of the long-chain diamino compounds produced modified biotinylated conjugates that can be linked to DNA without the use of a cross-linking reagent. These types of probes attach one biotin molecule to each linker arm of spermine, diamino and iodoacetylated amino derivatives. Such probes have long linker arms separating the biotin moiety from the hybridization sites of the nucleic acid. These probes can detect 10 pg of target DNA by dot-blot hybridization.