生育前期遮光对水稻灌浆期剑叶生理特性及籽粒生长的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了生育前期（插秧至孕穗期）遮光对水稻分蘖、灌浆期剑叶生理特性、籽粒生长、产量及其构成因素的影响.结果表明：前期遮光使水稻分蘖数明显降低（降低26.72%）,齐穗期与成熟期发生延迟;遮光结束后,水稻灌浆期剑叶叶面积、可溶性糖含量分别比对照增加了33.86%和30.23%;每穗实粒数、千粒重、籽粒终极生长量、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率分别比对照降低了8.65%、4.81%、9.74%、20.22%和19.13%;有效穗数与产量分别降低了25.26%和39.56%,差异显著;灌浆速率峰值的出现时间提前了1.66 d,实际灌浆时间延长了6.80 d.与弱耐荫水稻品种相比,耐荫品种灌浆前中期的剑叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)含量增加,灌浆期的剑叶叶面积增加幅度大,蛋白氮、可溶性糖含量及叶绿素 a/b升高,籽粒终极生长量及千粒重接近对照,减产幅度相对较低.     

高温对杂交水稻籽粒灌浆和剑叶某些生理特性的影响

以杂交籼稻特优559为材料,探讨了高温胁迫对水稻灌浆期剑叶中有关生理特性和籽粒灌浆速率的影响.结果表明:高温胁迫加速了剑叶叶绿素的丧失,使SOD活性明显降低,质膜透性和MDA含量明显增加,脯氨酸、AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质以及可溶性糖含量明显降低,籽粒灌浆速率和籽粒重下降.高温使灌浆期水稻叶片衰老加速、光合能力下降是其导致灌浆速率、结实率、粒重和籽粒产量降低的主要生理原因.     

杂交水稻灌浆过程中籽粒充实的生理研究

杂交水稻在籽粒灌浆过程中,存在两个灌浆高峰期,籽粒中蔗糖含量增加的高峰出现在第一个灌浆高峰期;稻穗上,下部籽粒中ＵＤＰＧ焦磷酸化酶活性高峰出现的时期分别与群体籽粒两个灌浆高峰期基本一致;杂交水稻籽粒中的３－磷酸甘油酸磷酸酶活性高峰比常规稻的出现早。     

结实期土壤水分亏缺影响水稻籽粒灌浆的生理原因

通过分析结实期土壤水分亏缺对水稻(Oryza sativa)籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉合成的生理代谢中关键酶活性及籽粒灌浆的调节作用, 探讨土壤水分亏缺影响水稻籽粒灌浆的生理机制。结果表明, 适度土壤水分亏缺诱导了灌浆高峰期(花后15-20天)水稻籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酶葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶及淀粉分支酶活性的增加, 提高了籽粒灌浆中前期(花后10-20天)籽粒中淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率。但在灌浆后期(花后20-30天)籽粒中, 上述关键酶活性下降较快, 籽粒活跃灌浆期明显缩短, 灌浆前中期灌浆速率的增加不能完全补偿灌浆期缩短带来的同化物积累损失, 导致水分亏缺处理水稻籽粒充实不良, 结实率、籽粒重和产量显著降低。研究认为, 灌浆期土壤水分亏缺引起的灌浆后期籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉合成代谢中一些关键酶活性快速下降和籽粒内容物的供应不足是籽粒淀粉积累总量减少、粒重降低的主要生理原因。     

超高产杂交稻灌浆期光合功能与产量的关系

以杂交水稻协优63为对照, 对亩产800 kg以上的超高产杂交水稻组合协优9308抽穗前、后的物质生产特性及剑叶光合作用与穗部物质积累的关系进行研究. 结果表明: (ⅰ) 与协优63相比, 协优9308抽穗前、后的物质生产能力无论生物量还是日干物质生产量, 均极显著高于协优63, 尤以抽穗后更为明显. (ⅱ) 协优9308剑叶的光合碳同化能力(叶源量)极显著高于协优63, 且能够切合籽粒灌浆需求, 在单株水平上其净同化产物基本满足籽粒灌浆的需求, 而协优63抽穗后20 d左右剑叶光合功能快速衰退, 单株净同化产物不能满足籽粒灌浆的需求. 结果证明, 灌浆后期仍能保持高效光合功能、并且能够切合籽粒灌浆需求是实现水稻超高产的关键环节.     

水稻结实过程中穗不同部位谷粒中内源激素的动态变化

水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）结实期间,穗上部谷粒的粒重比穗下部谷粒的高,灌浆前期的增重速率比穗下部谷粒的高,在整个灌浆过程中增重速率的变化比穗下部谷粒的快。利用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法对穗上部谷粒和穗下部谷粒中各种内源激素含量的分析表明,在灌浆过程中,谷粒中未检测出ｉＰＡｓ;在穗上部谷粒和穗下部谷粒中,ＡＢＡ和ＧＡ(１＋３)的含量的最大值出现的时间分别与穗上部谷粒和穗下部谷粒增重最快的时间基本一致,无论穗上部谷粒还是穗下部谷粒中,ＩＡＡ的含量基本上均呈下降趋势;ＧＡ(４＋７)的含量是先上升、后下降、再上升;在结实的前中期,谷粒中ＡＢＡ、ＧＡ(１＋３)的含量基本上均是穗上部谷粒高于穗下部谷粒。探讨了各种激素在谷粒灌浆过程中的作用及从激素的角度探讨了穗上部谷粒比穗下部谷粒结实性好的原因。     

脱落酸与稻麦籽粒灌浆的关系（简报）

水稻籽粒灌浆前期,单粒的内源ABA含量与籽粒增重呈正相关,而籽粒的ABA浓度则相反。抽穗及灌浆初期喷施较低浓度(10 ppm)的 ABA可增强同化物向穗部运输。小麦籽粒灌浆前期,内源ABA的量(包括单粒含量和浓度)对籽粒灌浆速率表现为正效应,后期则为负效应。     

两系法杂交水稻抽穗结实期持水量和叶绿素含量的动态变化及其与籽粒产量关系研究

对25个两系法杂交水稻抽穗结实期持水量和叶绿素含量的动态变化及其与籽粒产量关系的研究表明,杂种水分持有量变化存在因组合不同而异的特点,总体上叶片和茎鞘水分持有量抽穗结实期间表现为下降趋势,穗部水分持有量表现为先升后降的特点,以抽穗后第7d,即籽粒灌浆高峰期最大;叶、茎鞘部水分持有量所占比例呈下降趋势,穗部所占比例则一直呈上升趋势,茎鞘部始终是水分的主要贮存场所;单茎植株水分总持有量抽穗后第1天多数组合表现为正向父本优势,尔后多转为负向父本优势;籽粒产量与抽穗后各期片水分持有量呈正相关,与抽穗后第1d茎鞘水分持有量呈正相关,自第7d始转为弱负相关,与抽穗后穗部水分持有量呈正相关,与抽穗后单茎植株水分总持有量呈正相关,籽粒产量与水分持有量在各器官中分配的相关和籽粒产量与各器官水分持有量的相关趋势总体一致;两系杂交稻叶绿素含量表现为先升后降的特点,以抽穗后第7天最高,与常规稻父本相比,两系杂交稻叶绿素含量各期大多数组合低于常规稻父本,且下降速度快于常规稻父本.对于两系法杂交水稻,育种上应优先考虑选择灌浆前、中期植株水分持量优势较强、叶绿素含量较高、后期茎叶物质转运优势明显的组合;栽培上应注意保证灌浆前、中期水分及营养元素,特别是氮素的供应,还要注意后期的及时控氮脱水防贪青,促进茎叶贮存物质向籽粒运转.     

应用灰色关联度分析影响两系杂交稻结实率的生理因素

采用灰色关联度分析法分析了在两系杂交水稻抽穗期喷施植物生长调节物质ALA对旗叶6个生理因素的综合影响,并对各生理因素与结实率间的灰色关联度进行了分析,所得结果如下:10-70 mg/L ALA处理的旗叶生理指标值与其最优值的关联度均比对照高,其中以30 mg/LALA处理与最优值的关联度最大．在灌浆前期,影响水稻结实率的主要生理因素是可溶性蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量,在灌浆中期、灌浆后期,影响水稻结实率的主要生理因素分别是叶绿素含量和鞘糖含量、叶面积和叶绿素含量．上述结果表明,在水稻抽穗期喷施10-70 mg/L ALA,能提高旗叶的生理活性．在水稻的整个灌浆期,叶绿素含量对水稻结实率作用最强烈,是水稻籽粒灌浆动态生理因素．     

褐稻虱在武育粳2号上不同生育期危害对水稻产量结构的影响

通过试验测定在武育粳2号上水稻拔节期正处于幼穗形成阶段,受褐稻虱危害实粒数减少,产量下降;孕穗期较耐褐稻虱危害,有明显的补偿作用;孕穗末期至灌浆初期为水稻受害最敏感的时期,危害后使结实率和千粒重均明显下降,水稻显著减产;灌浆后期至乳熟期受褐稻虱危害主要导致干粒重降低,且越接近成熟产量损失越低。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.