结实期土壤水分亏缺影响水稻籽粒灌浆的生理原因

通过分析结实期土壤水分亏缺对水稻(Oryza sativa)籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉合成的生理代谢中关键酶活性及籽粒灌浆的调节作用, 探讨土壤水分亏缺影响水稻籽粒灌浆的生理机制。结果表明, 适度土壤水分亏缺诱导了灌浆高峰期(花后15-20天)水稻籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、腺苷二磷酶葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶及淀粉分支酶活性的增加, 提高了籽粒灌浆中前期(花后10-20天)籽粒中淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率。但在灌浆后期(花后20-30天)籽粒中, 上述关键酶活性下降较快, 籽粒活跃灌浆期明显缩短, 灌浆前中期灌浆速率的增加不能完全补偿灌浆期缩短带来的同化物积累损失, 导致水分亏缺处理水稻籽粒充实不良, 结实率、籽粒重和产量显著降低。研究认为, 灌浆期土壤水分亏缺引起的灌浆后期籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉合成代谢中一些关键酶活性快速下降和籽粒内容物的供应不足是籽粒淀粉积累总量减少、粒重降低的主要生理原因。

Effects Of soil water deficit on physiological causes of rice grain-filling

Aims Our objective was to elucidate the physiological causes of the influence of soil water deficit on grain-filling and rice (Oryza sativa) yield by evaluating enzyme activities involved in sucrose-starch synthesis during the grain-filling period. Methods Two rice cultivars (‘Shanyou 63’ and ‘Pc311/Zaoxiandang’) were grown in cement containers. Controlled soil water deficit was imposed at 9th day after flowering because the division of endosperm cells is sensitive to water deficit. The activities of key enzymes involved in the metabolism of sucrose to starch during grain-filling were evaluated. Important findings The 1000-grain weight and rice yield under soil water deficit were significantly decreased. The key enzyme activities, including sucrose synthase, adenine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme, involved in the metabolism of sucrose to starch were significantly increased under soil water deficit during 10–20 days after anthesis. However, the activities of these enzymes under soil water-deficit were decreased rapidly 20–30 days after flowering compared to well-watered treatments. Active grain-filling periods of the water-deficit treatments were shortened as a result of the decrease of starch accumulation. Therefore, the rapid decline of the key enzyme activities involved in sucrose to starch metabolism and the shortage of assimilation supply at 20–30 days after anthesis are reasons for decreases in grain weight and yield under soil water deficit conditions.