肝细胞靶向pH敏脂质体介导的硫代反义寡核苷酸对HCV5‘NCR基因表达的抑制作用

反义寡核苷酸是一种阴离子大分子物质,细胞生物利用度较低且易被细胞溶酶体酶降解,为了增强反义药物在病变靶细胞内的有效浓度,根据受体介导的内吞作用原理,针对肝细胞专一性表达的去唾液酸糖蛋白受体,设计及制备了一种肝靶向性脂质体,这种脂质体同时具有pH敏性.采用竟争抑制实验及鸡红细胞溶血实验分析了其肝细胞靶向性及pH敏性;应用肝靶向pH敏脂质体作为药物运载工具,介导反义寡核苷酸HCV363作用于转基因细胞HepG2.9706细胞,通过荧光素酶活性检测,观察了硫代反义寡核苷酸对HCV 5′NCR调控功能的抑制活性.结果显示,不同浓度半乳糖溶液对5%18-gal脂质体有一定的抑制作用,浓度超过20mmol/L时,达到饱和,最大抑制率为38%;溶血实验显示脂质体与红细胞膜融合作用有显著的pH值依赖性,pH＜6时,血红素释放量明显增加;肝靶向pH敏性脂质体介导的HCV363对HepG2.9706细胞中HCV 5′NCR调控基因具有显著的剂量依赖性抑制作用,浓度为1.0umol/L时,抑制率达86%.综上,所制备的脂质体具有一定的肝细胞靶向性及显著的pH敏感性,这种脂质体能够增强HCV特异性硫代反义寡核苷酸的细胞内抑制活性,这为针对肝炎病毒的反义寡核苷酸的体内活性评价提供了有用的转运体系.     

肝细胞靶向pH敏脂质体介导的硫代反义寡核苷酸对HCV5′NCR基因表达的抑制作用

反义寡核苷酸是一种阴离子大分子物质 ,细胞生物利用度较低且易被细胞溶酶体酶降解 ,为了增强反义药物在病变靶细胞内的有效浓度 ,根据受体介导的内吞作用原理 ,针对肝细胞专一性表达的去唾液酸糖蛋白受体 ,设计及制备了一种肝靶向性脂质体 ,这种脂质体同时具有pH敏性。采用竟争抑制实验及鸡红细胞溶血实验分析了其肝细胞靶向性及pH敏性 ;应用肝靶向pH敏脂质体作为药物运载工具 ,介导反义寡核苷酸HCV3 63作用于转基因细胞HepG2 .970 6细胞 ,通过荧光素酶活性检测 ,观察了硫代反义寡核苷酸对HCV 5′NCR调控功能的抑制活性。结果显示 ,不同浓度半乳糖溶液对 5 % 18 gal脂质体有一定的抑制作用 ,浓度超过 2 0mmol L时 ,达到饱和 ,最大抑制率为 3 8% ;溶血实验显示脂质体与红细胞膜融合作用有显著的pH值依赖性 ,pH <6时 ,血红素释放量明显增加 ;肝靶向pH敏性脂质体介导的HCV3 63对HepG2 .970 6细胞中HCV 5′NCR调控基因具有显著的剂量依赖性抑制作用 ,浓度为 1 0 μmol L时 ,抑制率达 86%。综上 ,所制备的脂质体具有一定的肝细胞靶向性及显著的p…     

转铁蛋白修饰脂质体的制备及其肝癌靶向性研究

目的：肿瘤的靶向治疗是当前研究的热点,肝肿瘤细胞表面有大量的转铁蛋白受体表达,而正常组织较少,因此本研究制备转铁蛋白（TF）修饰的脂质体（TFLPs）,并对其肝肿瘤靶向性进行研究。方法：采用薄膜分散法制备普通脂质体,考察其形态,粒径,电位。通过体外血清稳定性模拟脂质体进入体内后的稳定性。通过HepG2肿瘤细胞对TFLPs的摄取实验考查脂质体与肝癌细胞的亲和力。构建荷瘤裸鼠模型,考查TFLPs在荷瘤裸鼠体内的分布。结果：所制备的TFLPs平均粒径为108．8±9．5nm,Zeta电位为．1．80±0．73mV。学期稳定性试验结果显示,TFLPs在24h内具有良好的血清稳定性。体外细胞摄取实验表明,HepG2细胞对TFLPs的摄取效率是普通长循环脂质体（LPs）的3．4倍。荷瘤裸鼠肝组织和肿瘤组织切片结果显示,TFLPs比LPs具有更好的肿瘤靶向性。结论：该脂质体制备方法简单,与LPs相比,经转铁蛋白修饰可显著提高肿瘤细胞对脂质体的摄取,TFLPs是一种潜在高效的肝癌靶向给药系统。     

肽-半乳糖苷-阿霉素脂质体在肝细胞癌靶向治疗中作用

目的:获得一种对肝细胞癌具有特异靶向的药物传递系统载体-聚乙二醇修饰的MMP-2底物肽-半乳糖苷-阿霉素脂质体(PEG-PD-Gal-ADM-liposomes),为临床肝癌的靶向治疗提供实验依据.方法:将二棕榈磷脂酰基乙醇胺(DOPE)与聚乙二醇化的MMP-2底物肽连接(Gly-Pro-Lcu-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gin),即获得可被MMP-2切割的聚乙二醇-底物肽-DOPE,再与半乳糖苷脂质体(Gal-liposomes)、阿霉素(ADM)耦合,最终获得聚乙二醇修饰的MMP-2底物肽-半乳糖苷-阿霉素脂质体(PEG-PD-Gal-ADM-liposomes),体外观察其对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的效应.结果:MTT法显示PEG-PD-Gal-ADM脂质体对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的毒性作用弱于半乳糖苷-阿霉素脂质体(PEG-Gai-ADM)的作用(P＜0.05),对人结肠癌细胞株SW480的毒性作用二者之间无显著差异;用MMP-2(5μg/ml)预处理后,PEG-PD-GaI-ADM脂质体对人肝癌细胞株HepG2的毒性作用与Gal-ADM脂质体的作用相近,无显著差异(P＞0.05);加入过量的半乳糖封闭半乳糖受体后,二者的毒性作用均有下降,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:PEG-PD-Gal-ADM脂质体是一种新型的HCC特异靶向治疗药物传递载体,可能是将来HCC靶向治疗的重要手段.     

具靶向性的转铁蛋白—脂质体的制备

具靶向性的转铁蛋白──脂质体的制备杨静平,王瓞,林其谁（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所分子生物学国家重点实验室,２０００３１）关键词脂质体;人转铁蛋白;靶向性;癌细胞;天花粉蛋白利用正常细胞和癌细胞表面受体或抗原物质的差异,用相应配体修饰脂质体表面,使...     

靶向细胞因子CD40的全新多肽配体的筛选与鉴定

CD40是肿瘤坏死因子受体(tumornecrosis factor receptor,TNFR)超家族成员,表达于免疫细胞、造血细胞、血管细胞、内皮细胞及多种类型的癌细胞表面。作者采用计算机虚拟筛选和细胞实验相结合的方法,研究了CD40蛋白的全新多肽配体。首先,通过同源建模构建CD40蛋白的三维结构;然后,用分子对接虚拟筛选出靶向CD40的多肽配体;再通过表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)分子结合实验、多肽靶向脂质体的细胞实验,验证并确定被命名为N9的六肽为CD40的全新配体。进一步研究发现,N9修饰的脂质体对其靶向细胞Raji和树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)的转染效果明显提高,提示N9有靶向介导转染的功能。     

人转铁蛋白偶联交联聚乙烯亚胺体外靶向转染肿瘤细胞

为了提高聚乙烯亚胺(Polythylenimine,PEI)类载体对肿瘤细胞的靶向性同时降低其细胞毒性,先用1800DaPEI制备了交联低分子量PEI,然后将人转铁蛋白与之偶联,得到了新型肿瘤靶向性人转铁蛋白偶联交联聚乙烯亚胺基因载体(TCP)。对所得的TCP的理化特性经行了表征,并检测了其细胞毒性。采用TCP介导pGL-3和pEGFP分别对293T、HepG2和Hela细胞系进行体外转染实验。结果表明:TCP是一种低毒高效的基因载体,在肿瘤细胞中的转染效率显著增强,因为其二硫键可在细胞内还原降解,而且通过偶联的转铁蛋白配体与肿瘤细胞表达的转铁蛋白受体间的相互作用,可增强该载体对肿瘤细胞的转染效率和靶向性。     

体内基因转染技术在肝再生研究中的应用

肝脏是一个特殊的器官,不仅因为它独特的解剖结构和生理特征,而且它还具有无限的再生能力。在各种动物模型中,应用病毒或非病毒载体将肝细胞生长因子等基因转入体内,能增强肝再生能力,这就是肝脏基因转染技术在肝再生研究中的应用。未来的研究目标就是消除病毒载体的毒副作用和增加非病毒载体的转染率,这也是目前肝内基因转染技术中面临的主要难题;另一个研究目标就是用受体介导基因靶向肝转染,使转入基因在肝细胞中特异高表达。这些研究成果将有助于肝再生基因机制研究,以及将来临床基因治疗提供参考。     

肝细胞导向的促血小板生成素基因转移对化疗后血小板减少症模型治疗 …

为了探讨受体介导的基因转移技术在治疗血小板减少症方面的可行性,将促血小板生成素（ＴＰＯ）基因克隆入质粒型ＥＢ病毒表达载体ｐＤＲ２中,并与半乳糖化组蛋白结合,从而制备了一种为肝细胞表面特异的脱唾液酸糖蛋白受体识别并内吞的核酸－蛋白复合物。在经化疗药物卡铂诱发的血小板减少症的实验动物大鼠中,同时静脉注射该复合物,可将ＴＰＯ基因特异地导入肝细胞并在其中得到表达。从而有效地阻止了血小板减少症的发生,提示了     

免疫脂质体的研究进展

免疫脂质体作为靶向药物传递体系,具有靶向性、缓释性以及细胞亲和性等独特的优势,成为近年来备受关注的药物载体。免疫脂质体可作为肿瘤化疗药物、放疗药物、基因治疗药物及肿瘤影像诊断剂的载体,用于肿瘤的靶向治疗和检测,在肿瘤临床治疗和诊断中有着广阔的应用前景。综述了免疫脂质体的制备及在肿瘤治疗中的应用进展,以期为免疫脂质体的研究和应用提供参考。     

Sustained Liver Targeting and Improved Antiproliferative Effect of Doxorubicin Liposomes Modified with Galactosylated Lipid and PEG-Lipid

In this study, a cleavable PEG-lipid (methoxypolyethyleneglycol 2000-cholesteryl hemisuccinate, PEG₂₀₀₀-CHEMS) linked via ester bond and galactosylated lipid ((5-cholesten-3β-yl) 4-oxo-4-[2-(lactobionyl amido) ethylamido] butanoate, CHS-ED-LA) were used to modify doxorubicin (DOX) liposome. DOX was encapsulated into conventional liposomes (CL), galactosylated liposomes (modified with CHS-ED-LA, GalL), pegylated liposomes (modified with PEG₂₀₀₀-CHEMS, PEG-CL), and pegylated galactosylated liposomes (modified with CHS-ED-LA and PEG₂₀₀₀-CHEMS, PEG-GalL) using an ammonium sulfate gradient loading method and then intravenously injected to normal mice. Both PEG-GalL DOX and GalL DOX gave relatively high overall drug targeting efficiencies to liver ((T _e)_liver) and were mainly taken up by hepatocyte. However, PEG-GalL DOX showed unique “sustained targeting” characterized by slowed transfer of DOX to liver and reduced peak concentrations in the liver. The biodistribution and antitumor efficacy of various DOX preparations were studied in hepatocarcinoma 22 (H22) tumor-bearing mice. The inhibitory rate of PEG-GalL DOX to H22 tumors was up to 94%, significantly higher than that of PEG-CL DOX, GalL DOX, CL DOX, and free DOX, although the tumor distribution of DOX revealed no difference between PEG-GalL DOX and PEG-CL DOX. Meanwhile, the gradual increase in the liver DOX concentration due to the sustained uptake of PEG-GalL DOX formulations resulted in lower damage to liver. In conclusion, the present investigation indicated that double modification of liposomes with PEG₂₀₀₀-CHEMS, and CHS-ED-LA represents a potentially advantageous strategy in the therapy of liver cancers or other liver diseases.     

Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of novel galactosyl ligands for selective targeting of liposomes to the asialoglycoprotein receptor

The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) is a potential target in the search for hepatic cancer drugs. However, application of ASGPR targeting in the clinic is limited by inefficient synthetic methods for the ligand. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel galactosylated lipid with a mono-galactoside moiety using a lipase. Then we investigated the optimal reaction conditions and analyzed the targeting ability of liposomes modified with the galactosylated lipid. In an organic phase system, different lipases were used as catalysts to synthesize (5-cholesten-3b-yl) [(4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl)D-glucitol-6] sebacate (CHS-SE-LA). Variables in enzymatic esterification, such as the type of enzyme and solvent, were explored by single-factor experiments. Optimal reaction conditions were determined through response surface methodology. The (CHS-SE-LA)-incorporated galactosylated liposome containing fluorescent dye was then prepared by thin-film hydration and a HepG2 cell transfection test used to confirm the targeting efficiency of galactosylated liposomes to hepatic cancer cells. The structure of CHS-SE-LA was identified by electrospray ionization or ESI and nuclear magnetic resonance or NMR. Under optimal conditions, the predicted yield of CHS-SE-LA was 94.3%, and the actual experimental value was 95.6 ± 1.35%, n = 3. For HepG2 cells, the cellular fluorescence intensities of liposomes modified with CHS-SE-LA (galactosylated liposomes [GAL-FL]) were as much as 2.6-fold (P < 0.01) the control liposomes (FL). Moreover, the presence of excess galactose significantly inhibited the uptake of GAL-FL suggesting ASGPR mediated uptake. The novel galactosylated ligand was synthesized enzymatically with high efficiency under mild conditions. Liposomes containing CHS-SE-LA have great potential as drug delivery carriers for hepatocyte-selective targeting.     

Receptor-mediated uptake of asialoganglioside liposomes: sub-cellular distribution of the liposomal marker in isolated liver cell types

The use of asialo GM1-containing small unilamellar liposome preparations in vivo caused a 2.8-fold increase in the uptake by the liver as compared with the control (neutral) preparations (without asialo GM1). The uptake of negatively charged dicetylphosphate and dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid-containing small unilamellar liposomes was found to be 1.6-and 1.8-fold respectively higher than that of the neutral preparations. In studies with isolated liver cell types, inhibition of the galactosylated liposome uptake by asialofetuin indicated a possible involvement of hepatic galactose receptors in the recognition of asialo GM1 liposomes by the hepatic parenchymal cells, which in turn were found to be mainly responsible for the enhanced incorporation of these liposomes in the liver. Sub-cellular distribution studies with isolated liver cell types indicated lysosomal localization of the liposomes both in parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, and it has been proposed that the asialo GM1 liposomes are cointernalized with asialofetuin through a common lysosomal route of ligand internalization.     

On the characterization of pH-sensitive liposome/polymer complexes

A randomly alkylated copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide, methacrylic acid and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone was characterized with regard to its pH- and temperature-triggered conformational change. It was then complexed to liposomes to produce pH-responsive vesicles. Light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry experiments performed at neutral pH revealed that the polymer underwent coil-to-globule phase transition over a wide range of temperatures. At 37 degrees C and pH 7.4, although the polymer was water-soluble, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that it was partly dehydrated. At acidic pH, the decrease in the lower critical solution temperature was accompanied by an increase in cooperativity degree of the phase transition. Complexation of copolymer to liposomes did not substantially influence its phase transition. The liposome/copolymer complexes were stable at neutral pH but rapidly released their contents under acidic conditions. The copolymer slightly increased liposome circulation time following intravenous administration to rats. The addition of poly(ethylene glycol) to the formulation had a detrimental effect on pH-sensitivity but enhanced substantially the circulation time.     

Increased binding of liposomes to cells by electric treatment.

The influence of electric field treatments on the interaction of large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) with animal cells was monitored by the fluorescence assay based on the use of the liposomes loaded by a dye 1-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS). It was shown that application of a short electric pulse (100 microseconds of 3-4 kV/cm) to the suspension of cells in presence of vesicles resulted in significant (more than 2 times) increase of the fluorescence associated with cells. The pH-sensitivity of the excitation spectrum of the dye and its interaction with the quencher were used to determine the nature of the phenomenon as the increase of the liposome binding onto the cell surface but not the consequence of a promotion of liposome uptake into the cells by endocytosis. The higher affinity for the liposome caused by the electric field has a lifetime of several minutes. The possible relation of the effect described to the electroporation of cell membranes and to macroscopic changes in membrane structure is discussed.     

Kinetics of the interaction of hemin liposomes with heme binding proteins

As a model for the transport of hemin across biological membranes, sonicated phosphatidylcholine liposomes with incorporated hemin were characterized. The interaction of the hemin liposomes with the heme binding proteins albumin, apomyoglobin, and hemopexin was examined as a function of liposome charge and cholesterol content. In all cases, there was an almost complete transfer of hemin from liposome to protein; a rapid phase and a slow phase were observed for the transfer. For negatively charged liposomes (with 11% dicetyl phosphate), the rapid and slow phases showed observed rates of transfer of ca. 2 and 0.01 s-1, respectively, for all three proteins. The presence of cholesterol in the liposomes decreased the observed rates by a factor of 2, and positively charged liposomes (with 11% stearylamine) showed about one-fifth the observed rates of negatively charged liposomes. The observed rates were independent of protein concentration, indicating that the rate-determining step is hemin efflux from the lipid bilayer. The hemin interaction with the phospholipid bilayer is suggested to be primarily hydrophobic with some electrostatic character. The two phases are suggested to arise from two different populations of hemin within the liposomes and are interpreted as arising from two different orientations of hemin within the bilayer.     

Membrane fusion by proline-rich Rz1 lipoprotein, the bacteriophage lambda Rz1 gene product.

The fusogenic properties of Rz1, the proline-rich lipoprotein that is the bacteriophage lambda Rz1 gene product, were studied. Light scattering was used to monitor Rz1-induced aggregation of artificial neutral (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol) and negatively charged (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/dioleoylphosphatidylserin e) liposomes. Fluorescence assays [the resonance energy transfer between N-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine and N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl)dihexadecanol-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine lipid fluorescent probes, as well as fluorescent complex formation between terbium ions and dipicolinic acid encapsulated in two liposome populations and calcein fluorescence] were used to monitor Rz1-induced lipid mixing, contents mixing and leakage of neutral and negatively charged liposomes. The results demonstrated that Rz1 caused adhesion of neutral and negatively charged liposomes with concomitant lipid mixing; membrane distortion, leading to the fusion of liposomes and hence their internal content mixing; and local destruction of the membrane accompanied by leakage of the liposome contents. The use of artificial membranes showed that Rz1 induced the fusion of membranes devoid of any proteins. This might mean that the proline stretch of Rz1 allowed interaction with membrane lipids. It is suggested that Rz1-induced liposome fusion was mediated primarily by the generation of local perturbation in the bilayer lipid membrane and to a lesser extent by electrostatic forces.